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Wang X, Li L, Ding C, Li Z, Ding W, Liu H, Wang N, Wang C, Guo Q. Disruption of UDP-galactopyranose mutase expression: A novel strategy for regulation of galactomannan biosynthesis and monascus pigments secretion in Monascus purpureus M9. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129369. [PMID: 38218271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The impact of the cell wall structure of Monascus purpureus M9 on the secretion of extracellular monascus pigments (exMPs) was investigated. To modify the cell wall structure, UDP-galactopyranose mutase (GlfA) was knocked out using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method, leading to a significant reduction in the Galf-based polysaccharide within the cell wall. Changes in mycelium morphology, sporogenesis, and the expression of relevant genes in M9 were also observed following the mutation. Regarding MPs secretion, a notable increase was observed in six types of exMPs (R1, R2, Y1, Y2, O1 and O2). Specifically, these exMPs exhibited enhancement of 1.33, 1.59, 0.8, 2.45, 2.89 and 4.03 times, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain. These findings suggest that the alteration of the cell wall structure could selectively influence the secretion of MPs in M9. The underlying mechanisms were also discussed. This research contributes new insights into the regulation of the synthesis and secretion of MPs in Monascus spp..
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chengfang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wentao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nifei Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No.9, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China.
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Yang Z, Li J, Zhou B, Ji X, Yuan J, Yan J, Nan X, Guo D. Efficacy and safety of oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 78 trials. Chin Med 2023; 18:162. [PMID: 38093294 PMCID: PMC10717272 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used oral Chinese patent medicines for the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia in clinical practice through a network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and CNKI databases were searched for all published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia using Chinese patent medicines. NoteExpress software was used to screen the literature obtained from the databases according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. A network meta-analysis was performed using R 4.2.1. Subgroup analyses of outcome indicators were made based on conventional treatment (CT) methods. The incidence of adverse events in the included RCTs was statistically analyzed. A funnel plot was drawn using RevMan 5.4.1 software for the assessment of bias in the total clinical effectiveness rate. Finally, the quality of evidence for interventions with statistically significant differences was evaluated using the GRADE system. RESULTS A total of 78 RCTs were included, involving 7,955 cases and 8 types of Chinese patent medicines, which were Tongxinluo Capsule, Naoxintong Capsule, Compound Danshen Dripping Pill, Shexiangbaoxin Pill, Songling Xuemaikang Capsule, Xuezhikang Capsule, Yindan Xinnaotong Capsule, and Zhibitai Capsule. A total of 24 RCTs reported the incidence of adverse events, but no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was found between the experimental and control groups in each study (P > 0.05). There was no obvious publication bias in all studies, but the overall quality of evidence in the included RCTs was low. Comparison of different intervention measures showed that Naoxintong Capsule + CT improved the cardiac index and cardiac output, and lowered the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Tongxinluo Capsule + CT raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced triglyceride levels. Xuezhikang Capsule + CT improved the total clinical effectiveness rate. Subgroup analyses showed that differences in CT did not cause heterogeneity in the results. CONCLUSION Compared with the use of CT alone, the combined use of Chinese patent medicines with CT can effectively improve the symptoms in patients with both coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jixin Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Bogeng Zhou
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jianying Yuan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Junchen Yan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Xilei Nan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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Chen D, Li H. Mannitol improves Monascus pigment biosynthesis with rice bran as a substrate in Monascus purpureus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1300461. [PMID: 38156009 PMCID: PMC10753769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the production cost of Monascus pigments (MPs), the utilization of rice bran (RB), an agricultural waste product, as a substrate in submerged fermentation was conducted in this study. To improve MP production, different nutritional ingredients including mannitol (Man), NH4NO3 (AN), ZnSO4 (Zn), and optimization (Opti), which was a synthesis of the three above ones, were added in rice bran (RB) medium. The yields of MPs, pigment constituents, and growth and development of Monascus purpureus M9 were investigated in this study. Man had the maximum color value of 3,532 U/g, which was 18.69 times more than that of RB and reached up to 76.65% of the value of rice (Rice) fermentation. Man significantly increased the production of two orange pigments, monascorubrin and rubropunctatin, of which the yields were 69.49 and 95.36% of the counterpart of Rice. The biomass and colony diameter of Opti presented the maximum value among different groups. AN and RB induced more asexual spore formation, whereas Opti and Man promoted sexual spore production. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that different nutritional ingredients led to changes in pigment production, promoting the growth and development of M. purpureus M9 through the regulation of related gene expression. Man and Opti improved MP production by regulating the primary metabolism, including the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, fatty acid degradation (FAD), fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB), amino acid metabolism (AAM), and fructose and mannose metabolism (FMM), to provide the precursors (acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA) for MP biosynthesis. This study presents a low-cost method for increasing MP production and explains the molecular mechanisms of different nutritional ingredients for enhancing MP biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Huang Q, Miyaki N, Li Z, Takahashi Y, Ishizuka S, Hayakawa T, Wakamatsu JI, Kumura H. Supplementary effect of whey components on the monascin productivity of Monascus sp. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4234-4241. [PMID: 36732039 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monascus sp. has been used in fermented foods for centuries. It can synthesize yellow, red, and orange pigments as secondary metabolites. Here, we focused on yellow pigment monascin, responsible for anti-inflammation and antidiabetic effects, and investigated whether whey could be a suitable substrate with or without rice powder for monascin production using M. purpureus AHU 9085, M. pilosus NBRC 4520 and M. ruber NBRC 32318. RESULTS The growth and monascin production of the three Monascus strains were dependent on three liquid media consisting of whey and/or rice. All strains showed the best growth in a rice and whey mixed medium, in which M. ruber NBRC 32318 exhibited the highest total monascin production. Subsequent investigation of the effects of whey components indicated that a mineral cocktail in whey was particularly effective in stimulating the monascin production efficiency of M. ruber NBRC 32318. However, this recipe exhibited less stimulation, or even inhibition, for M. pilosus NBRC 4520 and M. purpureus AHU 9085, respectively. In terms of total monascin production, rice with whey provided the highest amount due to growth promotion along with relatively high production efficiency. CONCLUSION The effect of whey on growth and monascin production was strongly dependent on the Monascus strains. Even a mineral cocktail in whey could regulate monascin productivity in a strain-specific manner. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism behind the diverse responses by the minerals in the production of monascin from Monascus. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Huang
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nodoka Miyaki
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zongfei Li
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaroh Takahashi
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruto Kumura
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lin CW, Lin PY, Hsu YW, Pan TM, Lee CL. Monascus-fermented metabolites repressed amyloid β-peptide-induced neurotoxicity and inflammatory response in in vitro and in vivo studies. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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Li M, Zhang J, Li L, Wang S, Liu Y, Gao M. Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on volatile flavor compounds of Monascus-fermented tartary buckwheat based on headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112180. [PMID: 36596121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat was hydrolyzed with α-amylase, pullulanase, α-amylase and pullulanase double enzymes and fermented by Monascus. The fermentation products were named as enzymolysis-Monascus-fermented tartary buckwheat (EMFTB). The composition and content of volatile flavor compounds in EMFTB were investigated. The results showed that α-amylase and pullulanase hydrolysis reduced starch content and raised protein, flavonoids, Monacolin K and Monascus pigments content of EMFTB. Meanwhile, double enzyme hydrolysis significantly changed the principal components of volatile substances and affected the varieties and content of volatile organic substances in EMFTB using electronic nose and headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility chromatography (HS-GC-IMS). The volatile organic substances and main aroma components increased significantly in EMFTB, including 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butan-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and other substances. These results indicate that the amylase hydrolysis plays an important role in improving the flavor quality of EMFTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Jialan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Shaojin Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yingbao Liu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
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Analysis of metabolites of coix seed fermented by Monascus purpureus. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Duan Y, Ma H, Wei X, Li M. Dynamic regulation of Monascus azaphilones biosynthesis by the binary MrPigE-MrPigF oxidoreductase system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7519-7530. [PMID: 36221033 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Monascus azaphilones (MAs) have been extensively applied as natural food coloring agents. MAs are classified into three categories: yellow MAs (YMAs), orange MAs (OMAs), and red MAs with various biological activities. However, the exact biosynthetic mechanism of OMAs and YMAs are not thoroughly elucidated. Firstly, we identified four DNA-binding residues of transcription factor MrPigB and constructed a multi-site saturation mutagenesis library of MrPigB. Then, comparative metabolite and gene expression of the mutants revealed that two oxidoreductases MrPigE and MrPigF were responsible for the formation of YMAs and OMAs. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated the opposite roles of MrPigE and MrPigF in conversion of OMAs to YMAs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a binary oxidoreductase system for dynamic regulation of fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Broadly, our work also demonstrates the transcription factor engineering strategy for elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolite. KEY POINTS: • MrPigE converts orange Monascus azaphilones to yellow Monascus azaphilones • MrPigF oxidizes intermediates to afford orange Monascus azaphilones • MrPigE and MrPigF constitute a binary system in Monascus azaphilones biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Li WL, Hong JL, Lu JQ, Tong SG, Ni L, Liu B, Lv XC. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Effect and Mechanism of Tea Extracts on the Biosynthesis of Monascus Pigments. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9602424 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) are natural edible pigments with high safety and strong function, which have been widely used in food and health products. In this study, different types of tea extracts (rich in polyphenols) were used to regulate the biosynthesis of MPs. The results showed that 15% ethanol extract of pu-erh tea (T11) could significantly increase MPs production in liquid fermentation of Monaco’s purpureus M3. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses combined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to further explore the regulatory mechanism of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 1503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Con group and the T11 group, which were mainly distributed in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, etc. A total of 115 differential metabolites (DMs) identified by metabolomics between the Con and T11 groups were mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, etc. The results of metabolomics were basically consistent with those of gene transcriptomics, indicating that the regulatory effect of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs is mainly achieved through affecting the primary metabolic pathway, providing sufficient energy and more biosynthetic precursors for secondary metabolism. In this study, tea extracts with low economic value and easy access were used as promoters of MPs biosynthesis, which may be conducive to the application of MPs in large-scale industrial production. At the same time, a more systematic understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of Monascus metabolism was obtained through multi-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Jia-Li Hong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jin-Qiang Lu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shan-Gong Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence:
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Chi MH, Chao J, Ko CY, Huang SS. An Ethnopharmaceutical Study on the Hypolipidemic Formulae in Taiwan Issued by Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900693. [PMID: 36188612 PMCID: PMC9520573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately one-third of ischemic heart diseases are due to hyperlipidemia, which has been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. This study was aimed to disassemble and analyze hypolipidemic formulae sold by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies. Using commonly used statistical parameters in ethnopharmacology, we identified the core drug combination of the hypolipidemic formulae, thereby exploring the strategy by which the Taiwanese people select hypolipidemic drugs. Most important of all, we preserved the inherited knowledge of TCM. We visited 116 TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and collected 91 TCM formulae. The formulae were mainly disassembled by macroscopical identification, and the medicinal materials with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) >0.2 were defined as commonly used medicinal materials. Subsequently, we sorted the information of medicinal materials recorded in the Pharmacopeia, searched for modern pharmacological research on commonly used medicinal materials using PubMed database, and visualized data based on the statistical results. Finally, the core hypolipidemic medicinal materials used in folk medicine were obtained. Of the 91 TCM formulae collected in this study, 80 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were used, belonging to 43 families, predominantly Lamiaceae. Roots were the most commonly used part as a medicinal material. There were 17 commonly used medicinal materials. Based on medicinal records in Pharmacopeia, most flavors and properties were warm and pungent, the majority traditional effects were “tonifying and replenishing” and “blood-regulating.” Besides, the targeted diseases searching from modern pharmacological studies were diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The core medicinal materials consisted of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, and the core formulae were Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang and Xie-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang. In addition, 7 groups of folk misused medicinal materials were found. Although these TCMs have been used for a long period of time, their hypolipidemic mechanisms remain unclear, and further studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Han Chi
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Ko
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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de Oliveira LA, Segundo WOPF, de Souza ÉS, Peres EG, Koolen HHF, de Souza JVB. Ascomycota as a source of natural colorants. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1199-1220. [PMID: 35616785 PMCID: PMC9433473 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been a great demand for natural colorants. Synthetic colorants are known to be easy to produce, are less expensive, and remain stable when subjected to chemical and physical factors. In addition, only small amounts are required to color any material, and unwanted flavors and aromas are not incorporated into the product. Natural colorants present in food, in addition to providing color, also have biological properties and effects that aid in the prevention and cure of many diseases. The main classes of colorants produced by phylum Ascomycota include polyketides and carotenoids. A promising producer of colorants should be able to assimilate a variety of sources of carbon and nitrogen and also exhibit relative stability. The strain should not be pathogenic, and its product should not be toxic. Production processes should also provide the expected color with a good yield through simple extraction methods. Research that seeks new sources of these compounds should continue to seek products of biotechnological origin in order to be competitive with products of synthetic and plant origin. In this review, we will focus on the recent studies on the main producing species, classes, and metabolic pathways of colorants produced by this phylum, historical background, impact of synthetic colorants on human health and the environment, social demand for natural colorants and also an in-depth approach to bioprocesses (influences on production, optimization of bioprocess, extraction, and identification), and limitations and perspectives for the use of fungal-based dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aires de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Walter Oliva Pinto Filho Segundo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Érica Simplício de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Darcy Vargas 1200, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050-020, Brazil
| | - Eldrinei Gomes Peres
- Grupo de Pesquisas Em Metabolômica E Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas Em Metabolômica E Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - João Vicente Braga de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-971, Brazil.
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Duan Y, Jia L, Pei X, Wei X, Li M. An efficient microbial-based method for production of high-purity Monascus azaphilones pigments. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Cheng Y, Liu H, Li J, Ma Y, Song C, Wang Y, Li P, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Monascin abrogates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells via regulating MAPKs signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950122. [PMID: 35910375 PMCID: PMC9337785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) are multinucleated cells that play a major role in osteolytic diseases such as osteoporosis. Monascin (Ms) is one of the active substances in the traditional Chinese medicine red yeast rice. Studies have found that red yeast rice can maintain bone health. In this study, the anti-osteoclastogenesis effects of Ms on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells were assessed, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Ms exhibited inhibitory effects on OC differentiation and formation in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the bone-resorbing activity of mature OCs. Ms blocked OCs-typical genes (c-Fos, NFATc1, CSTK, MMP-9, TRAP, ITG-β3, OSCAR and DC-STAMP). Furthermore, Ms treatment considerably inhibited the activation of MAPKs, JNK and p38. Taken together, Ms suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells by restraining MAPKs signaling pathways and is a potential therapeutic option as a novel OC inhibitor to mitigate bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy (BZ0381), Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changheng Song
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjing Chen
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjing Chen, ; Zhiguo Zhang,
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjing Chen, ; Zhiguo Zhang,
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14
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Feng SS, Li W, Hu YJ, Feng JX, Deng J. The biological activity and application of Monascus pigments: a mini review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs), as secondary metabolites of Monascus, are microbial pigments which have been used for thousands of years. MPs are widely used in food industry as food pigments and preservatives, which have the stability of light resistance, high temperature resistance and acid-base change resistance. In addition, the antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor biological activities of MPs have also attracted people’s attention. Moreover, Due to the presence of citrinin, the safety of MPs still needs to be discussed and explored. In this paper, the production, biological activity, application in various fields and methods of detection and reduction of citrinin of MPs were reviewed, which provide new insights into the study and safe application related to human different diseases, medicines or health care products with MPs as active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Yong-Jun Hu
- Department of Ultrasound , Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410002 , China
| | - Jian-Xiang Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
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15
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Investigation of Citrinin and Monacolin K Gene Clusters Variation among Pigment Producer Monascus Species. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Effect of γ-Heptalactone on the Morphology and Production of Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K in Monascus purpureus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020179. [PMID: 35205931 PMCID: PMC8880682 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus is used widely in Asian countries and produces various biologically active metabolites, such as Monascus pigments (MPs) and monacolin K (MK). In this study, the effect of γ-heptalactone on secondary metabolites and mycelial growth during Monascus purpureus M1 fermentation was investigated. After the addition of 50 μM γ-heptalactone, the yields of MPs (yellow, orange, and red) reached maxima, increased by 115.70, 141.52, and 100.88%, respectively. The 25 μM γ-heptalactone groups showed the highest yield of MK was increased by 62.38% compared with that of the control. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MPs synthesis genes (MpPKS5, MpFasA2, mppB, mppC, mppD, mppG, mpp7, and mppR1/R2) were significantly upregulated after γ-heptalactone treatment. The relative expression levels of MK synthesis genes (mokA, mokC, mokE, mokH, and mokI) were significantly affected. The mycelium samples treated with γ-heptalactone exhibited more folds and swelling than that in the samples of the control group. This study confirmed that the addition of γ-heptalactone has the potential to induce yields of MPs and MK, and promote the expression of biosynthesis genes, which may be related to the transformation of mycelial morphology in M. purpureus.
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17
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Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic regulation mechanism of yellow pigment overproduction by Monascus using ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6369-6379. [PMID: 34402939 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monascus yellow pigments (MYPs), as food colorants, are of great interest to the food industry, because of their beneficial biological activities. In this study, a comparative metabolomics strategy revealed the metabolic regulatory mechanism of MYP overproduction, comparing ammonium chloride with peptone as nitrogen sources. Metabolomics-based multivariate regression modeling showed that metabolic biomarkers/modules, such as glucose, lactate, and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, were closely associated with the biosynthesis of MYPs. Exogenous addition of glucose increased production of MYPs, whereas lactate reduced it. Inhibition of the PP pathway with dehydroepiandrosterone decreased MYP production, while increasing the shunting production of orange and red pigments. All these treatments significantly changed the expression profiles of the pigment biosynthetic gene cluster and the mycelial morphology. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of elucidating the mechanism of MYP biosynthesis by comprehensive metabolomics analysis, as well as discovering potential engineering targets of efficiency improvements to commercial MYP production. KEY POINTS: • Comparative metabolomics revealed the biomarkers/modules of MYP production. • A rational exogenously adding strategy was implemented to regulate MYP synthesis. • Expression profiles of gene cluster and mycelial morphology were characterized.
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18
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Shaaban M, Magdy El-Metwally M, Mekawey AAI, Abdelwahab AB, Soltan MM. Monascin and monascinol, azaphilonoid pigments from Mortierella polycephala AM1: in silico and in vitro targeting of the angiogenic VEGFR2 kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 77:11-19. [PMID: 34265877 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fungus, Mortierella polycephala is one of the most productive sources of anticancer bioactive compounds namely those of pigment nature. During our investigation of the produced bioactive metabolites by the terrestrial M. polycephala AM1 isolated from Egyptian poultry feather waste, two main azaphilonoid pigments, monascin (1) and monascinol (2) were obtained as major products; their structures were identified by 1D (1H&13C) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HMBC) NMR and HRESI-MS spectroscopic data. Biologically, cytotoxic activities of these compounds were broadly studied compared with the fungal extract. To predict the biological target for the presumed antitumor activity, an in silico study was run toward three proteins, topoisomerase IIα, topoisomerase IIβ, and VEGFR2 kinase. Monascinol (2) was expected to be moderately active against VEGFR2 kinase without any anticipated inhibition toward topo II isoforms. The in vitro study confirmed the docked investigation consistently and introduced monascinol (2) rather than its counterpart (1) as a potent inhibitor to the tested VEGFR2 kinase. Taxonomically, the fungus was identified using morphological and genetic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St. 33, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Amal A I Mekawey
- Fungal Identification Unit, The Regional Center of Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Abdelwahab
- Plant Advanced Technologies, 19 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Maha M Soltan
- Biology Unit, Central Laboratory for Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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19
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Yang Y, Xia Y, Song X, Mu Z, Qiu H, Tao L, Ai L. The Potential of Flos sophorae immaturus as a Pigment-Stabilizer to Improve the Monascus Pigments Preservation, Flavor Profiles, and Sensory Characteristic of Hong Qu Huangjiu. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:678903. [PMID: 34093500 PMCID: PMC8174305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.678903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hong Qu Huangjiu (HQW) is distinguished by its inclusion of Monascus pigments, meaning that photosensitivity strongly affects the sensory quality of the wine. In this study, the effects of Flos sophorae immaturus (FSI) on the stability of Monascus pigments, the flavor profiles, and the sensory characteristics of HQW were investigated. After sterilization, the addition of FSI increased the preservation rate of Monascus pigments in HQW by up to 93.20%, which could be accounted for by the synergy of rutin and quercetin in FSI. The total content of the volatile flavor compounds in HQW increased significantly as the added amounts of FSI were increased, especially 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and short-chain fatty acid ethyl esters (SCFAEE). Sensory evaluation and partial least-squares regression revealed that the concentration of FSI significantly affected the aroma characteristics of HQW but had little effect on the mouthfeel. The addition of 0.9 mg/mL FSI yielded a satisfactory HQW with high scores in terms of mouthfeel and aroma. The strong correlation between fruit-aroma, full-body, and SCFAEE suggests that FSI might alter the aroma of HQW by enhancing the synthesis of SCFAEE. Summarily, treatment with FSI represents a new strategy for improving the stability of photosensitive pigments and thus adjusting the aroma of HQW or similar beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Song
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazhen Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Leren Tao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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20
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A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:545-553. [PMID: 33936846 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow Monascus pigments (YMPs) named monascin and ankaflavin and the orange Monascus pigments (OMPs) named rubropunctatin and monascorubrin are two groups of bioactive components in a mixture state in the Monascus fermented products. In order to separate these two groups of bioactive pigments, a facile macroporous resin-based method was developed. The weak-polar resin CAD-40 was selected from the seven tested macroporous resins as it revealed better properties for the adsorption and desorption of the YMPs and OMPs. Then, CAD-40 resin was used for column-chromatographic separation. After eluted by 4 bed volumes of ethanol, the yellow group (monascin and ankaflavin) and the orange group (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) were successfully separated and purified, with an increased content from 49.3% and 44.2% in the crude pigment extract to 85.2% and 83.0% in the final products, respectively. This method would be helpful for the large-scale separation and purification of Monascus pigment products with specific bioactivity.
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21
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Wang J, Huang Y, Shao Y. From Traditional Application to Genetic Mechanism: Opinions on Monascus Research in the New Milestone. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659907. [PMID: 33868216 PMCID: PMC8044512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueyan Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Chen D, Wang Y, Chen M, Fan P, Li G, Wang C. Ammonium nitrate regulated the color characteristic changes of pigments in Monascus purpureus M9. AMB Express 2021; 11:3. [PMID: 33398480 PMCID: PMC7782668 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) with different color characteristics, produced by submerged fermentation of Monascus purpureus M9, have potential application in food industry. In the present study, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of ammonium nitrate (AN) on the color characteristics of MPs were investigated. The concentration of intracellular pigments was significantly decreased when subjected to AN. The hue and lightness value indicated AN altered the total pigments appearance from original red to orange. The HPLC analysis for six major components of MPs showed that the production of rubropunctatin or monascorubrin, was significantly reduced to the undetectable level, whereas the yields of monascin, ankaflavin, rubropunctamine and monascorubramine, were apparently increased with AN supplement. To be noted, via real-time quantitative PCR strategy, the expression level of mppG, closely relative to orange pigments biosynthesis, was significantly down-regulated. However, the expression of mppE, involved in yellow pigments pathway, was up-regulated. Moreover, the broth pH value was dropped to 2.5–3.5 in the fermentation process resulted from AN treatment, along with the increased extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis. Taken together, the change of MPs categories and amounts by AN might be the driving force for the color characteristics variation in M. purpureus M9. The present study provided useful data for producing MPs with different compositions and modified color characteristics.
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23
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Lu K, Chen S, Lin Y, Wu H, Chao P. An antidiabetic nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice ( Monascus purpureus), bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia), and chromium alleviates dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells in db/db mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6718-6726. [PMID: 33312555 PMCID: PMC7723183 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidiabetic properties of red yeast rice, bitter gourd, and chromium have gained scientific support. This study aimed to test whether a nutraceutical combination of these 3 materials prevented dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells. Male db/db mice (8 weeks of age) were allocated into four groups (DB, DB/L, DB/M, and DB/H; n = 8-10) and fed a high-fat diet containing 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, or 1% nutraceutical, respectively, whereas wild-type mice receiving a standard diet served as a healthy control (C; n = 10). The nutraceutical contained 10 mg/g monacolin K, 165 µg/g chromium, and 300 mg/g bitter gourd. After 8-weeks dietary treatment, diabetic syndromes (including hyperglycemia, hyperphagia, excessive drinking, polyuria, glucosuria, albuminuria, and glucose intolerance), were improved by the nutraceutical in a dose-dependent fashion. Decreased insulin and increased glucagon in serum and pancreatic islets in db/db mice were abolished in the DB/H group. Furthermore, supplementation curtailed dedifferentiation of β cells, as evidenced by decreasing the dedifferentiation marker (Aldh1a3) and increasing β-cell-enriched genes and transcription factors (Ins1, Ins2, FOXO1, and NKX6.1), as well as nuclear localization of NKX6.1 in pancreatic islets when compared to the DB group. We concluded that this nutraceutical, a combination of Monascus purpureus, Momordica charantia, and chromium, could be used as an adjunct for type 2 diabetes treatment and delay disease progression by sustaining β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke‐Ying Lu
- Department of NutritionChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Lishui Municipal Central HospitalLishuiChina
| | - Szu‐Han Chen
- Department of NutritionChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Shun Lin
- Department of NutritionChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hai‐Ping Wu
- Department of NutritionChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Min Chao
- Department of NutritionChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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24
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Monascus purpureus-fermented common buckwheat protects against dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of liver metabolome and intestinal microbiome. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Pailliè-Jiménez ME, Stincone P, Brandelli A. Natural Pigments of Microbial Origin. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.590439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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26
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Choe D, Song SM, Shin CS, Johnston TV, Ahn HJ, Kim D, Ku S. Production and Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory Monascus Pigment Derivatives. Foods 2020; 9:E858. [PMID: 32630165 PMCID: PMC7404703 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of chronic inflammation using food-derived compounds are desirable from the perspectives of marketing and safety. Monascus pigments, widely used as food additives, can be used as a chronic inflammation treatment. Orange Monascus pigments were produced by submerged fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor, and multiple orange Monascus pigment derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities were synthesized using aminophilic reaction. A total of 41 types of pigment derivatives were produced by incorporating amines and amino acids into the orange pigments. One derivative candidate that inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells and exhibited low cell cytotoxicity was identified via in vitro assay. The 2-amino-4 picoline derivative inhibited NO production of 48.4%, and exhibited cell viability of 90.6%. Expression of inducible NO synthase, an important enzyme in the NO synthesis pathway, was suppressed by such a derivative in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this derivative has potential as a functional food colorant with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokyeong Choe
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Soo Min Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Tony V. Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
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27
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Usmani Z, Sharma M, Sudheer S, Gupta VK, Bhat R. Engineered Microbes for Pigment Production Using Waste Biomass. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:80-95. [PMID: 32655303 PMCID: PMC7324876 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200330152007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agri-food waste biomass is the most abundant organic waste and has high valorisation potential for sustainable bioproducts development. These wastes are not only recyclable in nature but are also rich sources of bioactive carbohydrates, peptides, pigments, polyphenols, vitamins, natural antioxidants, etc. Bioconversion of agri-food waste to value-added products is very important towards zero waste and circular economy concepts. To reduce the environmental burden, food researchers are seeking strategies to utilize this waste for microbial pigments production and further biotechnological exploitation in functional foods or value-added products. Microbes are valuable sources for a range of bioactive molecules, including microbial pigments production through fermentation and/or utilisation of waste. Here, we have reviewed some of the recent advancements made in important bioengineering technologies to develop engineered microbial systems for enhanced pigments production using agri-food wastes biomass/by-products as substrates in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Address correspondence to these authors at the ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorization Technologies- VALORTECH, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia; Tel/Fax: +372 7313927; E-mails: ;, ;
| | | | | | - Rajeev Bhat
- Address correspondence to these authors at the ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorization Technologies- VALORTECH, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia; Tel/Fax: +372 7313927; E-mails: ;, ;
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28
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Hong JL, Wu L, Lu JQ, Zhou WB, Cao YJ, Lv WL, Liu B, Rao PF, Ni L, Lv XC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory effects of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments and citrinin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5268-5282. [PMID: 35498272 PMCID: PMC9049005 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus spp. and its secondary metabolites have been widely applied in foods and medicines for thousands of years in eastern Asia. Nitrogen sources are essential nutrients for the growth and metabolism of Monascus spp. Our previous study found that inorganic nitrogen sources (especially NH4Cl and NH4NO3) promoted the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs) and inhibited the production of citrinin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of MPs and citrinin by the comparative transcriptional approach (RNA sequencing combined with RT-qPCR). Results indicated that the submerged fermentation of M. purpureus M3103 with NH4Cl or NH4NO3 as the sole nitrogen source can significantly increase the yields of MPs (especially for Monascus orange and red pigments) and decrease citrinin production, compared with the organic nitrogen source (peptone group). Comparative transcriptomic profiling by RNA sequencing found that the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different experimental groups—M group (peptone group) vs. ML group (NH4Cl group), and M group (peptone group) vs. MX group (NH4NO3 group), were 722 and 1287, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids were up-regulated by NH4Cl and NH4NO3, which would produce more biosynthetic precursors for MPs. Whereas, the inorganic nitrogen source (both of NH4Cl and NH4NO3) down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in tyrosine metabolism. In addition, NR analysis indicated that the essential genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of citrinin were down-regulated by NH4Cl and NH4NO3. These results indicated that NH4Cl or NH4NO3 as a nitrogen source for M. purpureus M3103 can significantly promote the precursor synthesis of Monascus pigments, but reduce the transcription of polyketide synthase for citrinin, and therefore significantly increase Monascus pigments production and decrease citrinin formation. These findings will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of inorganic nitrogen in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in M. purpureus, and would benefit the application of M. purpureus in the production of MPs. Comparative transcriptional approach (RNA sequencing combined with RT-qPCR) was used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of MPs and citrinin.![]()
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Liu BY, Xu F, Bai J, Yan DJ, Zhang L, Zhang D, Hu YC. Six new monacolin analogs from red yeast rice. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:394-400. [PMID: 31171275 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six novel monacolin analogs, monacolins V1-V6 (1-6), together with seven known ones (7-13), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of red yeast rice. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR (1H-1HCOSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY/ROESY) and CD spectroscopic analyses as well as chemical derivation. Monacolins V2 (2) and V3 (3) represent the first examples of monacolins with 3-hydroxybutyrate substitute. The anti-inflammatory inhibitory activities against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced NO production in BV-2 cells as well as antioxidant activities against rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dao-Jiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - You-Cai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Sen T, Barrow CJ, Deshmukh SK. Microbial Pigments in the Food Industry-Challenges and the Way Forward. Front Nutr 2019; 6:7. [PMID: 30891448 PMCID: PMC6411662 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as carotenoids and anthocyanins. Microbial food colorants can be produced at scale at relatively low costs. This review highlights the significance of color in the food industry, why there is a need to shift to natural food colors compared to synthetic ones and how using microbial pigments as food colorants, instead of colors from other natural sources, is a preferable option. We also summarize the microbial derived food colorants currently used and discuss their classification based on their chemical structure. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by the use and development of food grade microbial pigments and how to deal with these challenges, using advanced techniques including metabolic engineering and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Sen
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Lian X, Li M, Jiang R, Guo J, Feng Z. A New Method to Purify Hydroxyl Monascus Red Pigment by Retrogradation of Both Pigments and Maize Amylopectin. STARCH-STARKE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin 300134 P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin 300134 P.R. China
| | - Rongxia Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin 300134 P.R. China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin 300134 P.R. China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin 300134 P.R. China
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Lim YJ, Lee DW, Park SH, Kwon HJ. Extractive fermentation of Monascus purpureus promotes the production of oxidized congeners of the pigment azaphilone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2018.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ji Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh Won Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute for Traditional Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
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Embaby AM, Hussein MN, Hussein A. Monascus orange and red pigments production by Monascus purpureus ATCC16436 through co-solid state fermentation of corn cob and glycerol: An eco-friendly environmental low cost approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207755. [PMID: 30532218 PMCID: PMC6287831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study underlines a statistically optimized, low cost, effective approach for efficient co-valorization of two non-efficiently utilized, highly accumulated, raw agro-industrial wastes: corn cob and glycerol for co-production of natural biopigments: monascus orange and red pigments by the aid of Monascus purpureus strain ATCC 16436. A three step sequential, statistical modeling approach: one variable at a time (OVAT), Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the production of monascus pigments using co-solid state fermentation of the two raw agro-industrial wastes. Corn cob among other carbon sources (e.g., rice grains, sugarcane bagasse, and potato peel) was the most appropriate substrate triggering co-production of orange and red monascus pigments; deduced from OVAT. Glycerol and inoculum size proved to impose significant consequences (P<0.05) on the production of monascus pigments as inferred from PBD. The optimal levels of inoculum size (12 x 1011 spores/mL) and glycerol (2.17 M) did achieve a maximal color value of 133.77 and 108.02 color value units/mL of orange and red pigments, respectively at 30 oC after 10 days; concluded from CCD with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. Present data would underpin the large scale production of monascus pigments using the present approach for efficient exploitation of such biopigments in food, pharmaceutical and textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M. Embaby
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed N. Hussein
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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The regulation mechanisms of soluble starch and glycerol for production of azaphilone pigments in Monascus purpureus FAFU618 as revealed by comparative proteomic and transcriptional analyses. Food Res Int 2018; 106:626-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Balakrishnan B, Lim YJ, Hwang SH, Lee DW, Park SH, Kwon HJ. Selective production of red azaphilone pigments in a Monascus purpureus mppDEG deletion mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2017.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijinu Balakrishnan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh Won Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute for Traditional Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
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