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Jiang J, Lu X, Dong L, Tian J, Zhang J, Guo Z, Luo Y, Cui Z, Wen H, Jiang M. Enhancing growth, liver health, and bile acid metabolism of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) through combined cholesterol and bile acid supplementation in plant-based diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:335-346. [PMID: 38800736 PMCID: PMC11127100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the nutritional effects of cholesterol, bile acids, and combination of cholesterol with bile acids in plant-based diets on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT; Oreochromis niloticus). The isonitrogenous (321 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (76 g/kg crude fat) diets (Con diet) were based on plant protein sources, which included corn gluten meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. The Con diet was supplemented with 12 g/kg cholesterol (CHO diet), 0.2 g/kg bile acids (BAs diet), a combination of 12 g/kg cholesterol and 0.2 g/kg bile acids (CHO-BAs diet), respectively. Each diet was fed to three tanks in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 9 weeks. Results showed that compared to the Con group, fish had a higher weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and a lower feed conversion ratio in the CHO-BAs group. The highest levels of whole-fish fat and ash were found in the Con group. Serum parameters, including activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), along with levels of glucose (GLU) and triglyceride (TG) except for total cholesterol (TCHO), were lower in the CHO, BAs, and CHO-BAs groups than those in the Con group (P < 0.001). Histological examination revealed that fish in the Con group exhibited severe hepatocyte vacuolization and diminished hepatocyte proliferation. Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcriptional levels of bile acid metabolism-related genes (including fxr, fgf19, bsep) were up-regulated in the CHO-BAs group (P < 0.05), whereas cholesterol metabolism-related genes (acly and hmgcr) were down-regulated in both CHO and CHO-BAs groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the higher taurine-conjugated bile acids (T-BAs), followed by free bile acids (Free-BAs) and glycine (G-BAs) were determined in tilapia bile. Among these, taurochenodeoxycholic bile acid was the predominant bile acid. Dietary bile acids supplementation also increased the proportion of T-BAs (tauro β-muricholic acid and taurodehydrocholic acid) while decreasing Free-BAs in the fish bile. In conclusion, the incorporation of cholesterol with bile acids into plant-based diets can effectively reduce cholesterol uptake, suppress bile acids synthesis, enhance bile acids efflux, and promote hepatocyte proliferation, which is helpful for maintaining the normal liver morphology in tilapia, and thus improving its growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixue Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Gong J, Zhang Q, Hu R, Yang X, Fang C, Yao L, Lv J, Wang L, Shi M, Zhang W, Ma S, Xiang H, Zhang H, Hou DX, Yin Y, He J, Peng L, Wu S. Effects of Prevotella copri on insulin, gut microbiota and bile acids. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2340487. [PMID: 38626129 PMCID: PMC11028016 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2340487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming a major global health problem in children that can cause diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders, which are closely related to the gut microbiota. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, a significant positive correlation was observed between Prevotella copri (P. copri) and obesity in children (p = 0.003). Next, the effect of P. copri on obesity was explored by using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment. Transplantation of P. copri. increased serum levels of fasting blood glucose (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.01) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (p < 0.05) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, but not in normal mice. Characterization of the gut microbiota indicated that P. copri reduced the relative abundance of the Akkermansia genus in mice (p < 0.01). Further analysis on bile acids (BAs) revealed that P. copri increased the primary BAs and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in HFD-induced mice (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated for the first time that P. copri has a significant positive correlation with obesity in children, and can increase fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in HFD-fed obese mice, which are related to the abundance of Akkermansia genus and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatai Gong
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Zhang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizhi Hu
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xizi Yang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengkun Fang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Wang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingkun Shi
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Ma
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongkun Xiang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua He
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Children’s Healthcare Institute, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Shusong Wu
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Balderas C, de Ancos B, Sánchez-Moreno C. Bile Acids and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Are Modulated after Onion and Apple Consumption in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:3035. [PMID: 37447361 PMCID: PMC10347221 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microorganisms are involved in the development and severity of different cardiovascular diseases, and increasing evidence has indicated that dietary fibre and polyphenols can interact with the intestinal microbiota. The study objective was to investigate the effect of onion and apple intake on the major types of microbial-derived molecules, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). Obese Zucker rats were randomly assigned (n = eight rats/group) to a standard diet (OC), a standard diet/10% onion (OO), or a standard diet/10% apple (OA). Lean Zucker rats fed a standard diet served as a lean control (LC) group. Faecal samples were collected at baseline, and 8 weeks later, the composition of the microbial community was measured, and BA and SCFA levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Rats fed onion- and apple-enriched diets had increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., enhanced SCFAs (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, and valeric acids), decreased excretion of some BAs, mainly of the primary (CA, α-MCA, and β-MCA) and secondary type (ω-MCA, HDCA, NCA, DCA, and LCA), and increased amount of taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs compared to the OC group. The contribution of specific bioactive compounds and their metabolites in the regulation of the microbiome and the pathways linked to SCFA and BA formation and their relationship with some diseases needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), ES-28040 Madrid, Spain (B.d.A.)
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Potential Role of Quercetin Glycosides as Anti-Atherosclerotic Food-Derived Factors for Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020258. [PMID: 36829817 PMCID: PMC9952755 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a monomeric polyphenol of plant origin that belongs to the flavonol-type flavonoid subclass. Extensive studies using cultured cells and experimental model animals have demonstrated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of dietary quercetin in relation to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As quercetin is exclusively present in plant-based foods in the form of glycosides, this review focuses on the bioavailability and bioefficacy of quercetin glycosides in relation to vascular health effects. Some glucose-bound glycosides are absorbed from the small intestine after glucuronide/sulfate conjugation. Both conjugated metabolites and deconjugated quercetin aglycones formed by plasma β-glucuronidase activity act as food-derived anti-atherogenic factors by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects. However, most quercetin glycosides reach the large intestine, where they are subject to gut microbiota-dependent catabolism resulting in deglycosylated aglycone and chain-scission products. These catabolites also affect vascular health after transfer into the circulation. Furthermore, quercetin glycosides may improve gut microbiota profiles. A variety of human cohort studies and intervention studies support the idea that the intake of quercetin glycoside-rich plant foods such as onion helps to prevent CVD. Thus, quercetin glycoside-rich foods offer potential benefits in terms of cardiovascular health and possible clinical applications.
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Elegbeleye JA, Krishnamoorthy S, Bamidele OP, Adeyanju AA, Adebowale OJ, Agbemavor WSK. Health-promoting foods and food crops of West-Africa origin: The bioactive compounds and immunomodulating potential. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14331. [PMID: 36448596 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The rural communities of the sub-Sahara regions in Africa are rich in diverse indigenous culinary knowledge and foods, food crops, and condiments such as roots/tubers, cereal, legumes/pulses, locust beans, and green leafy vegetables. These food crops are rich in micronutrients and phytochemicals, which have the potentials to address hidden hunger as well as promote health when consumed. Some examples of these are fermented foods such as ogi and plants such as Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Zingiber officinales (garlic), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), and condiments. Food crops from West Africa contain numerous bioactive substances such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and monoterpenoid chemicals among others. These bioresources have proven biological and pharmacological activities due to diverse mechanisms of action such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities which made them suitable as candidates for nutraceuticals and pharma foods. This review seeks to explore the different processes such as fermentation applied during food preparation and food crops of West-African origin with health-promoting benefits. The different bioactive compounds present in such food or food crops are discussed extensively as well as the diverse application, especially regarding respiratory diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The plants and herbs summarized here are more easily accessible and affordable by therapists and others having a passion for promising medicinal properties of African-origin plants.The mechanisms and unique metabolic potentials of African food crops discussed in this article will promote their applicability as a template molecule for novel drug discoveries in treatment strategies for emerging diseases. This compilation of antiviral plants will help clinicians and researchers bring new preventive strategies in combating COVID-19 like viral diseases, ultimately saving millions of affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Technology Dissemination, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Adeyemi A Adeyanju
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | | | - Wisdom Selorm Kofi Agbemavor
- Radiation Technology Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon Accra, Ghana
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Chen L, Jiao T, Liu W, Luo Y, Wang J, Guo X, Tong X, Lin Z, Sun C, Wang K, He Y, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wang J, Zuo J, Ding Q, He S, Gonzalez FJ, Xie C. Hepatic cytochrome P450 8B1 and cholic acid potentiate intestinal epithelial injury in colitis by suppressing intestinal stem cell renewal. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1366-1381.e9. [PMID: 36055192 PMCID: PMC10673678 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although disrupted bile acid (BA) homeostasis is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the role of hepatic BA metabolism in the pathogenesis of colitis is poorly understood. Here, we found that cholic acid (CA) levels were increased in patients and mice. Cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), which synthesizes CA, was induced in livers of colitic mice. CA-treated or liver Cyp8b1-overexpressing mice developed more severe colitis with compromised repair of the mucosal barrier, whereas Cyp8b1-knockout mice were resistant to colitis. Mechanistically, CA inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), resulting in impeded fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and impaired Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) renewal. A PPARα agonist restored FAO and improved Lgr5+ ISC function. Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) suppressed liver CYP8B1 expression and ameliorated colitis in mice. This study reveals a connection between the hepatic CYP8B1-CA axis and colitis via regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration, suggesting that BA-based strategies might be beneficial in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Tingying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zemin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chuying Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Kanglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifan He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hualing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
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Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense) promotes changes in lipid metabolism and a hepatoprotective effect in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Res Int 2022; 155:110994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhao XX, Lin FJ, Li H, Li HB, Wu DT, Geng F, Ma W, Wang Y, Miao BH, Gan RY. Recent Advances in Bioactive Compounds, Health Functions, and Safety Concerns of Onion ( Allium cepa L.). Front Nutr 2021; 8:669805. [PMID: 34368207 PMCID: PMC8339303 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a common vegetable, widely consumed all over the world. Onion contains diverse phytochemicals, including organosulfur compounds, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and saponins. The phenolic and sulfur-containing compounds, including onionin A, cysteine sulfoxides, quercetin, and quercetin glucosides, are the major bioactive constituents of onion. Accumulated studies have revealed that onion and its bioactive compounds possess various health functions, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, hepatorenal protective, respiratory protective, digestive system protective, reproductive protective, and immunomodulatory properties. Herein, the main bioactive compounds in onion are summarized, followed by intensively discussing its major health functions as well as relevant molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the potential safety concerns about onion contamination and the ways to mitigate these issues are also discussed. We hope that this paper can attract broader attention to onion and its bioactive compounds, which are promising ingredients in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals for preventing and managing certain chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang-Jun Lin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Hang Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Bao-He Miao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Cunha LF, Ongaratto MA, Endres M, Barschak AG. Modelling hypercholesterolaemia in rats using high cholesterol diet. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:74-79. [PMID: 33710712 PMCID: PMC7981591 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a complex condition with multiple causes, including both lifestyle and genetic aspects. It is also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are responsible for 172 million deaths/year. Although the reasons for hypercholesterolaemia are known, there are many critical questions that remain to be answered so that new therapeutics can be developed. In order to elucidate the pathobiology of this condition, animal models can mimic the pathology of human hypercholesterolaemia. One example of an animal model is induced by the hypercholesterolaemic diet in Wistar rats. The present review first summarizes the current understanding of the metabolic profile involved in hypercholesterolaemia in humans. Next it comments about the lack of consensus as to which hypercholesterolaemia induction protocol should be used. The present work aimed to review experimental studies that induced hypercholesterolaemia in Wistar rats it was not intended to judge the "best" model, since they all achieved the goal of inducing an increase in serum cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Ferracini Cunha
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | | | - Marcelo Endres
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Alethea Gatto Barschak
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreBrazil
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Effect of atorvastatin on the gut microbiota of high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:662. [PMID: 29330433 PMCID: PMC5766553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in gut microbiota associated with hypercholesterolemia and treatment with atorvastatin, a commonly prescribed cholesterol-lowering drug. In this study, seven experimental groups of rats were developed based on diets [high-fat diet (HFD) and normal chow diet (NCD)] and various doses of atorvastatin in HFD and NCD groups. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota. Atorvastatin significantly reduced the cholesterol level in treated rats. Bacterial diversity was decreased in the drug-treated NCD group compared to the NCD control, but atorvastatin-treated HFD groups showed a relative increase in biodiversity compared to HFD control group. Atorvastatin promoted the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and reduced the abundance of Firmicutes in drug-treated HFD groups. Among the dominant taxa in the drug-treated HFD groups, Oscillospira, Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, unclassified CF231, YRC22 (Paraprevotellaceae), and SMB53 (Clostridiaceae) showed reversion in population distribution toward NCD group relative to HFD group. Drug-treated HFD and NCD groups both showed an increased relative abundance of Helicobacter. Overall, bacterial community composition was altered, and diversity of gut microbiota increased with atorvastatin treatment in HFD group. Reversion in relative abundance of specific dominant taxa was observed with drug treatment to HFD rats.
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