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Soman SS, Samad SA, Venugopalan P, Kumawat N, Kumar S. Microfluidic paper analytic device (μPAD) technology for food safety applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:031501. [PMID: 38706979 PMCID: PMC11068414 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens, food adulterants, allergens, and toxic chemicals in food can cause major health hazards to humans and animals. Stringent quality control measures at all stages of food processing are required to ensure food safety. There is, therefore, a global need for affordable, reliable, and rapid tests that can be conducted at different process steps and processing sites, spanning the range from the sourcing of food to the end-product acquired by the consumer. Current laboratory-based food quality control tests are well established, but many are not suitable for rapid on-site investigations and are costly. Microfluidic paper analytical devices (μPADs) are a fast-growing field in medical diagnostics that can fill these gaps. In this review, we describe the latest developments in the applications of microfluidic paper analytic device (μPAD) technology in the food safety sector. State-of-the-art μPAD designs and fabrication methods, microfluidic assay principles, and various types of μPAD devices with food-specific applications are discussed. We have identified the prominent research and development trends and future directions for maximizing the value of microfluidic technology in the food sector and have highlighted key areas for improvement. We conclude that the μPAD technology is promising in food safety applications by using novel materials and improved methods to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the assays, with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soja Saghar Soman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
| | - Shafeek Abdul Samad
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
| | | | - Nityanand Kumawat
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
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2
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Atabakhsh S, Haji Abbasali H, Jafarabadi Ashtiani S. Thermally programmable time delay switches for multi-step assays in paper-based microfluidics. Talanta 2024; 271:125695. [PMID: 38295445 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices offer advantages such as low cost and disposability for point-of-care diagnostic applications. However, actuation of fluids on paper can be a challenge in multi-step and complex assays. In this work, a thermally programmable time-delay switch (TPTDS) is presented which operates by causing delays in the fluid path of a microfluidics paper-based analytical device (μPAD) by utilizing screen-printed wax micro-bridges. The time-delay is achieved through an electrical power feedback loop which indirectly adjusts the temperature of each individual micro-bridge, melting the wax into the paper. The melted wax manipulates the fluid flow depending on its penetration depth into the paper channel, which is a function of the applied temperature. To demonstrate functionality of the proposed method, the TPTDS is employed to automate and perform the nitrate assay which requires sequential delivery of reagents. Colorimetric detection is used to quantify the results by utilizing an electronic color sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Atabakhsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Hossein Haji Abbasali
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14395/515, Iran
| | - Shahin Jafarabadi Ashtiani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14395/515, Iran.
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3
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Liu X, Zhou X, Li X, Wei Y, Wang T, Liu S, Yang H, Sun X. Saliva Analysis Based on Microfluidics: Focusing the Wide Spectrum of Target Analyte. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-23. [PMID: 38039145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2287656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is one of the most critical human body fluids that can reflect the state of the human body. The detection of saliva is of great significance for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Microfluidics, characterized by microscale size and high integration, is an ideal platform for the development of rapid and low-cost disease diagnostic techniques and devices. Microfluidic-based saliva testing methods have aroused considerable interest due to the increasing need for noninvasive testing and frequent or long-term testing. This review briefly described the significance of saliva analysis and generally classified the targets in saliva detection into pathogenic microorganisms, inorganic substances, and organic substances. By using this classification as a benchmark, the state-of-the-art research results on microfluidic detection of various substances in saliva were summarized. This work also put forward the challenges and future development directions of microfluidic detection methods for saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixuan Wei
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlin Wang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Kumar A, Parihar A, Panda U, Parihar DS. Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2046-2068. [PMID: 35473316 PMCID: PMC9063993 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) technology such as paper, array, and beads have shown promising results for diagnosing various infectious diseases. The fast and timely detection of viral infection has proven to be a critical step for deciding the therapeutic outcome in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn not only enhances the patient survival rate but also reduces the disease-associated comorbidities. In the present scenario, rapid, noninvasive detection of the virus using low cost and high throughput microfluidics-based POCT devices embraces the advantages over existing diagnostic technologies, for which a centralized lab facility, expensive instruments, sample pretreatment, and skilled personnel are required. Microfluidic-based multiplexed POCT devices can be a boon for clinical diagnosis in developing countries that lacks a centralized health care system and resources. The microfluidic devices can be used for disease diagnosis and exploited for the development and testing of drug efficacy for disease treatment in model systems. The havoc created by the second wave of COVID-19 led several countries' governments to the back front. The lack of diagnostic kits, medical devices, and human resources created a huge demand for a technology that can be remotely operated with single touch and data that can be analyzed on a phone. Recent advancements in information technology and the use of smartphones led to a paradigm shift in the development of diagnostic devices, which can be explored to deal with the current pandemic situation. This review sheds light on various approaches for the development of cost-effective microfluidics POCT devices. The successfully used microfluidic devices for COVID-19 detection under clinical settings along with their pros and cons have been discussed here. Further, the integration of microfluidic devices with smartphones and wireless network systems using the Internet-of-things will enable readers for manufacturing advanced POCT devices for remote disease management in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials,
CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026,
India
| | - Udwesh Panda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
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5
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Sinha A, Basu M, Chandna P. Paper based microfluidics: A forecast toward the most affordable and rapid point-of-care devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:109-158. [PMID: 35033281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The microfluidic industry has evolved through years with acquired scientific knowledge from different, and already developed industries. Consequently, a wide range of materials like silicon from the electronic industry to all the way, silicone, from the chemical engineering industry, has been spotted to solve similar challenges. Although a typical microfluidic chip, fabricated from glass or polymer substrates offers definite benefits, however, paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) possess numerous special benefits for practical implementation at a lower price. Owing to these features, in recent years, paper microfluidics has drawn immense interest from researchers in industry and academia alike. These devices have wider applications with advantages like lower cost, speedy detection, user-easiness, biocompatibility, sensitivity, and specificity etc. when compared to other microfluidic devices. Therefore, these sensitive but affordable devices fit themselves into point-of-care (POC) testing with features in demand like natural disposability, situational flexibility, and the capability to store and analyze the target at the point of requirement. Gradually, advancements in fabrication technologies, assay development techniques, and improved packaging capabilities, have contributed significantly to the real-time identification and health investigation through paper microfluidics; however, the growth has not been limited to the biomedical field; industries like electronics, energy storage and many more have expanded substantially. Here, we represent an overall state of the paper-based microfluidic technology by covering the fundamentals, working principles, different fabrication procedures, applications for various needs and then to make things more practical, the real-life scenario and practical challenges involved in launching a device into the market have been revealed. To conclude, recent contribution of μPADs in the 2020 pandemic and potential future possibilities have been reviewed.
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Agustini D, Caetano FR, Quero RF, Fracassi da Silva JA, Bergamini MF, Marcolino-Junior LH, de Jesus DP. Microfluidic devices based on textile threads for analytical applications: state of the art and prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4830-4857. [PMID: 34647544 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices based on textile threads have interesting advantages when compared to systems made with traditional materials, such as polymers and inorganic substrates (especially silicon and glass). One of these significant advantages is the device fabrication process, made more cheap and simple, with little or no microfabrication apparatus. This review describes the fundamentals, applications, challenges, and prospects of microfluidic devices fabricated with textile threads. A wide range of applications is discussed, integrated with several analysis methods, such as electrochemical, colorimetric, electrophoretic, chromatographic, and fluorescence. Additionally, the integration of these devices with different substrates (e.g., 3D printed components or fabrics), other devices (e.g., smartphones), and microelectronics is described. These combinations have allowed the construction of fully portable devices and consequently the development of point-of-care and wearable analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deonir Agustini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Roberto Caetano
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Reverson Fernandes Quero
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
| | - José Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Fernando Bergamini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Dosil Pereira de Jesus
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Meng H, Chen C, Zhu Y, Li Z, Ye F, Ho JWK, Chen H. Automatic flow delay through passive wax valves for paper-based analytical devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4166-4176. [PMID: 34541589 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been widely explored for point-of-care testing due to their simplicity, low cost, and portability. μPADs with multiple-step reactions usually require precise flow control, especially flow-delay. This paper reports the numerical, mathematical, and experimental studies of flow delay through wax valves surrounded by PDMS walls on paper microfluidics. The predried surfactant in the sample zone diffuses into the liquid sample which can therefore flow through the wax valves. The delay time is automatically regulated by the diffusion of the surfactant after sample loading. The numerical study suggested that both the elevated contact angle and the reduced porosity and pore size in the wax printed region could effectively prevent water but allow liquids with lower contact angles (e.g., surfactant solutions) to flow through. The PDMS walls fabricated using a low-cost liquid dispenser effectively prevented the leakage of surfactant solutions. By controlling the quantity, diffusion distance, and type of the surfactant predried on the chip, the system successfully achieved a delay time ranging from 1.6 to 20 minutes. A mathematical model involving the above parameters was developed based on Fick's second law to predict the delay time. Finally, the flow-delay systems were applied in sequential mixing and distance-based detection of either glucose or alcohol. Linear ranges of 1-100 mg dL-1 and 1-40 mg dL-1 were achieved for glucose and alcohol, respectively. The lower limit detection (LOD) of glucose and alcohol was 1 mg dL-1. The LOD of glucose was only 1/11 of that detected using μPADs without flow control, indicating the advantage of controlling fluid flow. The systematic findings in this study provide critical guidelines for the development and applications of wax valves in automatic flow delay for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhengtu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Centre of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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8
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Lee D, Ozkaya-Ahmadov T, Chu CH, Boya M, Liu R, Sarioglu AF. Capillary flow control in lateral flow assays via delaminating timers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf9833. [PMID: 34597143 PMCID: PMC10938491 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) use capillary flow of liquids for simple detection of analytes. While useful for spontaneously wicking samples, the capillary flow inherently limits performing complex reactions that require timely application of multiple solutions. Here, we introduce a technique to control capillary flow on paper by imprinting roadblocks on the flow path with water-insoluble ink and using the gradual formation of a void between a wetted paper and a sheath polymer tape to create timers. Timers are drawn at strategic nodes to hold the capillary flow for a desired period and thereby enable multiple liquids to be introduced into multistep chemical reactions following a programmed sequence. Using our technique, we developed (i) an LFA with built-in signal amplification to detect human chorionic gonadotropin with an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than the conventional assay and (ii) a device to extract DNA from bodily fluids without relying on laboratory instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohwan Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Tevhide Ozkaya-Ahmadov
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chia-Heng Chu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mert Boya
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ruxiu Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - A. Fatih Sarioglu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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9
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10
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Modha S, Castro C, Tsutsui H. Recent developments in flow modeling and fluid control for paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113026. [PMID: 33545552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, researchers have shown that paper is a promising substrate for affordable biosensors. The field of paper-microfluidics has evolved rapidly in that time, with simple colorimetric assays giving way to more complex electrochemical devices that can handle multiple samples at a given time. As paper devices become more complex, the ability to precisely control different fluids simultaneously becomes a challenge. Specifically, automated flow control is a necessary attribute to make paper-based devices more useable in resource-limited settings. Flow control strategies on paper are typically developed experimentally through trial-and-error, with little focus on theory. This is because flow behavior in paper is not well understood and sometimes difficult to predict precisely. Additionally, popular theoretical models are too simplistic, making them unsuitable for complex device designs and application conditions. A better understanding of flow theory would allow devices conceived straight from theoretical models. This could save time and resources by reducing experimental work. In this review, we provide an overview of different theoretical models used to characterize imbibition in paper substrates and document the latest flow control strategies that have been applied to automated fluid control on paper. Additionally, we look at current efforts to commercialize paper-based devices along with challenges facing this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Carlos Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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11
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Tu D, Holderby A, Dean J, Mabbott S, Coté GL. Paper Microfluidic Device with a Horizontal Motion Valve and a Localized Delay for Automatic Control of a Multistep Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4497-4505. [PMID: 33660983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) is a cost-effective platform to implement assays, especially for point-of-care testing. Developing μPADs with fluidic control is important to implement multistep assays and provide high sensitivities. However, current localized delays in μPADs made of sucrose have a limited ability to decrease the flow rate. In addition, existing μPADs for automatic multistep assays are limited by their need for auxiliary instruments, their false activation, or their unavoidable tradeoff between available fluid volumes and temporal differences between steps. Here, a novel μPAD composed of a localized dissolvable delay and a horizontal motion mechanical valve for use as an automatic multistep assay is reported. A mixture of fructose and sucrose was used in the localized dissolvable delay and it provided an effective decrease in the flow rate to ensure adequate sensitivity in an assay. The dissolvable delay effectively doubled the flow time. A mechanical valve using a horizontal movement was developed to automatically implement a multistep process. Two-step and four-step processes were enabled with the μPAD. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a gold-standard biomarker for myocardial infarction, was used as a model analyte to show the performance of the developed μPAD in an assay. The designed μPAD, with the simple-to-make localized dissolvable delay and the robust mechanical valve, provides the potential to automatically implement high-performance multistep assays toward a versatile platform for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Allison Holderby
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - John Dean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, 600 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
| | - Gerard L Coté
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, 600 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
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12
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Patil Y, Dotseth K, Shapiro T, Pushparajan D, Binderup S, Horn JR, Korampally V. Modular design of paper based switches for autonomous lab-on paper micro devices. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 23:1. [PMID: 33247780 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach towards the design of paper based autonomous microfluidic devices. Autonomy in the device operation is achieved through the incorporation of mechanically actuated microfluidic switches that are versatile in their design and may be configured to be simple time triggered ON or OFF switches or more complex switches that can be timed to be in multiple states (timed ON, followed by timed OFF). These switches are self-contained and require no external power for their operation, deriving their functionality solely through stored elastic energy. This paper presents the design and fabrication of these switches as fluidic analogs of electronic transistors, and their integration into microfluidic paper based circuit demonstrating their operation as a programmable paper-based microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodeep Patil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Kevin Dotseth
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Theodore Shapiro
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Dhakshenan Pushparajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Stephen Binderup
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - James R Horn
- Department of Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Venumadhav Korampally
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
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13
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Mishra S, Kim ES, Sharma PK, Wang ZJ, Yang SH, Kaushik AK, Wang C, Li Y, Kim NY. Tailored Biofunctionalized Biosensor for the Label-Free Sensing of Prostate-Specific Antigen. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7821-7830. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mishra
- NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Parshant Kumar Sharma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Zhi-Ji Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Ajeet Kumar Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida 33805, United States
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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14
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Zargaryan A, Farhoudi N, Haworth G, Ashby JF, Au SH. Hybrid 3D printed-paper microfluidics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18379. [PMID: 33110199 PMCID: PMC7591913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printed and paper-based microfluidics are promising formats for applications that require portable miniaturized fluid handling such as point-of-care testing. These two formats deployed in isolation, however, have inherent limitations that hamper their capabilities and versatility. Here, we present the convergence of 3D printed and paper formats into hybrid devices that overcome many of these limitations, while capitalizing on their respective strengths. Hybrid channels were fabricated with no specialized equipment except a commercial 3D printer. Finger-operated reservoirs and valves capable of fully-reversible dispensation and actuation were designed for intuitive operation without equipment or training. Components were then integrated into a versatile multicomponent device capable of dynamic fluid pathing. These results are an early demonstration of how 3D printed and paper microfluidics can be hybridized into versatile lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Zargaryan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nathalie Farhoudi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - George Haworth
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julian F Ashby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sam H Au
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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15
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16
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Zhu H, Fohlerová Z, Pekárek J, Basova E, Neužil P. Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip technologies for viral diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112041. [PMID: 31999560 PMCID: PMC7126858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global risk of viral disease outbreaks emphasizes the need for rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection techniques to speed up diagnostics allowing early intervention. An emerging field of microfluidics also known as the lab-on-a-chip (LOC) or micro total analysis system includes a wide range of diagnostic devices. This review briefly covers both conventional and microfluidics-based techniques for rapid viral detection. We first describe conventional detection methods such as cell culturing, immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These methods often have limited speed, sensitivity, or specificity and are performed with typically bulky equipment. Here, we discuss some of the LOC technologies that can overcome these demerits, highlighting the latest advances in LOC devices for viral disease diagnosis. We also discuss the fabrication of LOC systems to produce devices for performing either individual steps or virus detection in samples with the sample to answer method. The complete system consists of sample preparation, and ELISA and RT-PCR for viral-antibody and nucleic acid detection, respectively. Finally, we formulate our opinions on these areas for the future development of LOC systems for viral diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, PR China
| | - Zdenka Fohlerová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pekárek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evgenia Basova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Neužil
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, PR China; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kim TH, Hahn YK, Kim MS. Recent Advances of Fluid Manipulation Technologies in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (μPADs) toward Multi-Step Assays. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030269. [PMID: 32143468 PMCID: PMC7142896 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been suggested as alternatives for developing countries with suboptimal medical conditions because of their low diagnostic cost, high portability, and disposable characteristics. Recently, paper-based diagnostic devices enabling multi-step assays have been drawing attention, as they allow complicated tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which were previously only conducted in the laboratory, to be performed on-site. In addition, user convenience and price of paper-based diagnostic devices are other competitive points over other point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, which are more critical in developing countries. Fluid manipulation technologies in paper play a key role in realizing multi-step assays via μPADs, and the expansion of biochemical applications will provide developing countries with more medical benefits. Therefore, we herein aimed to investigate recent fluid manipulation technologies utilized in paper-based devices and to introduce various approaches adopting several principles to control fluids on papers. Fluid manipulation technologies are classified into passive and active methods. While passive valves are structurally simple and easy to fabricate, they are difficult to control in terms of flow at a specific spatiotemporal condition. On the contrary, active valves are more complicated and mostly require external systems, but they provide much freedom of fluid manipulation and programmable operation. Both technologies have been revolutionized in the way to compensate for their limitations, and their advances will lead to improved performance of μPADs, increasing the level of healthcare around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Biomedical Convergence Science & Technology, Industrial Technology Advances, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-2338 (Y.K.H.); +82-53-785-1740 (M.S.K.)
| | - Minseok S. Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-950-2338 (Y.K.H.); +82-53-785-1740 (M.S.K.)
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Legner C, Kalwa U, Patel V, Chesmore A, Pandey S. Sweat sensing in the smart wearables era: Towards integrative, multifunctional and body-compliant perspiration analysis. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Bradbury DW, Azimi M, Diaz AJ, Pan AA, Falktoft CH, Wu BM, Kamei DT. Automation of Biomarker Preconcentration, Capture, and Nanozyme Signal Enhancement on Paper-Based Devices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12046-12054. [PMID: 31433941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of deaths in developing countries because of a lack of basic sanitation, healthcare clinics, and centralized laboratories. Paper-based rapid diagnostic tests, such as the lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA), provide a promising alternative to the traditional laboratory-based tests; however, they typically suffer from having a poor sensitivity. Biomarker preconcentration and signal enhancement are two common methods to improve the sensitivity of paper-based assays. While effective, these methods often require multiple liquid handling steps which are not ideal for use by untrained personnel in a point-of-care setting. Our lab previously discovered the phenomenon of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) separating on paper, which allowed for the seamless integration of concentration and detection of biomarkers on the LFA. In this work, we have extended the functionality of an ATPS separating on paper to automate the sequential delivery of signal enhancement reagents in addition to concentrating biomarkers. The timing of reagent delivery was controlled by changing the initial composition of the ATPS. We applied this technology to automate biomarker concentration and nanozyme signal enhancement on the LFA, resulting in a 30-fold improvement in detection limit over the conventional LFA when detecting Escherichia coli, all while maintaining a single application step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bradbury
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Milad Azimi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Alexia J Diaz
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - April A Pan
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Cecilie H Falktoft
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics & Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology School of Dentistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Daniel T Kamei
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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20
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Lim H, Jafry AT, Lee J. Fabrication, Flow Control, and Applications of Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Molecules 2019; 24:E2869. [PMID: 31394856 PMCID: PMC6721703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices have advanced significantly in recent years as they are affordable, automated with capillary action, portable, and biodegradable diagnostic platforms for a variety of health, environmental, and food quality applications. In terms of commercialization, however, paper-based microfluidics still have to overcome significant challenges to become an authentic point-of-care testing format with the advanced capabilities of analyte purification, multiplex analysis, quantification, and detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, fluid flow manipulation for multistep integration, which involves valving and flow velocity control, is also a critical parameter to achieve high-performance devices. Considering these limitations, the aim of this review is to (i) comprehensively analyze the fabrication techniques of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, (ii) provide a theoretical background and various methods for fluid flow manipulation, and iii) highlight the recent detection techniques developed for various applications, including their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosub Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Ali Turab Jafry
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan.
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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21
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Campbell JM, Balhoff JB, Landwehr GM, Rahman SM, Vaithiyanathan M, Melvin AT. Microfluidic and Paper-Based Devices for Disease Detection and Diagnostic Research. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2731. [PMID: 30213089 PMCID: PMC6164778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in microfluidic devices, nanoparticle chemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and biochemical techniques such as genetic identification and antibody capture have provided easier and more sensitive platforms for detecting and diagnosing diseases as well as providing new fundamental insight into disease progression. These advancements have led to the development of new technology and assays capable of easy and early detection of pathogenicity as well as the enhancement of the drug discovery and development pipeline. While some studies have focused on treatment, many of these technologies have found initial success in laboratories as a precursor for clinical applications. This review highlights the current and future progress of microfluidic techniques geared toward the timely and inexpensive diagnosis of disease including technologies aimed at high-throughput single cell analysis for drug development. It also summarizes novel microfluidic approaches to characterize fundamental cellular behavior and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Campbell
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Joseph B Balhoff
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Grant M Landwehr
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Sharif M Rahman
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | | | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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22
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Toley BJ, Das D, Ganar KA, Kaur N, Meena M, Rath D, Sathishkumar N, Soni S. Multidimensional Paper Networks: A New Generation of Low-Cost Pump-Free Microfluidic Devices. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Fratzl M, Chang BS, Oyola-Reynoso S, Blaire G, Delshadi S, Devillers T, Ward T, Dempsey NM, Bloch JF, Thuo MM. Magnetic Two-Way Valves for Paper-Based Capillary-Driven Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2049-2057. [PMID: 31458514 PMCID: PMC6641529 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a magnetically actuated two-way, three-position (+, 0, -), paper-based microfluidic valve that includes a neutral position (0)-the first of its kind. The system is highly robust, customizable, and fully automated. The advent of a neutral position and the ability to precisely control switching frequencies establish a new platform for highly controlled fluid flows in paper-based wicking microfluidic devices. The potential utility of these valves is demonstrated in automated, programmed, patterning of dyed liquids in a wicking device akin to a colorimetric assay but with a programmed fluid/reagent delivery. These valves are fabricated using facile methods and thus remain cost-effective for adoption into affordable point-of-care/bioanalytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fratzl
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Boyce S. Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Stephanie Oyola-Reynoso
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Guillaume Blaire
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Delshadi
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inserm, IAB, 38000
Grenoble, France Site Santé—Allée
des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thibaut Devillers
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Ward
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nora M. Dempsey
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Francis Bloch
- Univ. Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- E-mail: (J.-F.B.)
| | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- E-mail: (M.M.T.)
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