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Mohammadi M, Ahmed Qadir S, Mahmood Faraj A, Hamid Shareef O, Mahmoodi H, Mahmoudi F, Moradi S. Navigating the future: Microfluidics charting new routes in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2024:124142. [PMID: 38648941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a transformative force in the field of drug delivery, offering innovative avenues to produce a diverse range of nano drug delivery systems. Thanks to its precise manipulation of small fluid volumes and its exceptional command over the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, this technology is notably able to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs. It has initiated a revolutionary phase in the domain of drug delivery, presenting a multitude of compelling advantages when it comes to developing nanocarriers tailored for the delivery of poorly soluble medications. These advantages represent a substantial departure from conventional drug delivery methodologies, marking a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical research and development. Furthermore, microfluidic platformsmay be strategically devised to facilitate targeted drug delivery with the objective of enhancing the localized bioavailability of pharmaceutical substances. In this paper, we have comprehensively investigated a range of significant microfluidic techniques used in the production of nanoscale drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review can serve as a valuable reference and offer insightful guidance for the development and optimization of numerous microfluidics-fabricated nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ahmed Qadir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Aryan Mahmood Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Halabja Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Halabja, Iraq
| | - Osama Hamid Shareef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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2
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Mc Veigh M, Bellan LM. Microfluidic synthesis of radiotracers: recent developments and commercialization prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1226-1243. [PMID: 38165824 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mc Veigh
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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3
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Lu Y, Collins J, Lin KS, van Dam RM. Scalable droplet-based radiosynthesis of [ 18F]fluorobenzyltriphenylphosphonium cation ([ 18F]FBnTP) via a "numbering up" approach. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:728-737. [PMID: 38240629 PMCID: PMC10869106 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The [18F]fluorobenzyltriphenylphosphonium cation ([18F]FBnTP) has emerged as a highly promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) due to its uniform distribution in the myocardium and favorable organ biodistribution demonstrated in preclinical studies. However, a complex and low-efficiency radiosynthesis procedure has significantly hindered its broader preclinical and clinical explorations. Recently, Zhang et al. developed a pinacolyl arylboronate precursor, enabling a one-step synthesis process that greatly streamlines the production of [18F]FBnTP. Building upon this progress, our group successfully adapted the approach to a microdroplet reaction format and demonstrated improved radiosynthesis performance in a preliminary optimization study. However, scaling up to clinical dose amounts was not explored. In this work, we demonstrate that scale-up can be performed in a straightforward manner using a "numbering up" strategy (i.e. performing multiple droplet reactions in parallel and pooling the crude products). The resulting radiochemical yield after purification and formulation was high, up to 66 ± 1% (n = 4) for a set of experiments involving pooling of 4 droplet reactions, accompanied by excellent radiochemical purity (>99%) and molar activity (339-710 GBq μmol-1). Notably, we efficiently achieved sufficient activity yield (0.76-1.84 GBq) for multiple clinical doses from 1.6 to 3.7 GBq of [18F]fluoride in just 37-47 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Lu Y, He Y, Schibli R, Mu L, van Dam RM. Proof-of-concept optimization of a copper-mediated 18F-radiosynthesis of a novel MAGL PET tracer on a high-throughput microdroplet platform and its macroscale translation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4652-4663. [PMID: 37818614 PMCID: PMC10608794 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-mediated radiofluorination has demonstrated remarkable potential in forming aromatic C-18F bonds of radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET). Achieving optimal results often requires optimization efforts, requiring a substantial amount of radiolabeling precursor and time, severely limiting the experimental throughput. Recently, we successfully showcased the feasibility of performing and optimizing Cu-mediated radiosynthesis on a high-throughput microdroplet platform using the well-known and clinically used radioligand [18F]FDOPA as an illustrative example. In our current work, we optimized the Cu-mediated synthesis of a novel monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) PET tracer ([18F]YH149), showing the versatility of droplet-based techniques for early stage tracer development. Across 5 days, we conducted a total of 117 experiments, studying 36 distinct conditions, while utilizing <15 mg of total organoboron precursor. Compared to the original report in which the radiochemical yield (RCY) was 4.4 ± 0.5% (n = 5), the optimized droplet condition provided a substantial improvement in RCY (52 ± 8%, n = 4) and showed excellent radiochemical purity (100%) and molar activity (77-854 GBq μmol-1), using a starting activity of 0.2-1.45 GBq. Furthermore, we showed for the first time a translation of the optimized microscale conditions to a vial-based method. With similar starting activity (0.2-1.44 GBq), the translated synthesis exhibited a comparable RCY of 50 ± 10% (n = 4) while maintaining excellent radiochemical purity (100%) and acceptable molar activity (20-46 GBq μmol-1). The successful translation to vial-based reactions ensures wider applicability of the optimized synthesis by leveraging widely available commercial vial-based synthesis modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yingfang He
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Jones J, Do V, Lu Y, van Dam RM. Accelerating radiochemistry development: Automated robotic platform for performing up to 64 droplet radiochemical reactions in a morning. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2023; 468:143524. [PMID: 37576334 PMCID: PMC10421640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing discovery and development of novel radiopharmaceuticals and radiolabeling methods requires an increasing capacity for radiochemistry experiments. However, such studies typically rely on radiosynthesizers designed for clinical batch production rather than research, greatly limiting throughput. Two general solutions are being pursued to address this: developing new synthesis optimization algorithms to minimize how many experiments are needed, and developing apparatus with enhanced experiment throughput. We describe here a novel high-throughput system based on performing arrays of droplet-based reactions at 10 μL volume scale in parallel. The automatic robotic platform can perform a set of 64 experiments in ~3 h (from isotope loading to crude product, plus sampling onto TLC plates), plus ~1 h for off-line radio-TLC analysis and radioactivity measurements, rather than the weeks or months that would be needed using a conventional system. We show the high repeatability and low crosstalk of the platform and demonstrate optimization studies for two 18F-labeled tracers. This novel automated platform greatly increases the practicality of performing arrays of droplet reactions by eliminating human error, vastly reducing tedium and fatigue, minimizing radiation exposure, and freeing up radiochemist time for other intellectually valuable pursuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jones
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA),Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, US
| | - Viviann Do
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA),Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, UCLA, USA
| | - Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA),Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, US
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA),Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, US
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, UCLA, USA
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6
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Yuan Z, Lu C, Liu C, Bai X, Zhao L, Feng S, Liu Y. Ultrasonic tweezer for multifunctional droplet manipulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2352. [PMID: 37075108 PMCID: PMC10115404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporally controllable droplet manipulation is essential in diverse applications, ranging from thermal management to microfluidics and water harvesting. Despite considerable advances, droplet manipulation without surface or droplet pretreatment is still challenging in terms of response and functional adaptability. Here, a droplet ultrasonic tweezer (DUT) based on phased array is proposed for versatile droplet manipulation. The DUT can generate a twin trap ultrasonic field at the focal point for trapping and maneuvering the droplet by changing the position of the focal point, which enables a highly flexible and precise programmable control. By leveraging the acoustic radiation force resulting from the twin trap, the droplet can pass through a confined slit 2.5 times smaller than its own size, cross a slope with an inclination up to 80°, and even reciprocate in the vertical direction. These findings provide a satisfactory paradigm for robust contactless droplet manipulation in various practical settings including droplet ballistic ejection, droplet dispensing, and surface cleaning.
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7
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Goel M, Mackeyev Y, Krishnan S. Radiolabeled nanomaterial for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics: principles and concepts. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023; 14:15. [PMID: 36865684 PMCID: PMC9968708 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-023-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, radiopharmaceuticals have proven their effectiveness for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In parallel, the advances in nanotechnology have fueled a plethora of applications in biology and medicine. A convergence of these disciplines has emerged more recently with the advent of nanotechnology-aided radiopharmaceuticals. Capitalizing on the unique physical and functional properties of nanoparticles, radiolabeled nanomaterials or nano-radiopharmaceuticals have the potential to enhance imaging and therapy of human diseases. This article provides an overview of various radionuclides used in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications, radionuclide production through different techniques, conventional radionuclide delivery systems, and advancements in the delivery systems for nanomaterials. The review also provides insights into fundamental concepts necessary to improve currently available radionuclide agents and formulate new nano-radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Goel
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana 122413 India
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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8
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Zhou P, Yan Y, Cheng J, Zhou C. Directional Self-Transportation of Droplets on Superwetting Wedge-Shaped Surface in Air and Underliquid Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8742-8750. [PMID: 36740783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The directional self-transportation of droplets has aroused great attention in microfluidic systems. However, most reported surfaces are mainly designed for driving water droplets to move in air, displaying low adaptability in complex environments. This work presents a wedge-shaped surface with multiple superwettability, i.e., superhydrophilicity/superoleophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity/underoil superhydrophobicity, fabricated by electrodeposition of a metal-organic framework on a copper sheet. This surface exhibited excellent performance for driving droplet self-transportation, regardless of the droplet type (water or oil) and environmental media (air or underliquids). In air, the wedge-shaped surface with wedge angle of 9.2° could move droplets of water and dodecane up to 24.5 mm and 17.9 mm, respectively. The movement of water droplet under dodecane, however, dropped from 24.5 mm to 22.1 mm, while the dodecane droplet underwater increased from 17.9 mm to 20.3 mm in moving displacement, indicating the underliquid environment is in favor of manipulation of oil droplets. Furthermore, the droplet convergence, transportation, and separation were achieved on the well-designed multiple wedge tracks in air with a total movement distance up to 60.0 mm. The test of micro-oil droplets collecting under water demonstrated that a sponge with two wedges has 2.1 times the oil droplet collection capacity over that of the sponge only, providing a new strategy for efficient treatment of the micro-oil droplets contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yuanyang Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Cailong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
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9
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Kang BS, Choi JS, An JH, Kang SM. Bioinspired On-Demand Directional Droplet Manipulation Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2351-2356. [PMID: 36573556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we exploited the properties of nature-inspired hierarchical structures to propose surfaces capable of on-demand directional droplet manipulation. A microline polydimethylsiloxane structure that simulated a bamboo leaf was fabricated, and silica particles were embedded onto its surface to create hierarchical structures. The as-fabricated multiscale line structures exhibited anisotropic wetting properties along the advancing direction. As the embedded particle size increased, the perpendicular roll-off angle (ROA) decreased and the anisotropic roll-off characteristic disappeared, adopting lotus-leaf characteristics. Consequently, the fabricated surface exhibited characteristics of both bamboo and lotus leaves. The roll off could be controlled through different ROAs by changing the particles size of silica on the same surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Su Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seong Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyung An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ahmadi F, Simchi M, Perry JM, Frenette S, Benali H, Soucy JP, Massarweh G, Shih SCC. Integrating machine learning and digital microfluidics for screening experimental conditions. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:81-91. [PMID: 36416045 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) has the signatures of an ideal liquid handling platform - as shown through almost two decades of automated biological and chemical assays. However, in the current state of DMF, we are still limited by the number of parallel biological or chemical assays that can be performed on DMF. Here, we report a new approach that leverages design-of-experiment and numerical methodologies to accelerate experimental optimization on DMF. The integration of the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experimental technique with machine learning algorithms provides a set of recommended optimal conditions without the need to perform a large set of experiments. We applied our approach towards optimizing the radiochemistry synthesis yield given the large number of variables that affect the yield. We believe that this work is the first to combine such techniques which can be readily applied to any other assays that contain many parameters and levels on DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mohammad Simchi
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - James M Perry
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Stephane Frenette
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Habib Benali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Steve C C Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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11
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Rapid Purification and Formulation of Radiopharmaceuticals via Thin-Layer Chromatography. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238178. [PMID: 36500272 PMCID: PMC9738419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Before formulating radiopharmaceuticals for injection, it is necessary to remove various impurities via purification. Conventional synthesis methods involve relatively large quantities of reagents, requiring high-resolution and high-capacity chromatographic methods (e.g., semi-preparative radio-HPLC) to ensure adequate purity of the radiopharmaceutical. Due to the use of organic solvents during purification, additional processing is needed to reformulate the radiopharmaceutical into an injectable buffer. Recent developments in microscale radiosynthesis have made it possible to synthesize radiopharmaceuticals with vastly reduced reagent masses, minimizing impurities. This enables purification with lower-capacity methods, such as analytical HPLC, with a reduction of purification time and volume (that shortens downstream re-formulation). Still, the need for a bulky and expensive HPLC system undermines many of the advantages of microfluidics. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using radio-TLC for the purification of radiopharmaceuticals. This technique combines high-performance (high-resolution, high-speed separation) with the advantages of a compact and low-cost setup. A further advantage is that no downstream re-formulation step is needed. Production and purification of clinical scale batches of [18F]PBR-06 and [18F]Fallypride are demonstrated with high yield, purity, and specific activity. Automating this radio-TLC method could provide an attractive solution for the purification step in microscale radiochemistry systems.
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12
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Kang SM, An JH. Robust and Transparent Lossless Directional Omniphobic Ultra-Thin Sticker-Type Film with Re-entrant Micro-Stripe Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39646-39653. [PMID: 35979700 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Directional droplet-sliding control without wetting the surface is immensely required in advanced surface engineering, including biological and chemical analyses or green technology. However, the development of robust and transparent thin sticker-type directional omniphobic films for portable usage in smart microfluidic platforms is rare. In this study, we report a novel perfluoropolyether (PFPE) directional omniphobic film (PDOF). The PDOF is a robust and transparent ultra-thin sticker-type film that can control the anisotropic sliding of various liquid droplets on the surface. The PFPE is a chemically stable and turgid material compared to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is often used to fabricate liquid-repellent thin films. A well-designed fabrication criterion through adhesion engineering in the soft-molding process was developed using the PFPE to obtain a PDOF with a thickness of 56 μm, with re-entrant micro-stripe structures on the surface. The fabricated PDOF showed intriguing liquid sliding properties based on the direction and spacing of the microstructures. This aspect is defined as an anisotropic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joon Hyung An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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13
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Elkawad H, Xu Y, Tian M, Jin C, Zhang H, Yu K, He Q. Recent advances in microfluidic devices for radiosynthesis of PET‐imaging probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200579. [PMID: 35909081 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husamelden Elkawad
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine and PET center CHINA
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine & PET center CHINA
| | - Chenyang Jin
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University Chemical Engineering 38 Zheda Rd. 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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14
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Microliter-scale reaction arrays for economical high-throughput experimentation in radiochemistry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10263. [PMID: 35715457 PMCID: PMC9205965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of positron-emission tomography (PET) tracers being developed to aid drug development and create new diagnostics has led to an increased need for radiosynthesis development and optimization. Current radiosynthesis instruments are designed to produce large-scale clinical batches and are often limited to performing a single synthesis before they must be decontaminated by waiting for radionuclide decay, followed by thorough cleaning or disposal of synthesizer components. Though with some radiosynthesizers it is possible to perform a few sequential radiosyntheses in a day, none allow for parallel radiosyntheses. Throughput of one or a few experiments per day is not well suited for rapid optimization experiments. To combat these limitations, we leverage the advantages of droplet-radiochemistry to create a new platform for high-throughput experimentation in radiochemistry. This system contains an array of 4 heaters, each used to heat a set of 16 reactions on a small chip, enabling 64 parallel reactions for the rapid optimization of conditions in any stage of a multi-step radiosynthesis process. As examples, we study the syntheses of several 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals ([18F]Flumazenil, [18F]PBR06, [18F]Fallypride, and [18F]FEPPA), performing > 800 experiments to explore the influence of parameters including base type, base amount, precursor amount, solvent, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The experiments were carried out within only 15 experiment days, and the small volume (~ 10 μL compared to the ~ 1 mL scale of conventional instruments) consumed ~ 100 × less precursor per datapoint. This new method paves the way for more comprehensive optimization studies in radiochemistry and substantially shortening PET tracer development timelines.
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15
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Yamada Y, Isobe K, Horibe A. Droplet motion on a wrinkled PDMS surface with a gradient structural length scale shorter than the droplet diameter. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13917-13923. [PMID: 35548386 PMCID: PMC9087903 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09244h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet transportation using a wettability gradient surface has attracted much attention owing to applications such as in microfluidic devices. A surface with a spatial structural gradient was prepared through a simple and cost-effective process even though understanding of droplet behavior on the structure was still limited. Here, we report impinging droplet motion on a gradient wrinkled surface. Surfaces were prepared through hard film deposition on soft pre-strained polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a mask installed with a slit to control the amount of deposition, which is related to the wavelength of the wrinkles. Droplets were impinged with varying position with respect to the structure, and the droplet motion was observed in the direction away from the region under the slit. We found an asymmetric contact angle and alternate motion on both sides of the three-phase contact line during the motion according to the gradient of the wrinkle wavelength. These results may help not only to understand the behavior of droplet impingement on a gradient structural surface but also to further develop applications using directional droplet transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan +81 86 251 8046
| | - Kazuma Isobe
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan +81 86 251 8046
| | - Akihiko Horibe
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan +81 86 251 8046
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16
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Wang J, van Dam RM. Economical Production of Radiopharmaceuticals for Preclinical Imaging Using Microdroplet Radiochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2393:813-828. [PMID: 34837213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1803-5_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The short-lived radiolabeled "tracers" needed for performing whole body imaging in animals or patients with positron-emission tomography (PET) are generally produced via automated "radiosynthesizers". Most current radiosynthesizers are designed for routine production of relatively large clinical batches and are very wasteful when only a small batch of a tracer is needed, such as is the case for preclinical in vivo PET imaging studies. To overcome the prohibitively high cost of producing small batches of PET tracers, we developed a droplet microreactor system that performs radiochemistry at the 1-10μL scale instead of the milliliter scale of conventional technologies. The overall yield for the droplet-based production of many PET tracers is comparable to conventional approaches, but 10-100× less reagents are consumed, the synthesis can be completed in much less time (<30 min), and only a small laboratory footprint and minimal radiation shielding are needed. By combining these advantages, droplet microreactors enable the economical production of small batches PET tracers on demand. Here, we describe the fabrication method of the droplet microreactor and the droplet-based synthesis of an example radiotracer ([18F]fallypride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Lisova K, Wang J, Hajagos TJ, Lu Y, Hsiao A, Elizarov A, van Dam RM. Economical droplet-based microfluidic production of [ 18F]FET and [ 18F]Florbetaben suitable for human use. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20636. [PMID: 34667246 PMCID: PMC8526601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current equipment and methods for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) are expensive and best suited for large-scale multi-doses batches. Microfluidic radiosynthesizers have been shown to provide an economic approach to synthesize these compounds in smaller quantities, but can also be scaled to clinically-relevant levels. Batch microfluidic approaches, in particular, offer significant reduction in system size and reagent consumption. Here we show a simple and rapid technique to concentrate the radioisotope, prior to synthesis in a droplet-based radiosynthesizer, enabling production of clinically-relevant batches of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB. The synthesis was carried out with an automated synthesizer platform based on a disposable Teflon-silicon surface-tension trap chip. Up to 0.1 mL (4 GBq) of radioactivity was used per synthesis by drying cyclotron-produced aqueous [18F]fluoride in small increments directly inside the reaction site. Precursor solution (10 µL) was added to the dried [18F]fluoride, the reaction chip was heated for 5 min to perform radiofluorination, and then a deprotection step was performed with addition of acid solution and heating. The product was recovered in 80 µL volume and transferred to analytical HPLC for purification. Purified product was formulated via evaporation and resuspension or a micro-SPE formulation system. Quality control testing was performed on 3 sequential batches of each tracer. The method afforded production of up to 0.8 GBq of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB. Each production was completed within an hour. All batches passed quality control testing, confirming suitability for human use. In summary, we present a simple and efficient synthesis of clinically-relevant batches of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB using a microfluidic radiosynthesizer. This work demonstrates that the droplet-based micro-radiosynthesizer has a potential for batch-on-demand synthesis of 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lisova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Liu Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Shang L, Zhao Y. Microfluidics for Drug Development: From Synthesis to Evaluation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7468-7529. [PMID: 34024093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a long process whose main content includes drug synthesis, drug delivery, and drug evaluation. Compared with conventional drug development procedures, microfluidics has emerged as a revolutionary technology in that it offers a miniaturized and highly controllable environment for bio(chemical) reactions to take place. It is also compatible with analytical strategies to implement integrated and high-throughput screening and evaluations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the entire microfluidics-based drug development system, from drug synthesis to drug evaluation. The challenges in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will promote communications throughout diversified scientific and engineering communities that will continue contributing to this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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19
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Ovdiichuk O, Mallapura H, Pineda F, Hourtané V, Långström B, Halldin C, Nag S, Maskali F, Karcher G, Collet C. Implementation of iMiDEV™, a new fully automated microfluidic platform for radiopharmaceutical production. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2272-2282. [PMID: 33912890 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
iMiDEV™ microfluidic system is a new automated tool for a small-scale production of radiopharmaceuticals. This new radiochemistry module utilizes microfluidic cassettes capable of producing diversified radiopharmaceuticals in liquid phase reactions in an automated synthesizer. The user interface is intuitive and designed to give the operator all the information required and to allow driving the synthesis either manually or fully automatically. In this work, we have demonstrated liquid phase reaction and presented the first results of an efficient fully automated [18F]NaF radiosynthesis on the iMiDEV™ platform. Different parameters such as a type of cyclotron targets, initial activity, concentration and volume of the fluoride-18 targetry have been investigated in order to elaborate the optimised radiolabelling of the ligand. Single and double sodium [18F]fluoride synthesis procedures have been successfully developed using two chambers of the cassette. A single-dose of radiotracer was produced in an average radiochemical yield of 87% (decay corrected) within 8 min and quality control tests were performed as per European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ovdiichuk
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Hemantha Mallapura
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Florian Pineda
- PMB Alcen, Route des Michels CD56, F-13790 Peynier, France
| | | | | | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Fatiha Maskali
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Gilles Karcher
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France. and CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine, F-54000, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Charlotte Collet
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France. and INSERM U1254 IADI, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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20
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van Dam RM, Chatziioannou AF. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging in the Development and Production of Radiopharmaceuticals. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:632056. [PMID: 36213527 PMCID: PMC9544387 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.632056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years there has been an explosion of interest in exploiting Cerenkov radiation to enable in vivo and intraoperative optical imaging of subjects injected with trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals. At the same time, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) also has been serving as a critical tool in radiochemistry, especially for the development of novel microfluidic devices for producing radiopharmaceuticals. By enabling microfluidic processes to be monitored non-destructively in situ, CLI has made it possible to literally watch the activity distribution as the synthesis occurs, and to quantitatively measure activity propagation and losses at each step of synthesis, paving the way for significant strides forward in performance and robustness of those devices. In some cases, CLI has enabled detection and resolution of unexpected problems not observable via standard optical methods. CLI is also being used in analytical radiochemistry to increase the reliability of radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) assays. Rapid and high-resolution Cerenkov imaging of radio-TLC plates enables detection of issues in the spotting or separation process, improves chromatographic resolution (and/or allows reduced separation distance and time), and enables increased throughput by allowing multiple samples to be spotted side-by-side on a single TLC plate for parallel separation and readout. In combination with new multi-reaction microfluidic chips, this is creating a new possibility for high-throughput optimization in radiochemistry. In this mini review, we provide an overview of the role that CLI has played to date in the radiochemistry side of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Michael van Dam
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Rios A, Holloway TS, Wang J, van Dam RM. Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62056. [PMID: 33645586 PMCID: PMC8253531 DOI: 10.3791/62056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current automated radiosynthesizers are designed to produce large clinical batches of radiopharmaceuticals. They are not well suited for reaction optimization or novel radiopharmaceutical development since each data point involves significant reagent consumption, and contamination of the apparatus requires time for radioactive decay before the next use. To address these limitations, a platform for performing arrays of miniature droplet-based reactions in parallel, each confined within a surface-tension trap on a patterned polytetrafluoroethylene-coated silicon "chip", was developed. These chips enable rapid and convenient studies of reaction parameters including reagent concentrations, reaction solvent, reaction temperature and time. This platform permits the completion of hundreds of reactions in a few days with minimal reagent consumption, instead of taking months using a conventional radiosynthesizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rios
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA); Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, UCLA
| | - Travis S Holloway
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, UCLA; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, UCLA; Department of Bioengineering, UCLA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA); Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, UCLA; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine; Department of Bioengineering, UCLA;
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22
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Yu J, Wei X, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Rui P, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Shi S, Wang P. Self-powered droplet manipulation system for microfluidics based on triboelectric nanogenerator harvesting rotary energy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:284-295. [PMID: 33439205 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology, as a method for manipulating tiny fluids, has the advantages of low sample consumption, fast reaction, and no cross-contamination. In a microfluidic system, accurate manipulation of droplets is a crucial technology that has been widely investigated. In this work, a self-powered droplet manipulation system (SDMS) is proposed to realize various droplet operations, including moving, splitting, merging, mixing, transporting chemicals and reacting. The SDMS is mainly composed of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), an electric brush, and a microfluidic device. The TENG serves as a high-voltage source to power the system. Using different electric brushes and microfluidic devices, different manipulations of droplets can be achieved. Moreover, by experiments and simulations, the influence of the electrode width, the electrode gap and the central angle of one electrode on the performance of SDMS is analyzed in detail. Firstly, by using electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technology, SDMS can accurately control droplets for long-distance linear movement and simultaneously control multiple droplets to move in a circular electrode track consisting of 40 electrodes. SDMS can also manipulate two droplets of different components to merge and react. In addition, using dielectrophoresis (DEP) technology, SDMS can separate droplets with maximum volumes of 400 μL and reduce the time of the complete mixing of two droplets with different components by 6.3 times compared with the passive mixing method. Finally, the demonstration shows that a droplet can be manipulated by hand power for chemical delivery and chemical reactions on a circular electrode track without an external power source, which proves the applicability of SDMS as an open-surface microfluidic device. Therefore, the self-powered droplet manipulation system proposed in this work may have great application in the fields of drug delivery, micro chemical reactions, and biological microanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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23
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Thermally Induced Gradient of Properties on a Superhydrophobic Magnesium Alloy Surface. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of superhydrophobic coatings for magnesium alloys is in high demand for various industrial applications. Such coatings not only extend the service life of metal structures, but also impart additional useful functional properties to the coated surface. In this study, we show that nanosecond laser processing of long, thin stripes of magnesium alloys followed by the deposition of a hydrophobic agent onto the magnesium oxide layer is a simple, convenient, and easily reproducible method for obtaining superhydrophobic surfaces with property gradient along the sample. The mechanism of the gradient in wettability and electrochemical properties of the magnesium alloy surface is discussed based on the high-temperature growth of magnesium oxide and its following degradation. The latter is related to the development of internal stresses and the formation of cracks and pores within the oxide layer at prolonged exposure to high temperatures during the interaction of a laser beam with the substrate. The effect of heating during laser processing of magnesium materials with limited sizes on the protective properties of the forming coatings is elucidated.
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24
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Barman SR, Khan I, Chatterjee S, Saha S, Choi D, Lee S, Lin ZH. Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD): Current perspectives and applications in ensuring food safety. J Food Drug Anal 2020; 28:595-621. [PMID: 35696148 PMCID: PMC9261810 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital microfluidic (DMF) platforms have contributed immensely to the development of multifunctional lab-on-chip systems for performing complete sets of biological and analytical assays. Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technology, due to its outstanding flexibility and integrability, has emerged as a promising candidate for such lab-on-chip applications. Triggered by an electrical stimulus, EWOD devices allow precise manipulation of single droplets along the designed electrode arrays without employing external pumps and valves, thereby enhancing the miniaturization and portability of the system towards transcending important laboratory assays in resource-limited settings. In recent years, the simple fabrication process and reprogrammable architecture of EWOD chips have led to their widespread applications in food safety analysis. Various EWOD devices have been developed for the quantitative monitoring of analytes such as food-borne pathogens, heavy metal ions, vitamins, and antioxidants, which are significant in food samples. In this paper, we reviewed the advances and developments in the design of EWOD systems for performing versatile functions starting from sample preparation to sample detection, enabling rapid and high-throughput food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Roy Barman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Imran Khan
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Subhodeep Chatterjee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Subhajit Saha
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
| | - Dukhyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104,
South Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
South Korea
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104,
South Korea
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25
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Lisova K, Wang J, Chao PH, van Dam RM. A simple and efficient automated microvolume radiosynthesis of [ 18F]Florbetaben. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:30. [PMID: 33275179 PMCID: PMC7718361 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current automated radiosynthesizers are generally optimized for producing large batches of PET tracers. Preclinical imaging studies, however, often require only a small portion of a regular batch, which cannot be economically produced on a conventional synthesizer. Alternative approaches are desired to produce small to moderate batches to reduce cost and the amount of reagents and radioisotope needed to produce PET tracers with high molar activity. In this work we describe the first reported microvolume method for production of [18F]Florbetaben for use in imaging of Alzheimer's disease. PROCEDURES The microscale synthesis of [18F]Florbetaben was adapted from conventional-scale synthesis methods. Aqueous [18F]fluoride was azeotropically dried with K2CO3/K222 (275/383 nmol) complex prior to radiofluorination of the Boc-protected precursor (80 nmol) in 10 μL DMSO at 130 °C for 5 min. The resulting intermediate was deprotected with HCl at 90 °C for 3 min and recovered from the chip in aqueous acetonitrile solution. The crude product was purified via analytical scale HPLC and the collected fraction reformulated via solid-phase extraction using a miniature C18 cartridge. RESULTS Starting with 270 ± 100 MBq (n = 3) of [18F]Fluoride, the method affords formulated product with 49 ± 3% (decay-corrected) yield,> 98% radiochemical purity and a molar activity of 338 ± 55 GBq/μmol. The miniature C18 cartridge enables efficient elution with only 150 μL of ethanol which is diluted to a final volume of 1.0 mL, thus providing a sufficient concentration for in vivo imaging. The whole procedure can be completed in 55 min. CONCLUSIONS This work describes an efficient and reliable procedure to produce [18F]Florbetaben in quantities sufficient for large-scale preclinical applications. This method provides very high yields and molar activities compared to reported literature methods. This method can be applied to higher starting activities with special consideration given to automation and radiolysis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lisova
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Chao
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Hermann M, Bachus K, Gibson GTT, Oleschuk RD. Open sessile droplet viscometer with low sample consumption. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1869-1876. [PMID: 32347278 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a portable viscometer that requires less than 10 μL of sample for a measurement. Using a two-droplet Laplace-induced pumping system on an open microfluidic substrate, the device measures the viscosity of a liquid by determining the time required for one droplet to completely pump into a second droplet. The pumping behaviour follows the Hagen-Poiseuille and Laplace relations where the flow rate, Q, is proportional to the liquid's kinematic viscosity, μ. The progress of pumping is measured by tracking the change in curvature of one of the droplets using a laser that is positioned perpendicular to the microfluidic chip and directed at the "tail" of the shrinking droplet. The angle of incidence and degree of refraction changes depending on the size of the droplet, which is tracked by a linear diode array placed beneath the microfluidic chip. Droplet reservoirs and connecting channels were defined by precise patterning of a glass substrate coated with a commercially available omniphobic coating (Ultra Ever Dry®) using laser micromachining. A 500 μm wide and 20 mm long channel with circular reservoirs (d = 1.5 mm) enabled the measurement of dynamic viscosities in the range of η = 1.0-2.87 mPa s. The materials cost for the entire viscometer (fluidics and electronics, etc.) is <15 USD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hermann
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Wang J, Holloway T, Lisova K, van Dam RM. Green and efficient synthesis of the radiopharmaceutical [ 18F]FDOPA using a microdroplet reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2020; 5:320-329. [PMID: 34164154 PMCID: PMC8218909 DOI: 10.1039/c9re00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From an efficiency standpoint, microdroplet reactors enable significant improvements in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals due to the vastly reduced reaction volume. To demonstrate these advantages, we adapt the conventional (macroscale) synthesis of the clinically-important positron-emission tomography tracer [18F]FDOPA, following the nucleophilic diaryliodonium salt approach, to a newly-developed ultra-compact microdroplet reaction platform. In this first microfluidic implementation of [18F]FDOPA synthesis, optimized via a high-throughput multi-reaction platform, the radiochemical yield (non-decay-corrected) was found to be comparable to macroscale reports, but the synthesis consumed significantly less precursor and organic solvents, and the synthesis process was much faster. In this initial report, we demonstrate the production of [18F]FDOPA in 15 MBq [400 μCi] amounts, sufficient for imaging of multiple mice, at high molar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Travis Holloway
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ksenia Lisova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Wang J, van Dam RM. High-Efficiency Production of Radiopharmaceuticals via Droplet Radiochemistry: A Review of Recent Progress. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120973099. [PMID: 33296272 PMCID: PMC7731702 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120973099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New platforms are enabling radiochemistry to be carried out in tiny, microliter-scale volumes, and this capability has enormous benefits for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. These droplet-based technologies can achieve comparable or better yields compared to conventional methods, but with vastly reduced reagent consumption, shorter synthesis time, higher molar activity (even for low activity batches), faster purification, and ultra-compact system size. We review here the state of the art of this emerging direction, summarize the radiotracers and prosthetic groups that have been synthesized in droplet format, describe recent achievements in scaling up activity levels, and discuss advantages and limitations and the future outlook of these innovative devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Wang J, Chao PH, Slavik R, van Dam RM. Multi-GBq production of the radiotracer [18F]fallypride in a droplet microreactor. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7828-7838. [PMID: 35492189 PMCID: PMC9049805 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01212b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics offers numerous advantages for the synthesis of short-lived radiolabeled imaging tracers: performing 18F-radiosyntheses in microliter-scale droplets has exhibited high efficiency, speed, and molar activity as well as low reagent consumption. However, most reports have been at the preclinical scale. In this study we integrate a [18F]fluoride concentrator and a microdroplet synthesizer to explore the possibility of synthesizing patient doses and multi-patient batches of clinically-acceptable tracers. In the integrated system, [18F]fluoride (up to 41 GBq [1.1 Ci]) in [18O]H2O (1 mL) was first concentrated ∼80-fold and then efficiently transferred to the 8 μL reaction chip as a series of small (∼0.5 μL) droplets. Each droplet rapidly dried at the reaction site of the pre-heated chip, resulting in localized accumulation of large amounts of radioactivity in the form of dried [18F]TBAF complex. The PET tracer [18F]fallypride was synthesized from this concentrated activity in an overall synthesis time of ∼50 min (including radioisotope concentration and transfer, droplet radiosynthesis, purification, and formulation), in amounts up to 7.2 GBq [0.19 Ci], sufficient for multiple clinical PET scans. The resulting batches of [18F]fallypride passed all QC tests needed to ensure safety for clinical injection. This integrated technology enabled for the first time the impact of a wide range of activity levels on droplet radiosynthesis to be studied. Furthermore, this substantial increase in scale expands the applications of droplet radiosynthesis to the production of clinically-relevant amounts of radiopharmaceuticals, and potentially even centralized production of clinical tracers in radiopharmacies. The overall system could be applied to fundamental studies of droplet-based radiochemical reactions, or to the production of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with a variety of isotopes used for imaging and/or targeted radiotherapeutics. Using a micro-cartridge based radionuclide concentrator enables the production of multiple (10 s) of clinical doses of the PET tracer [18F]fallypride with a droplet micro-reactor platform (8 μL).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Bioengineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering
- UCLA
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Philip H. Chao
- Department of Bioengineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering
- UCLA
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Roger Slavik
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division
- David Geffen School of Medicine
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering
- UCLA
- Los Angeles
- USA
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Lisova K, Chen BY, Wang J, Fong KMM, Clark PM, van Dam RM. Rapid, efficient, and economical synthesis of PET tracers in a droplet microreactor: application to O-(2-[ 18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([ 18F]FET). EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 31893318 PMCID: PMC6938530 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional scale production of small batches of PET tracers (e.g. for preclinical imaging) is an inefficient use of resources. Using O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET), we demonstrate that simple microvolume radiosynthesis techniques can improve the efficiency of production by consuming tiny amounts of precursor, and maintaining high molar activity of the tracers even with low starting activity. PROCEDURES The synthesis was carried out in microvolume droplets manipulated on a disposable patterned silicon "chip" affixed to a heater. A droplet of [18F]fluoride containing TBAHCO3 was first deposited onto a chip and dried at 100 °C. Subsequently, a droplet containing 60 nmol of precursor was added to the chip and the fluorination reaction was performed at 90 °C for 5 min. Removal of protecting groups was accomplished with a droplet of HCl heated at 90 °C for 3 min. Finally, the crude product was collected in a methanol-water mixture, purified via analytical-scale radio-HPLC and formulated in saline. As a demonstration, using [18F]FET produced on the chip, we prepared aliquots with different molar activities to explore the impact on preclinical PET imaging of tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The microdroplet synthesis exhibited an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 55 ± 7% (n = 4) after purification and formulation. When automated, the synthesis could be completed in 35 min. Starting with < 370 MBq of activity, ~ 150 MBq of [18F]FET could be produced, sufficient for multiple in vivo experiments, with high molar activities (48-119 GBq/μmol). The demonstration imaging study revealed the uptake of [18F]FET in subcutaneous tumors, but no significant differences in tumor uptake as a result of molar activity differences (ranging 0.37-48 GBq/μmol) were observed. CONCLUSIONS A microdroplet synthesis of [18F]FET was developed demonstrating low reagent consumption, high yield, and high molar activity. The approach can be expanded to tracers other than [18F]FET, and adapted to produce higher quantities of the tracer sufficient for clinical PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lisova
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bao Ying Chen
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Mun-Ming Fong
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Clark
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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High-throughput radio-TLC analysis. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 82-83:41-48. [PMID: 31891883 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radio thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) is commonly used to analyze purity of radiopharmaceuticals or to determine the reaction conversion when optimizing radiosynthesis processes. In applications where there are few radioactive species, radio-TLC is preferred over radio-high-performance liquid chromatography due to its simplicity and relatively quick analysis time. However, with current radio-TLC methods, it remains cumbersome to analyze a large number of samples during reaction optimization. In a couple of studies, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been used for reading radio-TLC plates spotted with a variety of isotopes. We show that this approach can be extended to develop a high-throughput approach for radio-TLC analysis of many samples. METHODS The high-throughput radio-TLC analysis was carried out by performing parallel development of multiple radioactive samples spotted on a single TLC plate, followed by simultaneous readout of the separated samples using Cerenkov imaging. Using custom-written MATLAB software, images were processed and regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn to enclose the radioactive regions/spots. For each sample, the proportion of integrated signal in each ROI was computed. Various crude samples of [18F]fallypride, [18F]FET and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 were prepared for demonstration of this new method. RESULTS Benefiting from a parallel developing process and high resolution of CLI-based readout, total analysis time for eight [18F]fallypride samples was 7.5 min (2.5 min for parallel developing, 5 min for parallel readout), which was significantly shorter than the 48 min needed using conventional approaches (24 min for sequential developing, 24 min for sequential readout on a radio-TLC scanner). The greater separation resolution of CLI enabled the discovery of a low-abundance side product from a crude [18F]FET sample that was not discernable using the radio-TLC scanner. Using the CLI-based readout method, we also observed that high labeling efficiency (99%) of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 can be achieved in just 10 min, rather than the typical 30 min timeframe used. CONCLUSIONS Cerenkov imaging in combination with parallel developing of multiple samples on a single TLC plate proved to be a practical method for rapid, high-throughput radio-TLC analysis.
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Knapp KA, Nickels ML, Manning HC. The Current Role of Microfluidics in Radiofluorination Chemistry. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:463-475. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Chao PH, van Dam RM. Ultra-compact, automated microdroplet radiosynthesizer. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2415-2424. [PMID: 31187109 PMCID: PMC7416997 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of microfluidics offers numerous advantages in the field of radiochemistry and could enable dramatic reductions in the cost of producing radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Droplet-based microfluidics, in particular, requires only microgram quantities of expensive precursors and reagents (compared to milligram used in conventional radiochemistry systems), and occupies a more compact footprint (potentially eliminating the need for specialized shielding facilities, i.e. hot cells). However, the reported platforms for droplet radiosynthesis have several drawbacks, including high cost/complexity of microfluidic reactors, requirement for manual intervention (e.g. for adding reagents), or difficulty in precise control of droplet processes. We describe here a platform based on a particularly simple chip, where reactions take place atop a hydrophobic substrate patterned with a circular hydrophilic liquid trap. The overall supporting hardware (heater, rotating carousel of reagent dispensers, etc.) is very simple and the whole system could be packaged into a very compact format (about the size of a coffee cup). We demonstrate the consistent synthesis of [18F]fallypride with high yield, and show that protocols optimized using a high-throughput optimization platform we have developed can be readily translated to this device with no changes or re-optimization. We are currently exploring the use of this platform for routine production of a variety of 18F-labeled tracers for preclinical imaging and for production of tracers in clinically-relevant amounts by integrating the system with an upstream radionuclide concentrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Chao
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Huang S, Li J, Liu L, Zhou L, Tian X. Lossless Fast Drop Self-Transport on Anisotropic Omniphobic Surfaces: Origin and Elimination of Microscopic Liquid Residue. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901417. [PMID: 31069888 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces enabling directional drop self-transport have exceptional applications in digital microfluidics, chemical analysis, bioassay, and microreactor technology. While such properties have been obtained by engineering a surface with anisotropic microstructures, a microscopic liquid residue-though it might be invisible macroscopically-is generally left behind the transported drop, resulting in undesired transport loss and severely limiting practical applications of the surface. Here, the origin of microscopic liquid residue is studied by investigating directional drop self-transport on anisotropic surfaces made of radially arranged omniphobic microstripes. It is revealed that the occurrence of a liquid residue is governed by a transport-velocity-dependent dynamic wetting mechanism involving the formation of entrained thin liquid films at high capillary numbers while the local dynamic receding contact angle vanishes. Rayleigh-like breakup of the liquid films leads to the microscopic liquid residue. It is further shown that a liquid-like coating featuring highly flexible molecular chains can effectively suppress the formation of entrained liquid films at high transport velocities, thereby facilitating lossless and fast drop self-transport on anisotropic omniphobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Materials Products, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lidan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuelin Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Rios A, Wang J, Chao PH, van Dam RM. A novel multi-reaction microdroplet platform for rapid radiochemistry optimization. RSC Adv 2019; 9:20370-20374. [PMID: 35514735 PMCID: PMC9065505 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of novel tracers for positron emission tomography (PET), the optimization of the synthesis is hindered by practical limitations on the number of experiments that can be performed per day. Here we present a microliter droplet chip that contains multiple sites (4 or 16) to perform reactions simultaneously under the same or different conditions to accelerate radiosynthesis optimization. Multi-reaction microdroplet chip enables rapid radiotracer optimization for positron emission tomography.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rios
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles CA USA .,Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles CA USA .,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA USA
| | - Philip H Chao
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles CA USA .,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles CA USA .,Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA USA.,Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA USA
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36
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Chao PH, Lazari M, Hanet S, Narayanam MK, Murphy JM, van Dam RM. Automated concentration of [ 18F]fluoride into microliter volumes. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:138-148. [PMID: 30243135 PMCID: PMC6502507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Concentration of [18F]fluoride has been mentioned in literature, however, reports have lacked details about system designs, operation, and performance. Here, we describe in detail a compact, fast, fully-automated concentration system based on a micro-sized strong anion exchange cartridge. The concentration of radionuclides enables scaled-up microfluidic synthesis. Our system can also be used to provide highly concentrated [18F]fluoride with minimal water content. We demonstrate how the concentrator can produce varying concentrations of [18F]fluoride for the macroscale synthesis of N-boc-5-[18F]fluoroindole without an azeotropic drying process, while enabling high starting radioactivity. By appropriate choice of solid-phase resin, flow conditions, and eluent solution, we believe this approach can be extended beyond [18F]fluoride to other radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Chao
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Lazari
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sebastian Hanet
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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