Evaluation of affibody charge modification identified by synthetic consensus design in molecular PET imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor

Moderate-Affinity Affibodies Modulate the Delivery and Bioactivity of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2

Uncontrolled bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) release can lead to off-target bone growth and other adverse events. To tackle this challenge, yeast surface display is used to identify unique BMP-2-specific protein binders known as affibodies that bind to BMP-2 with different affinities. Biolayer interferometry reveals an equilibrium dissociation constant of 10.7 nm for the interaction between BMP-2 and high-affinity affibody and 34.8 nm for the interaction between BMP-2 and the low-affinity affibody. The low-affinity affibody-BMP-2 interaction also exhibits an off-rate constant that is an order of magnitude higher. Computational modeling of affibody-BMP-2 binding predicts that the high- and low-affinity affibodies bind to two distinct sites on BMP-2 that function as different cell-receptor binding sites. BMP-2 binding to affibodies reduces expression of the osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in C2C12 myoblasts. Affibody-conjugated polyethylene glycol-maleimide hydrogels increase uptake of BMP-2 compared to affibody-free hydrogels, and high-affinity hydrogels exhibit lower BMP-2 release into serum compared to low-affinity hydrogels and affibody-free hydrogels over four weeks. Loading BMP-2 into affibody-conjugated hydrogels prolongs ALP activity of C2C12 myoblasts compared to soluble BMP-2. This work demonstrates that affibodies with different affinities can modulate BMP-2 delivery and activity, creating a promising approach for controlling BMP-2 delivery in clinical applications.

Homomultimer strategy for improvement of radiolabeled peptides and antibody fragments in tumor targeting

A homomultimeric radioligand is composed of multiple identical ligands connected to the linker and radionuclide to detect a variety of overexpressed receptors on cancer cells. Multimer strategy holds great potential for introducing new radiotracers based on peptide and monoclonal antibody (mAb) derivatives in molecular imaging and therapy. It offers a reliable procedure for the preparation of biological-based targeting with diverse affinities and pharmacokinetics. In this context, we provide a useful summary and interpretation of the main results by a comprehensive look at multimeric radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear oncology. Therefore, there will be explanations for the strategy mechanisms and the main variables affecting the biodistribution results. The discussion is followed by highlights of recent work in the targeting of various types of receptors. The consequences are expressed based on comparing some parameters between monomer and multimer counterparts in each relevant section.

Affibody Functionalized Beads for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes

Exosomes belong to the class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, which are regarded as a promising source of cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsy. As a result, an accurate, sensitive, and specific quantification of these nano-sized particles is of significant importance. Affinity-based approaches are recognized as the most valuable technique for exosome isolation and characterization. Indeed, Affibody biomolecules are a type of protein scaffold engineered with small size and enjoy the features of high thermal stability, affinity, and specificity. While the utilization of antibodies, aptamers, and other biologically active substances for exosome detection has been reported widely, there are no reports describing Affibody molecules’ usage for exosome detection. In this study, for the first time, we have proposed a novel strategy of using Affibody functionalized microbeads (AffiBeads) for exosome detection with a high degree of efficiency. As a proof-of-concept, anti-EGFR-AffiBeads were fabricated and applied to capture and detect human lung A549 cancer cell-derived EGFR-positive exosomes using flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Moreover, the capture efficiency of the AffiBeads were compared with its counterpart antibody. Our results showed that the Affibody probe had a detection limit of 15.6 ng exosomes per mL (~12 exosomes per AffiBead). The approach proposed in the current study can be used for sensitive detection of low expression level markers on tumor-derived exosomes, providing a basis for early-stage cancer diagnosis.

State of the Art in Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Common and Uncommon Radiometals for Preclinical and Clinical Immuno-PET

Inert and stable radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), antibody fragments, or antibody mimetics with radiometals is a prerequisite for immuno-PET. While radiolabeling is preferably fast, mild, efficient, and reproducible, especially when applied for human use in a current Good Manufacturing Practice compliant way, it is crucial that the obtained radioimmunoconjugate is stable and shows preserved immunoreactivity and in vivo behavior. Radiometals and chelators have extensively been evaluated to come to the most ideal radiometal–chelator pair for each type of antibody derivative. Although PET imaging of antibodies is a relatively recent tool, applications with ⁸⁹Zr, ⁶⁴Cu, and ⁶⁸Ga have greatly increased in recent years, especially in the clinical setting, while other less common radionuclides such as ⁵²Mn, ⁸⁶Y, ⁶⁶Ga, and ⁴⁴Sc, but also ¹⁸F as in [¹⁸F]AlF are emerging promising candidates for the radiolabeling of antibodies. This review presents a state of the art overview of the practical aspects of radiolabeling of antibodies, ranging from fast kinetic affibodies and nanobodies to slow kinetic intact mAbs. Herein, we focus on the most common approach which consists of first modification of the antibody with a chelator, and after eventual storage of the premodified molecule, radiolabeling as a second step. Other approaches are possible but have been excluded from this review. The review includes recent and representative examples from the literature highlighting which radiometal–chelator–antibody combinations are the most successful for in vivo application.

PET and SPECT Imaging of the EGFR Family (RTK Class I) in Oncology

The human epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR-family, other designations: HER family, RTK Class I) is strongly linked to oncogenic transformation. Its members are frequently overexpressed in cancer and have become attractive targets for cancer therapy. To ensure effective patient care, potential responders to HER-targeted therapy need to be identified. Radionuclide molecular imaging can be a key asset for the detection of overexpression of EGFR-family members. It meets the need for repeatable whole-body assessment of the molecular disease profile, solving problems of heterogeneity and expression alterations over time. Tracer development is a multifactorial process. The optimal tracer design depends on the application and the particular challenges of the molecular target (target expression in tumors, endogenous expression in healthy tissue, accessibility). We have herein summarized the recent preclinical and clinical data on agents for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) imaging of EGFR-family receptors in oncology. Antibody-based tracers are still extensively investigated. However, their dominance starts to be challenged by a number of tracers based on different classes of targeting proteins. Among these, engineered scaffold proteins (ESP) and single domain antibodies (sdAb) show highly encouraging results in clinical studies marking a noticeable trend towards the use of smaller sized agents for HER imaging.

Cellular-Based Selections Aid Yeast-Display Discovery of Genuine Cell-Binding Ligands: Targeting Oncology Vascular Biomarker CD276

Yeast surface display is a proven tool for the selection and evolution of ligands with novel binding activity. Selections from yeast surface display libraries against transmembrane targets are generally carried out using recombinant soluble extracellular domains. Unfortunately, these molecules may not be good models of their true, membrane-bound form for a variety of reasons. Such selection campaigns often yield ligands that bind a recombinant target but not target-expressing cells or tissues. Advances in cell-based selections with yeast surface display may aid the frequency of evolving ligands that do bind true, membrane-bound antigens. This study aims to evaluate ligand selection strategies using both soluble target-driven and cellular selection techniques to determine which methods yield translatable ligands most efficiently and generate novel binders against CD276 (B7-H3) and Thy1, two promising tumor vasculature targets. Out of four ligand selection campaigns carried out using only soluble extracellular domains, only an affibody library sorted against CD276 yielded translatable binders. In contrast, fibronectin domains against CD276 and affibodies against CD276 were discovered in campaigns that either combined soluble target and cellular selection methods or used cellular selection methods alone. A high frequency of non target-specific ligands discovered from the use of cellular selection methods alone motivated the development of a depletion scheme using disadhered, antigen-negative mammalian cells as a blocking agent. Affinity maturation of CD276-binding affibodies by error-prone PCR and helix walking resulted in strong, specific cellular CD276 affinity ( Kd = 0.9 ± 0.6 nM). Collectively, these results motivate the use of cellular selections in tandem with recombinant selections and introduce promising affibody molecules specific to CD276 for further applications.

Optimized Molecular Design of ADAPT-Based HER2-Imaging Probes Labeled with 111In and 68Ga

Radionuclide molecular imaging is a promising tool for visualization of cancer associated molecular abnormalities in vivo and stratification of patients for specific therapies. ADAPT is a new type of small engineered proteins based on the scaffold of an albumin binding domain of protein G. ADAPTs have been utilized to select and develop high affinity binders to different proteinaceous targets. ADAPT6 binds to human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) with low nanomolar affinity and can be used for its in vivo visualization. Molecular design of ¹¹¹In-labeled anti-HER2 ADAPT has been optimized in several earlier studies. In this study, we made a direct comparison of two of the most promising variants, having either a DEAVDANS or a (HE)₃DANS sequence at the N-terminus, conjugated with a maleimido derivative of DOTA to a GSSC amino acids sequence at the C-terminus. The variants (designated DOTA-C⁵⁹-DEAVDANS-ADAPT6-GSSC and DOTA-C⁶¹-(HE)₃DANS-ADAPT6-GSSC) were stably labeled with ¹¹¹In for SPECT and ⁶⁸Ga for PET. Biodistribution of labeled ADAPT variants was evaluated in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts with different levels of HER2 expression. Both variants enabled clear discrimination between tumors with high and low levels of HER2 expression. ¹¹¹In-labeled ADAPT6 derivatives provided higher tumor-to-organ ratios compared to ⁶⁸Ga-labeled counterparts. The best performing variant was DOTA-C⁶¹-(HE)₃DANS-ADAPT6-GSSC, which provided tumor-to-blood ratios of 208 ± 36 and 109 ± 17 at 3 h for ¹¹¹In and ⁶⁸Ga labels, respectively.

Engineered Charge Redistribution of Gp2 Proteins through Guided Diversity for Improved PET Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The Gp2 domain is a protein scaffold for synthetic ligand engineering. However, the native protein function results in a heterogeneous distribution of charge on the conserved surface, which may hinder further development and utility. We aim to modulate charge, without diminishing function, which is challenging in small proteins where each mutation is a significant fraction of protein structure. We constructed rationally guided combinatorial libraries with charge-neutralizing or charge-flipping mutations and sorted them, via yeast display and flow cytometry, for stability and target binding. Deep sequencing of functional variants revealed effective mutations both in clone-dependent contexts and broadly across binders to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin receptor, and immunoglobulin G. Functional mutants averaged 4.3 charge neutralizing mutations per domain while maintaining net negative charge. We evolved an EGFR-targeted Gp2 mutant that reduced charge density by 33%, maintained net charge, and improved charge distribution homogeneity while elevating thermal stability ( Tm = 87 ± 1 °C), improving binding specificity, and maintaining affinity ( Kd = 8.8 ± 0.6 nM). This molecule was conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid for 64Cu chelation and evaluated for physiological distribution in mice with xenografted A431 (EGFRhigh) and MDA-MB-435 (EGFRlow) tumors. Excised tissue gamma counting and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed good EGFRhigh tumor signal (4.7 ± 0.5%ID/g) at 2 h post-injection and molecular specificity evidenced by low uptake in EGFRlow tumors (0.6 ± 0.1%ID/g, significantly lower than for non-charge-modified Gp2, p = 0.01). These results provide charge mutations for an improved Gp2 framework, validate an effective approach to charge engineering, and advance performance of physiological EGFR targeting for molecular imaging.