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Liu L, Hu J, Tang J, Chen S, Wu L, Li Z, Hou H, Liang S, Yang J. Peroxymonosulfate activation by trace iron(III) porphyrin for facile degradation of organic pollutants via nonradical oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140847. [PMID: 38043614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonradical species with great resistance to interference have shown great advantages in complex wastewater treatment. Herein, a novel system constructed by biodegradable tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrinatoiron(III) (FeIII-TCPP) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was proposed for facile decontamination. Nonradical pathway is observed in FeIII-TCPP/PMS, where 1O2 and high-valent iron-oxo species play dominant roles. The genres and valence of high-valent iron-oxo species, including iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical-cationic species [OFeIV-TCPP•+] and iron(IV)-hydroxide species [FeIV-TCPP(OH)], are ascertained, along with their generation mechanism. The axial ligand on the iron axial site affects the ground spin state of FeIII-TCPP, further influencing the thermodynamic reaction pathway of active species. With trace catalyst in micromoles, FeIII-TCPP exhibits high efficiency by degrading bisphenol S (BPS) completely within 5 min, while Co2+/PMS can only achieve a maximum of 26.2% under identical condition. Beneficial from nonradical pathways, FeIII-TCPP/PMS demonstrates a wide pH range of 3-10 and exhibits minimal sensitivity to interference of concomitant materials. BPS is primarily eliminated through β-scission and hydroxylation. Specifically, 1O2 electrophilically attacks the C-S bond of BPS, while high-valent iron-oxo species interacts with BPS through an oxygen-bound mechanism. This study provides novel insights into efficient activation of PMS by iron porphyrin, enabling the removal of refractory pollutants through nonradical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China.
| | - Jianjian Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Sijing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Longsheng Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Supply Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
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Skipworth T, Khashimov M, Ojo I, Zhang R. Kinetics of chromium(V)-oxo and chromium(IV)-oxo porphyrins: Reactivity and mechanism for sulfoxidation reactions. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112006. [PMID: 36162208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, chromium(IV)-oxo porphyrins [CrIV(Por)(O)] (2) (Por = porphyrin) were produced either by oxidation of [CrIII(Por)Cl] (1) with iodobenzene diacetate or visible light photolysis of porphyrin‑chromium(III) chlorates. Subsequent oxidation of 2 with silver perchlorate gave chromium(V)-oxo porphyrins [CrV(Por)(O)](ClO4) (3) in three porphyrin ligands, including 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrin(TMP, a), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrin(TDFPP, b), and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPFPP, c). Complexes 2 and 3 reacted with thioanisoles to produce the corresponding sulfoxides, and their kinetics of sulfoxidation reactions with a series of aryl methyl sulfides(thioanisoles) were studied in organic solutions. Chromium(V)-oxo porphyrins are several orders of magnitudes more reactive than chromium(IV)-oxo species, and representative second-order rate constants (kox) for the oxidation of thioansole are (0.40 ± 0.01) M-1 s-1 (3a), and (2.82 ± 0.20) × 102 M-1 s-1 (3b), and (2.20 ± 0.01) × 103 M-1 s-1 (3c). The order of reactivity for 2 and 3 follows TPFPP > TDFPP > TMP, in agreement with the electrophilic nature of metal-oxo complexes. Hammett analyses indicate significant charge transfer in the transition states for oxidation of para-substituted thioanisoles by [CrV(Por)(O)]+. The ρ+ constants are -1.69 for 3a, -2.63 for 3b, and - 2.89 for 3c, respectively, mirror values found previously for related metal-oxo species. A mechanism involving the electrophilic attack of the CrV-oxo at sulfides to form a sulfur cation intermediate in the rate-determining step is suggested. Competition studies with chromium(III) porphyrin chloride and PhI(OAc)2 gave relative rate constants for oxidations of competing thioanisoles that closely match ratios of absolute rate constants from chromium(V)-oxo species, which are true oxidants under catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Skipworth
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Mardan Khashimov
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Iyanu Ojo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America.
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Cui J, Li L, Shao S, Gao J, Wang K, Yang Z, Zeng S, Diao C, Zhao Y, Hu C. Regulating the Metal–Support Interaction: Double Jump to Reach the Efficiency Apex of the Fe–N4-Catalyzed Fenton-like Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Siting Shao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Ferrara V, Marchetti M, Alfieri D, Targetti L, Scopelliti M, Pignataro B, Pavone F, Vetri V, Sancataldo G. Blue Light Activated Photodegradation of Biomacromolecules by N-doped Titanium Dioxide in a Chitosan Hydrogel Matrix. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Visible light generation of high-valent metal-oxo intermediates and mechanistic insights into catalytic oxidations. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111246. [PMID: 33059321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo complexes play central roles as active oxygen atom transfer (OAT) agents in many enzymatic and synthetic oxidation catalysis. This review focuses on our recent advances in application of photochemical approaches to probe the oxidizing metal-oxo species with different metals and macrocyclic ligands. Under visible light irradiation, a variety of important metal-oxo species including iron-oxo porphyrins, manganese-oxo porphyrin/corroles, ruthenium-oxo porphyrins, and chromium-oxo salens have been successfully generated. Kinetical studies in real time have provided mechanistic insights as to the reactivity and reaction pathways of the metal-oxo intermediates in their oxidation reactions. In photo-induced ligand cleavage reactions, metals in n+ oxidation state with the oxygen-containing ligands bromate, chlorate, or nitrites were photolyzed. Homolytic cleavage of the O-X bond in the ligand gives (n + 1)+ oxidation state metal-oxo species, and heterolytic cleavage gives (n + 2)+ oxidation state metal-oxo species. In photo-disproportionation reactions, reactive Mn+1-oxo species can be formed by photolysis of μ-oxo dimeric Mn+ complexes with the concomitant formation of Mn-1 products. Importantly, the oxidation of Mn-1 products by molecular oxygen (O2) to regenerate the μ-oxo dimeric Mn+ complexes in photo-disproportionation reactions represents an attractive and green catalytic cycle for the development of photocatalytic aerobic oxidations.
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Klaine S, Fung Lee N, Dames A, Zhang R. Visible light generation of chromium(V)-oxo salen complexes and mechanistic insights into catalytic sulfide oxidation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Klaine S, Bratcher F, Winchester CM, Zhang R. Formation and kinetic studies of manganese(IV)-oxo porphyrins: Oxygen atom transfer mechanism of sulfide oxidations. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110986. [PMID: 31924588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Visible light irradiation of photo-labile porphyrin-manganese(III) chlorates or bromates (2) produced manganese(IV)-oxo porphyrins [MnIV(Por)(O)] (Por = porphyrin) (3) in three porphyrin ligands. The same oxo species 3 were also formed by chemical oxidation of the corresponding manganese(III) precursors (1) with iodobenzene diacetate, i.e. PhI(OAc)2. The systems under study include 5,10,15,20-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin‑manganese(IV)-oxo (3a), 5,10,15,20-tetra(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrin‑manganese(IV)-oxo (3b), and 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrin‑manganese(IV)-oxo (3c). As expected, complexes 3 reacted with thioanisoles to produce the corresponding sulfoxides and over-oxidized sulfones. The kinetics of oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions of these generated 3 with aryl sulfides were studied in CH3CN solutions. Second-order rate constants for sulfide oxidation reactions are comparable to those of alkene epoxidations and activated CH bond oxidations by the same oxo species 3. For a given substrate, the reactivity order for the manganese(IV)-oxo species was 3a > 3b > 3c, consistent with expectations on the basis of the electron-withdrawing capacity of the porphyrin macrocycles. Free-energy Hammett analyses gave near-linear correlations with σ values, indicating no significant positive charge developed at the sulfur during the oxidation process. The mechanistic results strongly suggest [MnIV(Por)(O)] reacts as a direct OAT agent towards sulfide substrates through a manganese(II) intermediate that was detected in this work. However, an alternative pathway that involves a disproportionation of 3 to form a higher oxidized manganese(V)-oxo species may be significant when less reactive substrates are present. The competition product studies with the Hammett correlation plot confirmed that the observed manganese(IV)-oxo species is not the true oxidant for the sulfide oxidations catalyzed by manganese(III) porphyrins with PhI(OAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Klaine
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Fox Bratcher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Charles M Winchester
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States of America.
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Meireles AM, da Silva VS, Rebouças JS, da Silva Martins DC. Unexpected Products of Benzylamine Oxidation Catalyzed by Manganese Porphyrins: Some Factors that Play a Critical Role for Imine Formation. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira Meireles
- Departamento de Química – Instituto de Ciências ExatasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte - MG, 31270–901 Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos da Silva
- Centro de Formação de ProfessoresUniversidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Amargosa – BA, 45300–000 Brazil
| | - Júlio Santos Rebouças
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I João Pessoa – PB, 58059–900 Brazil
| | - Dayse Carvalho da Silva Martins
- Departamento de Química – Instituto de Ciências ExatasUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte - MG, 31270–901 Brazil
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Lee NF, Patel D, Liu H, Zhang R. Insights from kinetic studies of photo-generated compound II models: Reactivity toward aryl sulfides. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:58-65. [PMID: 29550659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron(IV)-oxo porphyrins [FeIV(Por)O] (Por = poprhyrin), commonly called compound II models, were produced in three electron-deficient ligands by visible light irradiation of highly photo-labile porphyrin-iron(III) bromates or chlorates. The kinetics of oxygen transfer atom (OAT) reactions with aryl sulfides by these photo-generated [FeIV(Por)O] (3) were studied in CH3CN solutions. The iron(IV)-oxo porphyrins under study include 5,10,15,20-tetra(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3a), 5,10,15,20-tetra(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3b), and 5,10,15,20-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3c). As expected, complexes 3 were competent oxidants and reacted rapidly with thioanisoles to give the corresponding sulfoxides with minor over-oxidation sulfones. Apparent second-order rate constants determined under pseudo-first-order conditions for sulfide oxidation reactions are (9.8 ± 0.1) × 102-(3.7 ± 0.3) × 101 M-1 s-1, which are 3 to 4 orders of magnitude greater in comparison to those of alkene epoxidations and activated CH bond oxidations by the same oxo species. Conventional Hammett analyses gave non-linear correlations, indicating no significant charge developed at the sulfur during the oxidation process. For a given substrate, the reactivity order for the iron(IV)-oxo species was 3c < 3b < 3a, which is inverted from expectations on the basis of the electron-withdrawing capacity of the porphyrin macrocycles. The absolute rate constants from kinetic studies provided insights into the transient oxidants in catalytic reactions under turnover conditions where actual reactive intermediates are not observable. Our kinetic and catalytic competition results strongly suggest that 3 may undergo a disproportionation reaction to form a higher oxidized iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations as the true oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Fung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States
| | - Dharmesh Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11079, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1079, United States.
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Nasrollahi R, Zakavi S. Kinetics and mechanistic studies on the formation and reactivity of high valent MnO porphyrin species: mono-ortho or para-substituted porphyrins versus a di-ortho-substituted one. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High valent Mn(O) species of a series of electron-rich and -deficient meso-tetra(aryl)porphyrins (aryl = phenyl, 2-Cl-phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 2-Me-phenyl, 2-Br-phenyl, 2,6-di-Cl-phenyl 4-OMe-phenyl, 4-Me-phenyl, 4-Cl-phenyl and 4-pyridyl) were prepared at 273 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Nasrollahi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)
- Zanjan 45137-66731
- Iran
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