1
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Ruiz-Clavijo A, Pérez N, Caballero-Calero O, Blanco J, Peiró F, Plana-Ruiz S, López-Haro M, Nielsch K, Martín-González M. Localization and Directionality of Surface Transport in Bi 2Te 3 Ordered 3D Nanonetworks. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16960-16967. [PMID: 37410703 PMCID: PMC10510701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of an ordered 3D-Bi2Te3 nanowire nanonetwork was studied at low temperatures. Below 50 K the increase in resistance was found to be compatible with the Anderson model for localization, considering that conduction takes place in individual parallel channels across the whole sample. Angle-dependent magnetoresistance measurements showed a distinctive weak antilocalization characteristic with a double feature that we could associate with transport along two perpendicular directions, dictated by the spatial arrangement of the nanowires. The coherence length obtained from the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka model was about 700 nm across transversal nanowires, which corresponded to approximately 10 nanowire junctions. Along the individual nanowires, the coherence length was greatly reduced to about 100 nm. The observed localization effects could be the reason for the enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient observed in the 3D-Bi2Te3 nanowire nanonetwork compared to individual nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Pérez
- Institute
for Metallic Materials, IFW-Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco
- LENS-MIND,
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiró
- LENS-MIND,
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Plana-Ruiz
- LENS-MIND,
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Scientific
& Technical Resources, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Haro
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Institute
for Metallic Materials, IFW-Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Kalinin I, Davydov A, Napolskii K, Sobolev A, Shatalov M, Zinigrad M, Bograchev D. Template-assisted electrodeposition of metals: a method for determining the fraction of active nanopores. Electrochem commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2023.107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
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3
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Caballero-Calero O, Ruiz-Clavijo A, Manzano CV, Martín-González M, Armelles G. Plasmon Resonances in 1D Nanowire Arrays and 3D Nanowire Networks of Topological Insulators and Metals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:154. [PMID: 36616063 PMCID: PMC9823705 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The 1D nanowire arrays and 3D nanowire networks of topological insulators and metals have been fabricated by template-assisted deposition of Bi2Te3 and Ni inside anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates, respectively. Despite the different origins of the plasmon capabilities of the two materials, the results indicate that the optical response is determined by plasmon resonances, whose position depends on the nanowire interactions and material properties. Due to the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 nanowires, these plasmon resonances could be used to develop new ways of enhancing thermal gradients and their associated thermoelectric power.
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4
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Manzano CV, Caballero-Calero O, Serrano A, Resende PM, Martín-González M. The Thermoelectric Properties of Spongy PEDOT Films and 3D-Nanonetworks by Electropolymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4430. [PMID: 36558282 PMCID: PMC9781381 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, polymers have been attracted great attention because of their thermoelectric materials' excellent mechanical properties, specifically their cost-effectiveness and scalability at the industrial level. In this study, the electropolymerization conditions (applied potential and deposition time) of PEDOT films were investigated to improve their thermoelectric properties. The morphology and Raman spectroscopy of the PEDOT films were analyzed according to their applied potential and deposition time. The best thermoelectric properties were found in films grown at 1.3 V for 10 min, with an electrical conductivity of 158 ± 8 S/cm, a Seebeck coefficient of 33 ± 1 µV/K, and a power factor of 17 ± 2 µW/K·m2. This power factor value is three times higher than the value reported in the literature for electropolymerized PEDOT films in acetonitrile using lithium perchlorate as a counter-ion. The thermal conductivity was found to be (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10-1 W/m·K. The highest figure of merit obtained at room temperature was (3.9 ± 1.0) × 10-2 using lithium perchlorate as a counter-ion. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) PEDOT nanonetworks were electropolymerized inside 3D anodic aluminum oxide (3D AAO), obtaining lower values in their thermoelectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V. Manzano
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Aída Serrano
- Departamento de Electrocerámica, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Kelsen 5, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Resende
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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5
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Influence of nanowires and nanotubes on the thermal conductivity of graphene–Bi2Te3 based nanostructured materials. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Vera-Londono L, Ruiz-Clavijo A, Pérez-Taborda JA, Martín-González M. Nanoscale heat transport analysis by scanning thermal microscopy: from calibration to high-resolution measurements. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3194-3211. [PMID: 36132820 PMCID: PMC9419519 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00287f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a powerful technique for thermal characterization. However, one of the most challenging aspects of thermal characterization is obtaining quantitative information on thermal conductivity with nanoscale lateral resolution. We used this technique with the cross-point calibration method to obtain the thermal contact resistance, R c, and thermal exchange radius, b, using thermo-resistive Pd/Si3N4 probes. The cross-point curves correlate the dependence of R c and b with the sample's thermal conductivity. We implemented a 3ω-SThM method in which reference samples with known thermal conductivity were used in the calibration and validation process to guarantee optimal working conditions. We achieved values of R c = 0.94 × 106 ± 0.02 K W-1 and b = 2.41 × 10-7 ± 0.02 m for samples with a low thermal conductivity (between 0.19 and 1.48 W m-1 K-1). These results show a large improvement in spatial resolution over previously reported data for the Wollaston probes (where b ∼ 2.8 μm). Furthermore, the contact resistance with the Pd/Si3N4 is ∼20× larger than reported for a Wollaston wire probe (with 0.45 × 105 K W-1). These thermal parameters were used to determine the unknown thermal conductivity of thermoelectric films of Ag2Se, Ag2-x Se, Cu2Se (smooth vs. rough surface), and Bi2Te3, obtaining, in units of W m-1 K-1, the values of 0.63 ± 0.07, 0.69 ± 0.15, 0.79 ± 0.03, 0.82 ± 0.04, and 0.93 ± 0.12, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these microfabricated probes have been calibrated using the cross-point method to perform quantitative thermal analysis with nanoscale resolution. Moreover, this work shows high-resolution thermal images of the V 1ω and V 3ω signals, which can offer relevant information on the material's heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Vera-Londono
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8 Tres Cantos E-28760 Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8 Tres Cantos E-28760 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Andrés Pérez-Taborda
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8 Tres Cantos E-28760 Madrid Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede De La Paz, Escuela de Pregrados-Dirección Académica - Vicerrectoría, Grupo de Nanoestructuras y Física Aplicada (NANOUPAR) Km 9 vía Valledupar La Paz La Paz 202010 Colombia
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8 Tres Cantos E-28760 Madrid Spain
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7
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Torres P, Wu S, Ju S, Liu C, Tadano T, Yoshida R, Shiomi J. Descriptors of intrinsic hydrodynamic thermal transport: screening a phonon database in a machine learning approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:135702. [PMID: 35008073 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac49c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning techniques are used to explore the intrinsic origins of the hydrodynamic thermal transport and to find new materials interesting for science and engineering. The hydrodynamic thermal transport is governed intrinsically by the hydrodynamic scale and the thermal conductivity. The correlations between these intrinsic properties and harmonic and anharmonic properties, and a large number of compositional (290) and structural (1224) descriptors of 131 crystal compound materials are obtained, revealing some of the key descriptors that determines the magnitude of the intrinsic hydrodynamic effects, most of them related with the phonon relaxation times. Then, a trained black-box model is applied to screen more than 5000 materials. The results identify materials with potential technological applications. Understanding the properties correlated to hydrodynamic thermal transport can help to find new thermoelectric materials and on the design of new materials to ease the heat dissipation in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- EURECAT, Technology Center of Catalonia, Applied Artificial Intelligence, 08290 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Wu
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- China-UK Low Carbon Collage, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Terumasa Tadano
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (CMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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8
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Ruiz-Clavijo A, Caballero-Calero O, Manzano CV, Maeder X, Beardo A, Cartoixà X, Álvarez FX, Martín-González M. 3D Bi 2Te 3 Interconnected Nanowire Networks to Increase Thermoelectric Efficiency. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:13556-13566. [PMID: 35647490 PMCID: PMC9127787 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D interconnected nanowire scaffoldings are shown to increase the thermoelectric efficiency in comparison to similar diameter 1D nanowires and films grown under similar electrodeposition conditions. Bi2Te3 3D nanonetworks offer a reduction in thermal conductivity (κT) while preserving the high electrical conductivity of the films. The reduction in κT is modeled using the hydrodynamic heat transport equation, and it can be understood as a heat viscosity effect due to the 3D nanostructuration. In addition, the Seebeck coefficient is twice that of nanowires and films, and up to 50% higher than in a single crystal. This increase is interpreted as a nonequilibrium effect that the geometry of the structure induces on the distribution function of the phonons, producing an enhanced phonon drag. These thermoelectric metamaterials have higher performance and are fabricated with large areas by a cost-effective method, which makes them suitable for up-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Manzano
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Maeder
- EMPA,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Albert Beardo
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Cartoixà
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Álvarez
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Zhu Q, Wang S, Wang X, Suwardi A, Chua MH, Soo XYD, Xu J. Bottom-Up Engineering Strategies for High-Performance Thermoelectric Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:119. [PMID: 34138379 PMCID: PMC8093352 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in thermoelectric materials are largely credited to two factors, namely established physical theories and advanced materials engineering methods. The developments in the physical theories have come a long way from the "phonon glass electron crystal" paradigm to the more recent band convergence and nanostructuring, which consequently results in drastic improvement in the thermoelectric figure of merit value. On the other hand, the progresses in materials fabrication methods and processing technologies have enabled the discovery of new physical mechanisms, hence further facilitating the emergence of high-performance thermoelectric materials. In recent years, many comprehensive review articles are focused on various aspects of thermoelectrics ranging from thermoelectric materials, physical mechanisms and materials process techniques in particular with emphasis on solid state reactions. While bottom-up approaches to obtain thermoelectric materials have widely been employed in thermoelectrics, comprehensive reviews on summarizing such methods are still rare. In this review, we will outline a variety of bottom-up strategies for preparing high-performance thermoelectric materials. In addition, state-of-art, challenges and future opportunities in this domain will be commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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10
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Ruiz-Clavijo A, Caballero-Calero O, Martín-González M. Revisiting anodic alumina templates: from fabrication to applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2227-2265. [PMID: 33480949 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anodic porous alumina, -AAO- (also known as nanoporous alumina, nanohole alumina arrays, -NAA- or nanoporous anodized alumina platforms, -NAAP-) has opened new opportunities in a wide range of fields, and is used as an advanced photonic structure for applications in structural coloration and advanced optical biosensing based on the ordered nanoporous structure obtained and as a template to grow nanowires or nanotubes of different materials giving rise to metamaterials with tailored properties. Therefore, understanding the structure of nanoporous anodic alumina templates and knowing how they are fabricated provide a tool for the further design of structures based on them, such as 3D nanoporous structures developed recently. In this work, we review the latest developments related to nanoporous alumina, which is currently a very active field, to provide a solid and thorough reference for all interested experts, both in academia and industry, on these nanostructured and highly useful structures. We present an overview of theories on the formation of pores and self-ordering in alumina, paying special attention to those presented in recent years, and different nanostructures that have been developed recently. Therefore, a wide variety of architectures, ranging from ordered nanoporous structures to diameter changing pores, branched pores, and 3D nanostructures will be discussed. Next, some of the most relevant results using different nanostructured morphologies as templates for the growth of different materials with novel properties and reduced dimensionality in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc. will be summarised, showing how these structures have influenced the state of the art in a wide variety of fields. Finally, a review on how these anodic aluminium membranes are used as platforms for different applications combined with optical techniques, together with principles behind these applications will be presented, in addition to a hint on the future applications of these versatile nanomaterials. In summary, this review is focused on the most recent developments, without neglecting the basis and older studies that have led the way to these findings. Thus, it gives an updated state-of-the-art review that should be useful not only for experts in the field, but also for non-specialists, helping them to gain a broad understanding of the importance of anodic porous alumina, and most probably, endow them with new ideas for its use in fields of interest or even developing the anodization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Manzano CV, Polyakov MN, Maiz J, Aguirre MH, Maeder X, Martín-González M. Pulsed current-voltage electrodeposition of stoichiometric Bi 2Te 3 nanowires and their crystallographic characterization by transmission electron backscatter diffraction. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:1022-1030. [PMID: 31723369 PMCID: PMC6830284 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1671778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bi2Te3 nanowires with diameters ranging from 25 to 270 nm, ultra-high aspect ratio, and uniform growth front were fabricated by electrodeposition, pulsing between zero current density during the off time and constant potential during the on time (pulsed-current-voltage method, p-IV). The use of zero current density during the off time is to ensure no electrodeposition is carried out and the system is totally relaxed. By this procedure, stoichiometric nanowires oriented perpendicular to the c-axis is obtained for the different diameters of porous alumina templates. In addition, the samples show a uniform growth front with ultra-high aspect ratio single crystal nanowires. The high degree of crystallinity was verified by transmission electron backscatter diffraction. This characterization revealed that the nanowires present both large single crystalline areas and areas with alternating twin configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Manzano
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Spain
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail N Polyakov
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Jon Maiz
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Myriam H Aguirre
- Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy and Department of Physics Condensed Matter, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragón-ICMA-CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Xavier Maeder
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Spain
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12
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Manzano CV, Martin-Gonzalez M. Electrodeposition of V-VI Nanowires and Their Thermoelectric Properties. Front Chem 2019; 7:516. [PMID: 31440496 PMCID: PMC6691689 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructuration is an intensive field of research due to the appearance of interesting properties at the nanoscale. For instance, in thermoelectricity the most outstanding improvements obtained lately are related to phenomena that appear as a result of nano-engineering different materials. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion from temperature gradients into electricity and vice versa. When going to low dimensions, for example in the particular case of thermoelectric nanowires, the transport properties of phonons are modified with respect to those found in bulk leading to a higher thermoelectric figure of merit z. In more detail, this review tries to compile some of the landmarks in the electrodeposition of Bi2Te3-based nanowires. We will focus on the achievements using different templates, electrolytes and deposition modes. We will also summarize the measurements performed in those nanowires and the main conclusions that can be extracted from the published works. Finally, an update of nanowire-based thermoelectric generators is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Manzano
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Singhal D, Paterson J, Ben-Khedim M, Tainoff D, Cagnon L, Richard J, Chavez-Angel E, Fernandez JJ, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Lacroix D, Bourgault D, Buttard D, Bourgeois O. Nanowire forest of pnictogen-chalcogenide alloys for thermoelectricity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13423-13430. [PMID: 31281906 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pnictogen and chalcogenide compounds have been seen as high-potential materials for efficient thermoelectric conversion over the past few decades. It is also known that with nanostructuration, the physical properties of these pnictogen-chalcogenide compounds can be further enhanced towards a more efficient heat conversion. Here, we report the reduced thermal conductivity of a large ensemble of Bi2Te3 alloy nanowires (70 nm in diameter) with selenium for n-type and antimony for p-type (Bi2Te3-ySey and Bi2-xSbxTe3 respectively). The nanowire growth was carried out through electrodeposition in nanoporous aluminium oxide templates with high aspect ratios leading to a forest (109 per centimetre square) of nearly identical nanowires. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity for the nanowire ensembles was acquired through a highly sensitive 3ω measurement technique. The change in the thermal conductivity of nanowires is largely affected by the roughness in addition to the size effect due to enhanced boundary scattering. The major factor that influences the thermal conductivity was found to be the ratio of the rms roughness to the correlation length of the nanowire. With a high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity at room temperature, the overall thermoelectric figure of merit ZT allows the consideration of such forests of nanowires as efficient potential building blocks of future TE devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Singhal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-Pheliqs, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jessy Paterson
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Meriam Ben-Khedim
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France and Technology R&D, STMicroelectronics, 13106 Rousset, France
| | - Dimitri Tainoff
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Cagnon
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Richard
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emigdio Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Jaramillo Fernandez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain and ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08100 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Lacroix
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, Nancy, F-54000 FRANCE
| | - Daniel Bourgault
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Buttard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-Pheliqs, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bourgeois
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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14
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Abstract
The field of thermoelectric research has undergone a renaissance and boom in the past two and a half decades, largely fueled by the prospect of engineering electronic and phononic properties in nanostructures, among which semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have served both as an important platform to investigate fundamental thermoelectric transport phenomena and as a promising route for high thermoelectric performance for diverse applications. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive look at various aspects of thermoelectrics of NWs. We start with a brief introduction of basic thermoelectric phenomena, followed by synthetic methods for thermoelectric NWs and a summary of their thermoelectric figures of merit (ZT). We then focus our discussion on charge and heat transport, which dictate thermoelectric power factor and thermal conductivity, respectively. For charge transport, we cover the basic principles governing the power factor and then review several strategies using NWs to enhance it, including earlier theoretical and experimental work on quantum confinement effects and semimetal-to-semiconductor transition, surface engineering and complex heterostructures to enhance the carrier mobility and power factor, and the recent emergence of topological insulator NWs. For phonon transport, we broadly categorize the work on thermal conductivity of NWs into five different effects: classic size effect, acoustic softening, surface roughness, complex NW morphology, and dimensional crossover. Finally, we discuss the integration of NWs for device applications for thermoelectric power generation and cooling. We conclude our review with some outlooks for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The University of California-San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The University of California-Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Woochul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1592 , United States
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Ketharachapalli B, Dash RK. Simple approach to synthesize CNTs uniformly coated Bi2Te3 nanocomposites by mechanical alloying. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Tamtögl A, Campi D, Bremholm M, Hedegaard EMJ, Iversen BB, Bianchi M, Hofmann P, Marzari N, Benedek G, Ellis J, Allison W. Nanoscale surface dynamics of Bi 2Te 3(111): observation of a prominent surface acoustic wave and the role of van der Waals interactions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14627-14636. [PMID: 30028450 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the surface vibrational modes of the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Using high-resolution helium-3 spin-echo spectroscopy we are able to resolve the acoustic phonon modes of Bi2Te3(111). The low energy region of the lattice vibrations is mainly dominated by the Rayleigh mode which has been claimed to be absent in previous experimental studies. The appearance of the Rayleigh mode is consistent with previous bulk lattice dynamics studies as well as theoretical predictions of the surface phonon modes. Density functional perturbation theory calculations including van der Waals corrections are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the experimental results with theoretically obtained values for films with a thickness of several layers further demonstrate, that for an accurate theoretical description of three-dimensional topological insulators with their layered structure the inclusion of van der Waals corrections is essential. The presence of a prominent surface acoustic wave and the contribution of van der Waals bonding to the lattice dynamics may hold important implications for the thermoelectric properties of thin-film and nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tamtögl
- Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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17
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Ali S, Orell O, Kanerva M, Hannula SP. Effect of Morphology and Crystal Structure on the Thermal Conductivity of Titania Nanotubes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:212. [PMID: 30014264 PMCID: PMC6047950 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Titania nanotubes (TNTs) with different morphology and crystal structure are prepared by chemical processing and rapid breakdown anodization (RBA) methods. The nanotubes are studied in terms of thermal conductivity. The TNTs with variable wall thickness below 30 nm have significantly reduced thermal conductivity than bulk titania, due to the phonon confinement, smaller phonon mean free path, and enhanced phonon boundary scattering. The amorphous nanotubes (TNTAmor) have comparatively thicker walls than both crystalline nanotubes. The TNTAmor has a thermal conductivity of 0.98 W m-1 K-1, which is slightly less than the thermal conductivity of crystalline anatase nanotubes (TNTA; 1.07 W m-1 K-1). However, the titania nanotubes with mixed structure (TNTA,T) and the smallest dimensions have the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.75 W m-1 K-1, probably due to the phonon confinement. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical study considering the size confinement effect with different wall dimensions of TNTs and surface scattering. The results agree well with the surface roughness factor (p) of 0.26 for TNTA,T, 0.18 for TNTA, and 0.65 for TNTAmor, indicating diffusive phonon scattering and rougher surfaces for TNTA. Interestingly, the present results together with those presented in literature suggest that thermal conductivity reduction with respect to the wall thickness occurs also for the amorphous nanotubes. This is ascribed to the role of propagons in the thermal transport of disordered structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Orell
- Laboratory of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Kanerva
- Laboratory of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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18
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Samaraweera N, Larkin JM, Chan KL, Mithraratne K. Modal analysis of the thermal conductivity of nanowires: examining unique thermal transport features. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:225301. [PMID: 29658884 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aabe54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, unique thermal transport features of nanowires over bulk materials are investigated using a combined analysis based on lattice dynamics and equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD). The evaluation of the thermal conductivity (TC) of Lenard-Jones nanowires becomes feasible due to the multi-step normal mode decomposition (NMD) procedure implemented in the study. A convergence issue of the TC of nanowires is addressed by the NMD implementation for two case studies, which employ pristine nanowires (PNW) and superlattice nanowires. Interestingly, mode relaxation times at low frequencies of acoustic branches exhibit signs of approaching constant values, thus indicating the convergence of TC. The TC evaluation procedure is further verified by implementing EMD-based Green-Kubo analysis, which is based on a fundamentally different physical perspective. Having verified the NMD procedure, the non-monotonic trend of the TC of nanowires is addressed. It is shown that the principal cause for the observed trend is due to the competing effects of long wavelength phonons and phonon-surface scatterings as the nanowire's cross-sectional width is changed. A computational procedure is developed to decompose the different modal contribution to the TC of shell alloy nanowires (SANWs) using virtual crystal NMD and the Allen-Feldman theory. Several important conclusions can be drawn from the results. A propagons to non-propagons boundary appeared, resulting in a cut-off frequency (ω cut); moreover, as alloy atomic mass is increased, ω cut shifts to lower frequencies. The existence of non-propagons partly causes the low TC of SANWs. It can be seen that modes with low frequencies demonstrate a similar behavior to corresponding modes of PNWs. Moreover, lower group velocities associated with higher alloy atomic mass resulted in a lower TC of SANWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka Samaraweera
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92100, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Ruiz-Clavijo A, Caballero-Calero O, Martín-González M. Three-Dimensional Bi₂Te₃ Networks of Interconnected Nanowires: Synthesis and Optimization. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050345. [PMID: 29783697 PMCID: PMC5977359 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-standing Bi2Te3 networks of interconnected nanowires were fabricated in three-dimensional porous anodic alumina templates (3D–AAO) with a porous structure spreading in all three spatial dimensions. Pulsed electrodeposition parameters were optimized to grow highly oriented Bi2Te3 interconnected nanowires with stoichiometric composition inside those 3D–AAO templates. The nanowire networks were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. The results are compared to those obtained in films and 1D nanowires grown under similar conditions. The crystalline structure and composition of the 3D Bi–Te nanowire network are finely tuned by controlling the applied voltage and the relaxation time off at zero current density during the deposition. With this fabrication method, and controlling the electrodeposition parameters, stoichiometric Bi2Te3 networks of interconnected nanowires have been obtained, with a preferential orientation along [1 1 0], which makes them optimal candidates for out-of-plane thermoelectric applications. Moreover, the templates in which they are grown can be dissolved and the network of interconnected nanowires is self-standing without affecting its composition and orientation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, E-28760 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Phonon Transport through Nanoscale Contact in Tip-Based Thermal Analysis of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7080200. [PMID: 28788053 PMCID: PMC5575682 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been actively employed in various applications for energy and sustainability, such as biosensing, gas sensing, solar thermal energy conversion, passive radiative cooling, etc. Understanding thermal transports inside such nanomaterials is crucial for optimizing their performance for different applications. In order to probe the thermal transport inside nanomaterials or nanostructures, tip-based nanoscale thermometry has often been employed. It has been well known that phonon transport in nanometer scale is fundamentally different from that occurred in macroscale. Therefore, Fourier’s law that relies on the diffusion approximation is not ideally suitable for describing the phonon transport occurred in nanostructures and/or through nanoscale contact. In the present study, the gray Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) is numerically solved using finite volume method. Based on the gray BTE, phonon transport through the constriction formed by a probe itself as well as the nanoscale contact between the probe tip and the specimen is investigated. The interaction of a probe and a specimen (i.e., treated as a substrate) is explored qualitatively by analyzing the temperature variation in the tip-substrate configuration. Besides, each contribution of a probe tip, tip-substrate interface, and a substrate to the thermal resistance are analyzed for wide ranges of the constriction ratio of the probe.
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