1
|
Li X, Wang Z, Lei Z, Ding W, Shi X, Yan J, Ku J. Magnetic characterization techniques and micromagnetic simulations of magnetic nanostructures: from zero to three dimensions. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37981862 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the magnetic characteristics of magnetic nanostructures (MNs) in various dimensions is a crucial direction of research in nanomagnetism, with MNs belonging to various dimensions exhibiting magnetic properties related to their geometry. A better understanding of these magnetic properties is required for MN manipulation. The primary tools for researching MNs are magnetic characterisation techniques with great spatial resolution and spin sensitivity. Micromagnetic simulation is another technique that minimises experimental costs, while providing information on the magnetic structure and magnetic behaviour, and has enormous potential for predicting, validating, and extending the magnetic characterisation results. This review first looks at the progress of research into quantitatively characterising the magnetic properties of low-dimensional (including 0D, 1D, and 2D) and 3D MNs in two directions: magnetic characterisation techniques and micromagnetic simulations, with a particular emphasis on the potential for future applications of these techniques. Single magnetic characterization techniques, single micromagnetic simulations, or a mix of both are utilised in these research studies to investigate MNs in a variety of dimensions. How the magnetic characterisation techniques and micromagnetic simulations can be better applied to MNs in various dimensions is then outlined. This discussion has significant application potential for low-dimensional and 3D MNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High-value Utilization of Energy Metals, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Zhaolian Wang
- Shandong Huate Magnet Technology Co., Ltd, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Zhongyun Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Xiao Shi
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jujian Yan
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Jiangang Ku
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High-value Utilization of Energy Metals, Fuzhou 350116, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Escalante-Quiceno AT, Novotný O, Neuman J, Magén C, De Teresa JM. Long-Term Performance of Magnetic Force Microscopy Tips Grown by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2879. [PMID: 36991589 PMCID: PMC10052145 DOI: 10.3390/s23062879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution micro- and nanostructures can be grown using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID), a direct-write, resist-free nanolithography technology which allows additive patterning, typically with sub-100 nm lateral resolution, and down to 10 nm in optimal conditions. This technique has been used to grow magnetic tips for use in Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). Due to their high aspect ratio and good magnetic behavior, these FEBID magnetic tips provide several advantages over commercial magnetic tips when used for simultaneous topographical and magnetic measurements. Here, we report a study of the durability of these excellent candidates for high-resolution MFM measurements. A batch of FEBID-grown magnetic tips was subjected to a systematic analysis of MFM magnetic contrast for 30 weeks, using magnetic storage tape as a test specimen. Our results indicate that these FEBID magnetic tips operate effectively over a long period of time. The magnetic signal was well preserved, with a maximum reduction of 60% after 21 weeks of recurrent use. No significant contrast degradation was observed after 30 weeks in storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Neuman
- NenoVision s.r.o., 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu X, Zhang W, Wang W, Chen Y. Accurate determination of MFM tip's magnetic parameters on nanoparticles by decoupling the influence of electrostatic force. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:475703. [PMID: 35970138 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has become one of the most important instruments for characterizing magnetic materials with nanoscale spatial resolution. When analyzing magnetic particles by MFM, calibration of the magnetic tips using reference magnetic nanoparticles is a prerequisite due to similar orientation and dimension of the yielded magnetic fields. However, in such a calibration process, errors caused by extra electrostatic interactions will significantly affect the output results. In this work, we evaluate the magnetic moment and dipole radius of the MFM tip on Fe3O4nanoparticles by considering the associated electrostatic force. The coupling of electrostatic contribution on the measured MFM phase is eliminated by combining MFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy together with theoretical modeling. Numerical simulations and experiments on nickel nanoparticles demonstrate the effectiveness of decoupling. Results show that the calibrated MFM tip can enable a more accurate analysis of micro-and-nano magnetism. In addition, a fast and easy calibration method by using bimodal MFM is discussed, in which the acquisition of multiple phase shifts at different lift heights is not required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Wu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tunes MA, Greaves G, Rack PD, Boldman WL, Schön CG, Pogatscher S, Maloy SA, Zhang Y, El-Atwani O. Irradiation stability and induced ferromagnetism in a nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi highly-concentrated alloy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20437-20450. [PMID: 34859248 PMCID: PMC8675024 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the field of radiation damage of crystalline solids, new highly-concentrated alloys (HCAs) are now considered to be suitable candidate materials for next generation fission/fusion reactors due to recently recorded outstanding radiation tolerance. Despite the preliminarily reported extraordinary properties, the mechanisms of degradation, phase instabilities and decomposition of HCAs are still largely unexplored fields of research. Herein, we investigate the response of a nanocrystalline CoCrCuFeNi HCA to thermal annealing and heavy ion irradiation in the temperature range from 293 to 773 K with the objective to analyze the stability of the nanocrystalline HCA in extreme conditions. The results led to the identification of two regimes of response to irradiation: (i) in which the alloy was observed to be tolerant under extreme irradiation conditions and (ii) in which the alloy is subject to matrix phase instabilities. The formation of FeCo monodomain nanoparticles under these conditions is also reported and a differential phase contrast study in the analytical electron-microscope is carried out to qualitatively probe its magnetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A Tunes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Graeme Greaves
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Philip D Rack
- Joint Staff Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
| | - Walker L Boldman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
| | - Cláudio G Schön
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stuart A Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USA.
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
| | - Osman El-Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berganza E, Marqués-Marchán J, Bran C, Vazquez M, Asenjo A, Jaafar M. Evidence of Skyrmion-Tube Mediated Magnetization Reversal in Modulated Nanowires. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195671. [PMID: 34640067 PMCID: PMC8509997 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanowires, conceived as individual building blocks for spintronic devices, constitute a well-suited model to design and study magnetization reversal processes, or to tackle fundamental questions, such as the presence of topologically protected magnetization textures under particular conditions. Recently, a skyrmion-tube mediated magnetization reversal process was theoretically reported in diameter modulated cylindrical nanowires. In these nanowires, a vortex nucleates at the end of the segments with larger diameter and propagates, resulting in a first switching of the nanowire core magnetization at small fields. In this work, we show experimental evidence of the so-called Bloch skyrmion-tubes, using advanced Magnetic Force Microscopy modes to image the magnetization reversal process of FeCoCu diameter modulated nanowires. By monitoring the magnetic state of the nanowire during applied field sweeping, a detected drop of magnetic signal at a given critical field unveils the presence of a skyrmion-tube, due to mutually compensating stray field components. That evidences the presence of a skyrmion-tube as an intermediate stage during the magnetization reversal, whose presence is related to the geometrical dimensions of the cylindrical segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Berganza
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Marqués-Marchán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (A.A.)
| | - C. Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (A.A.)
| | - M. Vazquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (A.A.)
| | - A. Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (C.B.); (M.V.); (A.A.)
| | - M. Jaafar
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iacovita C, Hurst J, Manfredi G, Hervieux PA, Donnio B, Gallani JL, Rastei MV. Magnetic force fields of isolated small nanoparticle clusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1842-1851. [PMID: 31899471 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The usage of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) in applications necessitates a precise mastering of their properties at the single nanoparticle level. There has been a lot of progress in the understanding of the magnetic properties of NPs, but incomparably less when interparticle interactions govern the overall magnetic response. Here, we present a quantitative investigation of magnetic fields generated by small clusters of NPs assembled on a dielectric non-magnetic surface. Structures ranging from individual NPs to fifth-fold particulate clusters are investigated in their magnetization saturation state by magnetic force microscopy and numerical calculations. It is found that the magnetic stray field does not increase proportionally with the number of NPs in the cluster. Both measured and calculated magnetic force fields underline the great importance of the exact spatial arrangement of NPs, shedding light on the magnetic force field distribution of particulate clusters, which is relevant for the quantitative evaluation of their magnetization and perceptibly for many applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Iacovita
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sifford J, Walsh KJ, Tong S, Bao G, Agarwal G. Indirect magnetic force microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2348-2355. [PMID: 31608318 PMCID: PMC6788631 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based technique to map magnetic domains in a sample. MFM is widely used to characterize magnetic recording media, magnetic domain walls in materials, nanoparticles and more recently iron deposits in biological samples. However, conventional MFM requires multiple scans of the samples, suffers from various artifacts and is limited in its capability for multimodal imaging or imaging in a fluid environment. We propose a new modality, namely indirect magnetic force microscopy (ID-MFM), a technique that employs an ultrathin barrier between the probe and the sample. Using fluorescently conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, we demonstrate how ID-MFM can be achieved using commercially available silicon nitride windows, MFM probes and AFM equipment. The MFM signals obtained using ID-MFM were comparable to those obtained using conventional MFM. Further, samples prepared for ID-MFM were compatible with multi-modal imaging via fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Thus ID-MFM can serve as a high-throughput, multi-modal microscopy technique which can be especially attractive for detecting magnetism in nanoparticles and biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Sifford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Kevin J. Walsh
- Biophysics Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Sheng Tong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University288 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack RoadColumbusOH 43210USA+1 614 247 7799+1 614 292 4213
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neu V, Vock S, Sturm T, Schultz L. Epitaxial hard magnetic SmCo 5 MFM tips - a new approach to advanced magnetic force microscopy imaging. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16881-16886. [PMID: 30175364 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03997f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cantilever based scanning force sensors, which probe a specific tip-sample interaction through a functional tip coating, are limited by the material performance achievable in the coating process. In case of the wide spread magnetic force microscopy (MFM) technique, the magnetic performance of MFM tips, especially the response to magnetic fields and the coercivity, fall far behind the quality known from permanent magnet films prepared with optimized process conditions on appropriate substrates. We resolve this limitation by starting from an optimized thin film architecture - a highly anisotropic SmCo5 film grown epitaxially on MgO(110) substrates - from which a tip is separated by focused ion beam and is attached to a cantilever. Not compromising on resolution and sensitivity, we demonstrate an unrivaled rigidity in magnetic fields, which will largely advance quantitative microscopic investigation of magnetic materials with strong stray fields and allows MFM measurements in external magnetic fields of currently up to 0.7 T. The material optimization for a specific sample - cantilever interaction without restrictions in substrate, film architecture, film preparation conditions and tip shape, is not limited to MFM but offers new opportunities also for other scanning force microscopy modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neu
- Institute for Metallic Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Angeloni L, Reggente M, Passeri D, Natali M, Rossi M. Identification of nanoparticles and nanosystems in biological matrices with scanning probe microscopy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1521. [PMID: 29665287 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of nanoparticles and nanosystems into cells and biological matrices is a hot research topic in nanobiotechnologies. Because of their capability to map physical properties (mechanical, electric, magnetic, chemical, or optical), several scanning probe microscopy based techniques have been proposed for the subsurface detection of nanomaterials in biological systems. In particular, atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to reveal stiff nanoparticles in cells and other soft biomaterials by probing the sample mechanical properties through the acquisition of local indentation curves or through the combination of ultrasound-based methods, like contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) or scanning near field ultrasound holography. Magnetic force microscopy can detect magnetic nanoparticles and other magnetic (bio)materials in nonmagnetic biological samples, while electric force microscopy, conductive AFM, and Kelvin probe force microscopy can reveal buried nanomaterials on the basis of the differences between their electric properties and those of the surrounding matrices. Finally, scanning near field optical microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can visualize buried nanostructures on the basis of their optical and chemical properties. Despite at a still early stage, these methods are promising for detection of nanomaterials in biological systems as they could be truly noninvasive, would not require destructive and time-consuming specific sample preparation, could be performed in vitro, on alive samples and in water or physiological environment, and by continuously imaging the same sample could be used to dynamically monitor the diffusion paths and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterials into cells and biological systems. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Angeloni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Reggente
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Natali
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|