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Ernst WE, Lasserus M, Knez D, Hofer F, Hauser AW. Mixed-metal nanoparticles: phase transitions and diffusion in Au-VO clusters. Faraday Discuss 2023; 242:160-173. [PMID: 36178317 PMCID: PMC9890498 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles with diameters in the range of a few nanometers, consisting of gold and vanadium oxide, are synthesized by sequential doping of cold helium droplets in a molecular beam apparatus and deposited on solid carbon substrates. After surface deposition, the samples are removed and various measurement techniques are applied to characterize the created particles: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) at atomic resolution, temperature dependent STEM and TEM up to 650 °C, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). In previous experiments we have shown that pure V2O5 nanoparticles can be generated by sublimation from the bulk and deposited without affecting their original stoichiometry. Interestingly, our follow-up attempts to create Au@V2O5 core@shell particles do not yield the expected encapsulated structure. Instead, Janus particles of Au and V2O5 with diameters between 10 and 20 nm are identified after deposition. At the interface of the Au and the V2O5 parts we observe an epitaxial-like growth of the vanadium oxide next to the Au structure. To test the temperature stability of these Janus-type particles, the samples are heated in situ during the STEM measurements from room temperature up to 650 °C, where a reduction from V2O5 to V2O3 is followed by a restructuring of the gold atoms to form a Wulff-shaped cluster layer. The temperature dependent dynamic interplay between gold and vanadium oxide in structures of only a few nanometer size is the central topic of this contribution to the Faraday Discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang E. Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | | | - Daniel Knez
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Andreas W. Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
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2
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Bhuskute BD, Ali-Löytty H, Honkanen M, Salminen T, Valden M. Influence of the photodeposition sequence on the photocatalytic activity of plasmonic Ag-Au/TiO 2 nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4335-4343. [PMID: 36321159 PMCID: PMC9552921 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00440b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic Ag-Au/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by sequential photodeposition in order to investigate the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties on photocatalytic activity for solar water splitting and methylene blue (MB) degradation. The photodeposition times were optimized for monometallic Ag/TiO2 and Au/TiO2 nanocomposites to yield maximum SPR absorption in the visible range. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of bimetallic Ag-Au/TiO2 nanocomposites outperformed monometallic nanocomposites only when Au was photodeposited first on TiO2, which was attributed to Au-core-Ag-shell nanoparticle morphology. In contrast, reversing the photodeposition order resulted in Ag-Au alloy nanoparticle morphology, which was mediated by the galvanic replacement reaction during the second photodeposition. Alloying was not beneficial to the photocatalytic activity. These results demonstrate alloying during sequential photodeposition providing new insights for the synthesis of TiO2-based photocatalysts with plasmon-enhanced absorption in the visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela D Bhuskute
- Surface Science Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University P.O. Box 692 FI-33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Harri Ali-Löytty
- Surface Science Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University P.O. Box 692 FI-33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Mari Honkanen
- Tampere Microscopy Center, Tampere University P.O. Box 692 FI-33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Turkka Salminen
- Tampere Microscopy Center, Tampere University P.O. Box 692 FI-33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Mika Valden
- Surface Science Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University P.O. Box 692 FI-33014 Tampere Finland
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3
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Albertini S, Gruber E, Zappa F, Krasnokutski S, Laimer F, Scheier P. Chemistry and physics of dopants embedded in helium droplets. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:529-567. [PMID: 33993543 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Helium droplets represent a cold inert matrix, free of walls with outstanding properties to grow complexes and clusters at conditions that are perfect to simulate cold and dense regions of the interstellar medium. At sub-Kelvin temperatures, barrierless reactions triggered by radicals or ions have been observed and studied by optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The present review summarizes developments of experimental techniques and methods and recent results they enabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Albertini
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabio Zappa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Serge Krasnokutski
- Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the MPI for Astronomy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Laimer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Blancafort-Jorquera M, González M. Vibrational energy relaxation of a diatomic molecule in a superfluid helium nanodroplet: influence of the nanodroplet size, interaction energy and energy gap. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25961-25973. [PMID: 34783338 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the nanodroplet size, molecule-helium interaction potential energy and ν = 1 - ν = 0 vibrational energy gap on the vibrational energy relaxation (VER) of a diatomic molecule (X2) in a superfluid helium nanodroplet [HeND or (4He)N; finite quantum solvent at T = 0.37 K] has been studied using a hybrid quantum approach recently proposed by us and taking as a reference the VER results on the I2@(4He)100 doped nanodroplet (Vilà et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 118, which corresponds to the first theoretical study on the VER of molecules embedded in a HeND). This has allowed us to obtain a deeper insight into the vibrational relaxation dynamics. The nanodroplet size has a very small effect on the VER, as this process mainly depends on the interaction between the molecule and the nanodroplet first solvation shell. Regarding the interaction potential energy and the energy gap, both factors play an important and comparable role in the VER time properties (global relaxation time, lifetime and transition time). As the former becomes stronger the relaxation time properties decrease in a significant way (their inverse follows a linear dependence with respect to the ν = 1 - ν = 0 coupling term) and they also decrease in a significant manner when the energy gap diminishes (linear dependence on the ν = 1 - ν = 0 energy difference). We expect that this study will motivate further work on the vibrational relaxation process in HeNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Blancafort-Jorquera
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física and IQTC, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel González
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física and IQTC, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Zheng J, Cheng X, Zhang H, Bai X, Ai R, Shao L, Wang J. Gold Nanorods: The Most Versatile Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13342-13453. [PMID: 34569789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs), pseudo-one-dimensional rod-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), have become one of the burgeoning materials in the recent years due to their anisotropic shape and adjustable plasmonic properties. With the continuous improvement in synthetic methods, a variety of materials have been attached around Au NRs to achieve unexpected or improved plasmonic properties and explore state-of-the-art technologies. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the latest progress on Au NRs, the most versatile anisotropic plasmonic NPs. We present a representative overview of the advances in the synthetic strategies and outline an extensive catalogue of Au-NR-based heterostructures with tailored architectures and special functionalities. The bottom-up assembly of Au NRs into preprogrammed metastructures is then discussed, as well as the design principles. We also provide a systematic elucidation of the different plasmonic properties associated with the Au-NR-based structures, followed by a discussion of the promising applications of Au NRs in various fields. We finally discuss the future research directions and challenges of Au NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xizhe Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruoqi Ai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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6
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López-Martín R, Burgos BS, Normile PS, De Toro JA, Binns C. Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2803. [PMID: 34835568 PMCID: PMC8618514 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles in terms of size control and flexibility in choice of materials is well known. There is increasing interest in synthesizing multi-element nanoparticles in order to optimize their performance in specific applications, and here, the flexibility of material choice is a key advantage. Mixtures of almost any solid materials can be manufactured and in the case of core-shell particles, there is independent control over core size and shell thickness. This review presents different methods of producing multi-element nanoparticles, including the use of multiple targets, alloy targets and in-line deposition methods to coat pre-formed cores. It also discusses the factors that produce alloy, core-shell or Janus morphologies and what is possible or not to synthesize. Some applications of multi-element nanoparticles in medicine will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chris Binns
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.L.-M.); (B.S.B.); (P.S.N.); (J.A.D.T.)
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7
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Nelli D, Pietrucci F, Ferrando R. Impurity diffusion in magic-size icosahedral clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144304. [PMID: 34654289 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic diffusion is at the basis of chemical ordering transformations in nanoalloys. Understanding the diffusion mechanisms at the atomic level is therefore a key issue in the study of the thermodynamic behavior of these systems and, in particular, of their evolution from out-of-equilibrium chemical ordering types often obtained in the experiments. Here, the diffusion is studied in the case of a single-atom impurity of Ag or Au moving within otherwise pure magic-size icosahedral clusters of Cu or Co by means of two different computational techniques, i.e., molecular dynamics and metadynamics. Our simulations reveal unexpected diffusion pathways, in which the displacement of the impurity is coupled with the creation of vacancies in the central part of the cluster. We show that the observed mechanism is quite different from the vacancy-mediated diffusion processes identified so far, and we demonstrate that it can be related to the presence of non-homogeneous compressive stress in the inner part of the icosahedral structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Fabio Pietrucci
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Ferrando
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova and CNR-IMEM, via Dodecaneso 33, Genova 16146, Italy
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8
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Mychinko M, Skorikov A, Albrecht W, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Zhuo X, Kumar V, Liz-Marzán LM, Bals S. The Influence of Size, Shape, and Twin Boundaries on Heat-Induced Alloying in Individual Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102348. [PMID: 34259397 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions during real-world application of bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) often include the use of elevated temperatures, which are known to cause elemental redistribution, in turn significantly altering the properties of these nanomaterials. Therefore, a thorough understanding of such processes is of great importance. The recently developed combination of fast electron tomography with in situ heating holders is a powerful approach to investigate heat-induced processes at the single NP level, with high spatial resolution in 3D. In combination with 3D finite-difference diffusion simulations, this method can be used to disclose the influence of various NP parameters on the diffusion dynamics in Au@Ag core-shell systems. A detailed study of the influence of heating on atomic diffusion and alloying for Au@Ag NPs with varying core morphology and crystallographic details is carried out. Whereas the core shape and aspect ratio of the NPs play a minor role, twin boundaries are found to have a strong influence on the elemental diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Mychinko
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Alexander Skorikov
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Vished Kumar
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
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9
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Jiang YC, Sun S, Zhang TY. Thickness- and temperature-dependent Grüneisen parameter in thin films. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9853-9863. [PMID: 34037051 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01164b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Grüneisen formula is one of the most important equations of state, in which the Grüneisen parameter plays a key role in the linkage of mechanical and thermal properties of materials. In the present work, for the first time, we investigate the dependence of the Grüneisen parameter on film-thickness and temperature via theoretical modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The theoretical analysis gives two analytic expressions of a thickness- and temperature-dependent Grüneisen parameter, and the difference between the two analytic expressions lies in the quadratic or linear dependence on temperature. MD simulations are conducted on face-centered cubic (FCC) Ni, Cu, and Au (001) thin films and their bulk counterparts. The simulation results completely verify the theoretical results and determine the values of parameters involved in the theoretical modeling. The thickness- and temperature-dependent film heat capacity density is also investigated during the course of the Grüneisen parameter study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chen Jiang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China.
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10
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Ernst WE, Hauser AW. Metal clusters synthesized in helium droplets: structure and dynamics from experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 23:7553-7574. [PMID: 33057510 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04349d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal clusters have drawn continuous interest because of their high potential for the assembly of matter with special properties that may significantly differ from the corresponding bulk. Controlled combination of particular elements in one nanoparticle can increase the options for the creation of new materials for photonic, catalytic, or electronic applications. Superfluid helium droplets provide confinement and ultralow temperature, i.e. an ideal environment for the atom-by-atom aggregation of a new nanoparticle. This perspective presents a review of the current research progress on the synthesis of tailored metal and metal oxide clusters including core-shell designs, their characterization within the helium droplet beam, deposition on various solid substrates, and analysis via surface diagnostics. Special attention is given to the thermal properties of mixed metal clusters and questions about alloy formation on the nanoscale. Experimental results are accompanied by theoretical approaches employing computational chemistry, molecular dynamics simulations and He density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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11
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Kwon T, Jun M, Lee K. Catalytic Nanoframes and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001345. [PMID: 32633878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing need for the production and expenditure of sustainable energy is a result of the astonishing rate of consumption of fossil fuels and the accompanying environmental problems. Emphasis is being directed to the generation of sustainable energy by the fuel cell and water splitting technologies. Accordingly, the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts has attracted significant interest, as the fuel cell and water splitting technologies are critically dependent on their performance. Among numerous catalyst designs under investigation, nanoframe catalysts have an intrinsically large surface area per volume and a tunable composition, which impacts the number of catalytically active sites and their intrinsic catalytic activity, respectively. Nevertheless, the structural integrity of the nanoframe during electrochemical operation is an ongoing concern. Some significant advances in the field of nanoframe catalysts have been recently accomplished, specifically geared to resolving the catalytic stability concerns and significantly boosting the intrinsic catalytic activity of the active sites. Herein, general synthetic concepts of nanoframe structures and their structure-dependent catalytic performance are summarized, along with recent notable advances in this field. A discussion on the remaining challenges and future directions, addressing the limitations of nanoframe catalysts, are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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12
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Schnedlitz M, Knez D, Lasserus M, Hofer F, Fernández-Perea R, Hauser AW, Pilar de Lara-Castells M, Ernst WE. Thermally Induced Diffusion and Restructuring of Iron Triade (Fe, Co, Ni) Nanoparticles Passivated by Several Layers of Gold. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:16680-16688. [PMID: 32765801 PMCID: PMC7397372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-induced structural changes of Fe-, Co-, and Ni-Au core-shell nanoparticles with diameters around 5 nm are studied via atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy. We observe structural transitions from local toward global energy minima induced by elevated temperatures. The experimental observations are accompanied by a computational modeling of all core-shell particles with either centralized or decentralized core positions. The embedded atom model is employed and further supported by density functional theory calculations. We provide a detailed comparison of vacancy formation energies obtained for all materials involved in order to explain the variations in the restructuring processes which we observe in temperature-programmed TEM studies of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schnedlitz
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis & Graz Centre for Electron
Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lasserus
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Institute
for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis & Graz Centre for Electron
Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas W. Hauser
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang E. Ernst
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Skorikov A, Albrecht W, Bladt E, Xie X, van der Hoeven JES, van Blaaderen A, Van Aert S, Bals S. Quantitative 3D Characterization of Elemental Diffusion Dynamics in Individual Ag@Au Nanoparticles with Different Shapes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13421-13429. [PMID: 31626527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic bimetallic nanoparticles are promising candidates for plasmonic and catalytic applications. Their catalytic performance and plasmonic properties are closely linked to the distribution of the two metals, which can change during applications in which the particles are exposed to heat. Due to this fact, correlating the thermal stability of complex heterogeneous nanoparticles to their microstructural properties is of high interest for the practical applications of such materials. Here, we employ quantitative electron tomography in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) mode to measure the 3D elemental diffusion dynamics in individual anisotropic Au-Ag nanoparticles upon heating in situ. This approach allows us to study the elemental redistribution in complex, asymmetric nanoparticles on a single particle level, which has been inaccessible to other techniques so far. In this work, we apply the proposed method to compare the alloying dynamics of Au-Ag nanoparticles with different shapes and compositions and find that the shape of the nanoparticle does not exhibit a significant effect on the alloying speed whereas the composition does. Finally, comparing the experimental results to diffusion simulations allows us to estimate the diffusion coefficients of the metals for individual nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Skorikov
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5 , 3584 CC Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jessi E S van der Hoeven
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5 , 3584 CC Utrecht , The Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5 , 3584 CC Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Van Aert
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
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14
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Lasserus M, Knez D, Schnedlitz M, Hauser AW, Hofer F, Ernst WE. On the passivation of iron particles at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2276-2283. [PMID: 36131962 PMCID: PMC9418694 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of Fe@Au core@shell clusters with sizes below 5 nm is studied via high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The bimetallic nanoparticles are grown in superfluid helium droplets under fully inert conditions, avoiding any effect of solvents or template structures, and deposited on amorphous carbon. Oxidation resistivity is tested by exposure to oxygen at ambient conditions. The passivating effect of Au-shells is studied in detail and a critical Au shell thickness is determined which keeps the Fe core completely unharmed. Additionally, we present the first synthesis of Fe@Au@Fe-oxide onion-type structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lasserus
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43-316-873-108140 +43-316-873-8157 +43-316-873-8140
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis & Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology Steyrergasse 17 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Schnedlitz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43-316-873-108140 +43-316-873-8157 +43-316-873-8140
| | - Andreas W Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43-316-873-108140 +43-316-873-8157 +43-316-873-8140
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis & Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology Steyrergasse 17 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43-316-873-108140 +43-316-873-8157 +43-316-873-8140
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15
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Lasserus M, Schnedlitz M, Messner R, Lackner F, Ernst WE, Hauser AW. Vanadium(V) oxide clusters synthesized by sublimation from bulk under fully inert conditions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3473-3480. [PMID: 30996937 PMCID: PMC6432649 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
While laser ablation in combination with electron impact mass spectroscopy yield numerous fragments and reaction products, helium-mediated mass analysis reveals the sublimation from bulk in units of (V2O5)2.
Oxide nanoparticles in the size range of a few nanometers are typically synthesized in solution or via laser ablation techniques, which open numerous channels for structural change via chemical reactions or fragmentation processes. In this work, neutral vanadium oxide nanoparticles are instead synthesized by sublimation from bulk in combination with a pickup by superfluid helium droplets. Mass spectroscopy measurements clearly demonstrate the preservation of the bulk stoichiometric ratio of vanadium to oxygen in He-grown nanoparticles, indicating a tendency towards tetrahedral coordination of the vanadium centers in finite geometries. This unexpected finding opens up new possibilities for a combined on-the-fly synthesis of nanoparticles consisting of metal and metal-oxide layers. In comparison to mass spectra obtained via direct ionization of vanadium oxide in an effusive beam, where strong fragmentation occurred, we observe a clear preference for (V2O5)n oligomers with even n inside the He nanodroplets, which is further investigated and explained using the electronic structure theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lasserus
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
| | - Martin Schnedlitz
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
| | - Roman Messner
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
| | - Florian Lackner
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
| | - Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
| | - Andreas W Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , A-8010 Graz , Austria . ; ; ; Tel: +43 316 873 8157 ; Tel: +43 316 873 8140
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16
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Cao M, Liu Q, Chen M, Chen L, Yang D, Hu H, He L, Zhang G, Zhang Q. Fully Alloying AuAg Nanorods in a Photothermal Nano-Oven: Superior Plasmonic Property and Enhanced Chemical Stability. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18623-18629. [PMID: 31458429 PMCID: PMC6643946 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fully alloyed metallic nanomaterials have attracted much attention because of the superior chemical and physical properties to their single components. However, it has been difficult to make fully alloyed anisotropic nanostructures due to the required high energy input. Here we present the preparation of fully alloyed AuAg nanorods by using a photothermal nano-oven, in which Au@Ag nanorods can convert absorbed light to thermal energy while the silica shell can act as both the thermal insulator and protective layer to facilitate the alloying process. The as-prepared AuAg nanorods showed enhanced plasmonic property stemming from silver and much higher chemical stability in a corrosive environment derived from gold. This method opens up a new approach for the preparation of plasmonic nanostructures with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhan Cao
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Qipeng Liu
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Di Yang
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Huicheng Hu
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, PR
China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional
Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based
Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow
University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, PR
China
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17
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Knez D, Schnedlitz M, Lasserus M, Schiffmann A, Ernst WE, Hofer F. Modelling electron beam induced dynamics in metallic nanoclusters. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 192:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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van der Hoeven JS, Welling TAJ, Silva TAG, van den Reijen JE, La Fontaine C, Carrier X, Louis C, van Blaaderen A, de Jongh PE. In Situ Observation of Atomic Redistribution in Alloying Gold-Silver Nanorods. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8467-8476. [PMID: 30011370 PMCID: PMC6197757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic performance and optical properties of bimetallic nanoparticles critically depend on the atomic distribution of the two metals in the nanoparticles. However, at elevated temperatures, during light-induced heating, or during catalysis, atomic redistribution can occur. Measuring such metal redistribution in situ is challenging, and a single experimental technique does not suffice. Furthermore, the availability of a well-defined nanoparticle system has been an obstacle for a systematic investigation of the key factors governing the atomic redistribution. In this study, we follow metal redistribution in precisely tunable, single-crystalline Au-core, Ag-shell nanorods in situ, both at a single particle and an ensemble-averaged level, by combining in situ transmission electron spectroscopy with in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure validated by ex situ measurements. We show that the kinetics of atomic redistribution in Au-Ag nanoparticles depend on the metal composition and particle volume, such that a higher Ag content or a larger particle size led to significantly slower metal redistribution. We developed a simple theoretical model based on Fick's first law that can correctly predict the composition- and size-dependent alloying behavior in Au-Ag nanoparticles, as observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi
E. S. van der Hoeven
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A. J. Welling
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago A. G. Silva
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jeroen E. van den Reijen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Camille La Fontaine
- L’Orme
des Merisiers, Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48, Saint-Aubin, 91 192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Carrier
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Louis
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Kranabetter L, Martini P, Gitzl N, Kuhn M, Saleem F, Rasul B, Mahmoodi Darian M, Jabbour Al Maalouf E, Sukuba I, Kaiser A, Goulart M, Böhme DK, Scheier P. Uptake and accommodation of water clusters by adamantane clusters in helium droplets: interplay between magic number clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21573-21579. [PMID: 30095137 PMCID: PMC6113683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an experimental study of water clusters as guests in interactions with clusters of adamantane (Ad) as hosts that occur in doped helium droplets at extremely low temperatures. Separate experiments with pure water as dopant showed ready formation of a distribution of water clusters (H2O)mH+ that peaks at m = 11 and extends beyond m = 100 with local maxima at m = 4, 11, 21, 28 and 30 with (H2O)21H+ being the most anomalous and showing the greatest stability with respect to clusters immediately adjacent in water content. When adamantane is also added as a dopant, extensive hydration is seen in the formation of water/adamantane clusters, (H2O)mAdn+; magic number clusters (H2O)21Adn+ are seen for all the adamantane clusters. Other magic numbers for water clusters attached to adamantane, (H2O)mAdn+, are as for pristine protonated water, with m = 28 and m = 30. The icosahedral shell closure of pure adamantane at n = 13 and 19 appears to be preserved with (H2O)21 replacing one adamantane. (H2O)21Ad12+ and (H2O)21Ad18+ stand out in intensity and demonstrate the interplay of magic number water clusters with magic number adamantane clusters, observed perhaps for the first time in gas-phase cluster chemistry. There was no clear evidence for the formation of clathrate hydrates in which adamantane is trapped within structured water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kranabetter
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Paul Martini
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Norbert Gitzl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Martin Kuhn
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Fatima Saleem
- Department of Physics
, University of Sargodha
,
40100 Sargodha
, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Rasul
- Department of Physics
, University of Sargodha
,
40100 Sargodha
, Pakistan
| | | | - Elias Jabbour Al Maalouf
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Ivan Sukuba
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics
, Comenius University
,
SK-84248 Bratislava
, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Marcelo Goulart
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Diethard K. Böhme
- Department of Chemistry
, York University
,
Toronto
, ON M3J 1P3
, Canada
.
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
, Universität Innsbruck
,
Technikerstr. 25
, A-6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
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