1
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Vereshchagin AA, Volkov AI, Novoselova JV, Panjwani NA, Yankin AN, Sizov VV, Lukyanov DA, Behrends J, Levin OV. Harmonizing Energies: The Interplay Between a Nonplanar SalEn-Type Molecule and a TEMPO Moiety in a New Hybrid Energy-Storing Redox-Conducting Polymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400074. [PMID: 38593474 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Redox-conducting polymers based on SalEn-type complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in electrochemical devices. However, their charge transfer mechanisms, physical and electrochemical properties remain unclear, hindering their rational design and optimization. This study aims to establish the influence of monomer geometry on the polymer's properties by investigating the properties of novel nonplanar SalEn-type complexes, poly[N,N'-bis(salicylidene)propylene-2-(hydroxy)diaminonickel(II)], and its analog with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-substituted bridge (MTS). To elucidate the charge transfer mechanism, operando UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance are employed. Introducing TEMPO into the bridge moiety enhanced the specific capacity of the poly(MTS) material to 95 mA h g-1, attributed to TEMPO's and conductive backbone's charge storage capabilities. Replacement of the ethylenediimino-bridge with a 1,3-propylenediimino- bridge induced significant changes in the complex geometry and material's morphology, electrochemical, and spectral properties. At nearly the same potential, polaron and bipolaron particles emerged, suggesting intriguing features at the overlap point of the electroactivity potentials ranges of polaron-bipolaron and TEMPO, such as a disruption in the connection between TEMPO and the conjugation chain or intramolecular charge transfer. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing strategies to create organic materials with tailored properties for use in catalysis and battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey I Volkov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei N Yankin
- ITMO University Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sizov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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2
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Gitter SR, Li R, Boydston AJ. Access to Functionalized Materials by Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Active Esters and Divergent Postpolymerization Modification. ACS Macro Lett 2024:144-150. [PMID: 38226917 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP) is an emerging polymerization strategy that provides access to ROMP materials by using organic initiators and photoredox catalysts. Unlike metal-mediated ROMP, MF-ROMP is not highly tolerant toward functionalized monomers. Herein, we report that pentafluorophenyl esters are polymerizable under MF-ROMP conditions to produce homopolymers, statistical copolymers, and block copolymers. Amine coupling agents were then used to install a range of functional groups via acyl substitution including alkynes, amino acid derivatives, fluorophores, and redox active moieties. Overall, these findings provide a framework to prepare functionalized ROMP polymers without the risk of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ruojia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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4
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Daniel DT, Oevermann S, Mitra S, Rudolf K, Heuer A, Eichel RA, Winter M, Diddens D, Brunklaus G, Granwehr J. Multimodal investigation of electronic transport in PTMA and its impact on organic radical battery performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10934. [PMID: 37414786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic radical batteries (ORBs) represent a viable pathway to a more sustainable energy storage technology compared to conventional Li-ion batteries. For further materials and cell development towards competitive energy and power densities, a deeper understanding of electron transport and conductivity in organic radical polymer cathodes is required. Such electron transport is characterised by electron hopping processes, which depend on the presence of closely spaced hopping sites. Using a combination of electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic, and theoretical molecular dynamics as well as density functional theory modelling techniques, we explored how compositional characteristics of cross-linked poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) polymers govern electron hopping and rationalise their impact on ORB performance. Electrochemistry and EPR spectroscopy not only show a correlation between capacity and the total number of radicals in an ORB using a PTMA cathode, but also indicates that the state-of-health degrades about twice as fast if the amount of radical is reduced by 15%. The presence of up to 3% free monomer radicals did not improve fast charging capabilities. Pulsed EPR indicated that these radicals readily dissolve into the electrolyte but a direct effect on battery degradation could not be shown. However, a qualitative impact cannot be excluded either. The work further illustrates that nitroxide units have a high affinity to the carbon black conductive additive, indicating the possibility of its participation in electron hopping. At the same time, the polymers attempt to adopt a compact conformation to increase radical-radical contact. Hence, a kinetic competition exists, which might gradually be altered towards a thermodynamically more stable configuration by repeated cycling, yet further investigations are required for its characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Thomas Daniel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Oevermann
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Rudolf
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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Wang X, Chen L, He X. Bio-inspired non-conjugated poly(carbonylpyridinium) as anode material for high-performance alkali-ion (Li +, Na +, and K +) batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:541-550. [PMID: 36966122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multiple electron-accepting skeletons into polymeric structures is the forefront of materials research for high-energy sustainable energy storage. Herein, we report the synthesis of two novel non-conjugated polymers (NCP1 and NCP2) and a model small molecule (M1) incorporated with bio-derived 4-elecron-uptaking carbonylpyridinium redox-units for alkali-ion batteries. Compared to model small molecules, the polymers exhibited improved battery performance when applied as anode materials for Li-, Na-, and K-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs/KIBs) owing to their high electrochemical activity and effective ability to suppress dissolution. By judicious selection of the benzothiadiazole redox-active linker, the performance of NCP2 was further enhanced, delivering the highest capacity and the best cycling stability; at mass loadings of up to 3.5 and 4.7 mg cm-2, the specific capacity remained at 215 and 150 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, respectively. The Li+/Na+/K+ insertion/extraction mechanisms of NCP2 were elucidated based on experimental analyses. The insertion/extraction of Li+ was much faster than that of Na+ and K+. This study broadens the family of bio-derived carbonylpyridinium-based polymer materials for next-generation electrochemical energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China.
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6
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Li Y, Park S, Sarang K, Mei H, Tseng CP, Hu Z, Zhu D, Li X, Lutkenhaus J, Verduzco R. Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conduction Increases the Rate Capability of Polynaphthalenediimide for Energy Storage. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sohee Park
- Chemical Engineering Program, Houston Community College, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Kasturi Sarang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chia-Ping Tseng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Dongyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jodie Lutkenhaus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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8
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Key Features of TEMPO-Containing Polymers for Energy Storage and Catalytic Systems. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for environmentally benign portable energy storage drives research on organic batteries and catalytic systems. These systems are a promising replacement for commonly used energy storage devices that rely on limited resources such as lithium and rare earth metals. The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic systems, as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation. We discuss synthetic approaches for producing electroactive polymers based on conductive and non-conductive backbones with organic radical substituents, fundamental aspects of electrochemistry of such materials, and their application in energy storage devices, such as batteries, redox-flow cells, and electrocatalytic systems. We compare the performance of the materials with different architectures, providing an overview of diverse charge interactions for hybrid materials, and presenting promising research opportunities for the future of this area.
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9
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Pehl TM, Adams F, Kränzlein M, Rieger B. Expanding the Scope of Organic Radical Polymers to Polyvinylphosphonates Synthesized via Rare-Earth Metal-Mediated Group-Transfer Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Pehl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Kränzlein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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11
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Oyaizu K, Jia Z. Nitroxide radical polymers for emerging plastic energy storage and organic electronics: fundamentals, materials, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:803-829. [PMID: 34821316 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for portable and flexible electronic devices requires seamless integration of the energy storage system with other electronic components. This ever-growing area has urged on the rapid development of new electroactive materials that not only possess excellent electrochemical properties but hold capabilities to be fabricated to desired shapes. Ideally, these new materials should have minimal impact on the environment at the end of their life. Nitroxide radical polymers (NRPs) with their remarkable electrochemical and physical properties stand out from diverse organic redox systems and have attracted tremendous attention for their identified applications in plastic energy storage and organic devices. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of NRPs with respect to the fundamental electrochemical properties, design principles and fabrication methods for different types of energy storage systems and organic electronic devices. While highlighting some exciting progress on charge transfer theory and emerging applications, we end up with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Xue W, Mutlu H, Li H, Wenzel W, Theato P. Structural design of pyrene-functionalized TEMPO-containing polymers for enhanced electrochemical storage performance. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the importance of rational structural design of pyrene-functionalized radical (i.e. 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, TEMPO) copolymers for enhanced electrochemical performance by providing insightful guidance for designing high-performance polymer-based electrodes for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xue
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
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13
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Teng L, Uddin MA, Fahad S, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T. Synthesis of spin labeled ethylene glycol based polymers and study of their segmental motion. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Easley AD, Vukin LM, Flouda P, Howard DL, Pena JL, Lutkenhaus JL. Nitroxide Radical Polymer–Solvent Interactions and Solubility Parameter Determination. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lillian M. Vukin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Paraskevi Flouda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dylan L. Howard
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jose L. Pena
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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15
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Synthesis of poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate)s and their segmental motion study. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Yuan J, Ren B, Feng X, Gao P, Liu E, Tan S. A coupled polymeric porphyrin complex as a novel cathode for highly stable lithium organic batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5437-5440. [PMID: 32292939 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A highly conjugated polymeric porphyrin with an ethynyl group is proposed as a new cathode for lithium organic batteries. The electrochemical performance is significantly improved after a simple coupled polymerization, resulting in excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 99.2% for 2000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Bo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Enhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Songting Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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17
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Wang S, Park AMG, Flouda P, Easley AD, Li F, Ma T, Fuchs GD, Lutkenhaus JL. Solution-Processable Thermally Crosslinked Organic Radical Polymer Battery Cathodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2371-2378. [PMID: 31951674 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers are promising cathode materials for next-generation batteries because of their rapid charge transfer and high cycling stability. However, these organic polymer electrodes gradually dissolve in the electrolyte, resulting in capacity fade. Several crosslinking methods have been developed to improve the performance of these electrodes, but they are either not compatible with carbon additives or compromise the solution processability of the electrodes. A one-step post-synthetic, carbon-compatible crosslinking method was developed to effectively crosslink an organic polymer electrode and allow for easy solution processing. The highest electrode capacity of 104 mAh g-1 (vs. a theoretical capacity of 111 mAh g-1 ) is achieved by introducing 1 mol % of the crosslinker, whereas the highest capacity retention (99.6 %) is obtained with 3 mol % crosslinker. In addition, mass transfer was observed in situ by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. These results may guide future electrode design toward fast-charging and high-capacity organic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Albert Min Gyu Park
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paraskevi Flouda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gregory D Fuchs
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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18
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Tezuka T, Ichinoi R, Matsumono S, Sadakuni K, Oyaizu K. Metal-Free, Solid-State, Paperlike Rechargeable Batteries Consisting of Redox-Active Polyethers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2443-2448. [PMID: 31883311 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free and totally organic based batteries were fabricated from functional polyethers. Aliphatic polyethers, in which 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl and viologen were introduced with high density, were used as the cathode and anode active materials, respectively. By stacking nanosheets of the polymers and an imidazolium-substituted polyether as the electrolyte, a solid-state cell only 2 μm thick was made. The anion-type rocking-chair cell showed reversible charge/discharge even at a high rate of 5 C without adding any solvents or plasticizers. Although the unsealed cell was measured under ambient conditions, no significant side reactions (including self-discharging and capacity decay) occurred, whereas conventional electrodes are sensitive to air and water in the charged state. The intrinsic plasticity of the polyethers is also compatible with making free-form, 3D-printable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiki Tezuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Rieka Ichinoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Karin Sadakuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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19
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Hansen KA, Chambers LC, Eing M, Barner-Kowollik C, Fairfull-Smith KE, Blinco JP. A Methoxyamine-Protecting Group for Organic Radical Battery Materials-An Alternative Approach. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2386-2393. [PMID: 32202387 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An alternative synthetic route towards the widely employed electroactive poly(TEMPO methacrylate) (PTMA) via a thermally robust methoxyamine-protecting group is demonstrated herein. Protection of the radical moiety of hydroxy-TEMPO with a methyl functionality and subsequent esterification with methacrylic anhydride allows the high-yielding formation of the novel monomer methyl-TEMPO methacrylate (MTMA). The polymerization of MTMA to poly(MTMA) (PMTMA) is investigated via free radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT), a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization technique. Cleavage of the temperature-stable methoxyamine functionality by oxidative treatment of PMTMA with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) releases the electroactive PTMA. The redox activity of PTMA was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry in lithium-ion coin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lewis C Chambers
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Matthias Eing
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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20
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Post-polymerization modification of polymeric active esters towards TEMPO containing polymers: A systematic study. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Wang S, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:358-370. [PMID: 35648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving the growth in research interest in macromolecular radicals for batteries, electronics, memory, and imaging. This Viewpoint summarizes the current state-of-knowledge regarding the macromolecular nitroxide radicals' redox mechanism, conductivity, chain conformation, controlled polymerization, network structure, conjugated forms, and applications. The nitroxide radical group is the focus because it is the most widely studied. Although most literature focuses upon applications, an emerging body of work is highlighting the fundamental physicochemical properties of macromolecular radicals. To this end, this Viewpoint recommends areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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22
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Shea JJ, Luo C. Organic Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5361-5380. [PMID: 31917538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic and polymer materials have been extensively investigated as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the low cost, abundance, environmental benignity, and high sustainability. To date, organic electrode materials have been applied in a large variety of energy storage devices, including nonaqueous Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, dual-ion, multivalent-metal, aqueous, all-solid-state, and redox flow batteries, because of the universal properties of organic electrode materials. Moreover, some organic materials enable the batteries to be operated in the extreme conditions, such as a wide temperature range (-70 to 150 °C), a wide pH range, and in the presence of O2. As a guidance for the research in organic batteries, this Review focuses on the reaction mechanisms and applications of organic electrode materials. Six categories of reaction mechanisms and the applications of organic and polymer materials in various rechargeable batteries are discussed to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art organic batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
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23
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Anghel M, Magnan F, Catingan SD, McCready MA, Aawani E, Wong V, Singh D, Fanchini G, Gilroy JB. Redox polymers incorporating pendant 6‐oxoverdazyl and nitronyl nitroxide radicals. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anghel
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - François Magnan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Sara D. Catingan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Matthew A. McCready
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Elaheh Aawani
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Victor Wong
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Deepa Singh
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Giovanni Fanchini
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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24
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Jia Z. Nitroxide polymer gels for recyclable catalytic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A physically crosslinked nitroxide polymer gel has been synthesized and used as a recyclable catalyst to convert alcohols to aldehydes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane QLD 4072
- Australia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane QLD 4072
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Flinders University
- College of Science and Engineering
- Bedford Park
- Australia
- Flinders University
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25
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Cao L, Fang G, Cao H, Duan X. Photopatterning and Electrochemical Energy Storage Properties of an On-Chip Organic Radical Microbattery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16079-16086. [PMID: 31702167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One potential way to fabricate battery-on-chip is photopatterning electrochemical energy storage materials directly on electronics through lithography, but applicable materials are primarily limited to transparent photocurable resins. The transparency of the photoresist would be sacrificed after extra addition of insoluble inorganic battery materials and conductors. Given the importance of radical polymers for their appropriate solubility, optical transparency, and radical robustness, they may have potential application in on-chip energy storage, transport, and conversion devices. Herein, an anodic photoresist is proposed by modifying the MicroChem SU8 resist with a radical polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl-N-oxyl methacrylate) and an ionic conductor lithium perchlorate. It can be photopatterned on silicon wafer with 10 μm scale resolution, and it exhibits charge/discharge potentials at ca. 0.68 V versus silver chloride electrode; the coulomb efficiency is regarded as nearly equaling 100%. Although the specific capacity of the photopatterned film electrode is found to be modest, 1 × 10-5 mA h·cm-2, it presents 1/8 of its theoretical electron storage ability. All-solid-state half-cells with circular features 30 μm in diameter are prepared by means of overlay exposure using the as-prepared photoresist and lithium perchlorate-modified SU8 as the anodic electrode and solid electrolyte, respectively. These results suggest a promising way of using radical polymers for the integration of electrochemical energy in microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Gan Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Hongzhong Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Xuanming Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , West Huangpu Avenue 601 , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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26
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Boujioui F, Zhuge F, Gohy J. Redox Polymer–Based Nano‐Objects via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Flanco Zhuge
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean‐François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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27
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Akakuru OU, Iqbal MZ, Saeed M, Liu C, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Hosmane NS, Wu A. The Transition from Metal-Based to Metal-Free Contrast Agents for T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enhancement. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2264-2286. [PMID: 31380621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has received significant attention as the noninvasive diagnostic technique for complex diseases. Image-guided therapeutic strategy for diseases such as cancer has also been at the front line of biomedical research, thanks to the innovative MRI, enhanced by the prior delivery of contrast agents (CAs) into patients' bodies through injection. These CAs have contributed a great deal to the clinical utility of MRI but have been based on metal-containing compounds such as gadolinium, manganese, and iron oxide. Some of these CAs have led to cytotoxicities such as the incurable Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), resulting in their removal from the market. On the other hand, CAs based on organic nitroxide radicals, by virtue of their structural composition, are metal free and without the aforementioned drawbacks. They also have improved biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and long blood circulation times, and have been proven to offer tissue contrast enhancement with longitudinal relaxivities comparable with those for the metal-containing CAs. Thus, this Review highlights the recent progress in metal-based CAs and their shortcomings. In addition, the remarkable goals achieved by the organic nitroxide radical CAs in the enhancement of MR images have also been discussed extensively. The focal point of this Review is to emphasize or demonstrate the crucial need for transition into the use of organic nitroxide radicals-metal-free CAs-as against the metal-containing CAs, with the aim of achieving safer application of MRI for early disease diagnosis and image-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , No. 2 Road of Xiasha , Hangzhou 310018 , P.R. China
| | - Madiha Saeed
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Narayan S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois 60115 , United States
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China
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28
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Boujioui F, Gohy JF. Ion-Conducting Redox-Active Polymer Gels Based on Stable Nitroxide Radicals. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1322. [PMID: 31394882 PMCID: PMC6723383 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active polymer networks based on stable nitroxide radicals are a very promising class of materials to be used in the so-called organic radical batteries. In order to obtain fast-charging and high power electrodes, however, excellent ionic conductivity inside the electrode material is required to allow easy diffusion of ions and fast redox reactions. In this contribution, we investigated redox-active poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) chains cross-linked through ionic liquid-like 1,2,3-triazolium groups. Different networks were prepared in which the amount of cross-linker and the counter-anion associated to the 1,2,3-triazolium group were varied. The ionic conductivities of the different polymer networks were first measured in the solid state by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures, and an increased ionic conductivity was measured when 1,2,3-triazolium groups were present in the network. The effects of the chemical nature of the counterions associated to the 1,2,3-triazolium groups and of the crosslinking density were then studied. The best ionic conductivities were obtained when bis (trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI) counter-anions were used, and when the crosslinking density of the TFSI-containing gel was higher. Finally, those ion-conducting gels were loaded with free LiTFSI and the transference number of lithium ions was accordingly measured. The good ionic conductivities and lithium ions transference numbers measured for the investigated redox-active gels make them ideal candidates for application as electrode materials for either organic radical batteries or pseudo-capacitors energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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29
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Hergué N, Ernould B, Minoia A, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Lazzaroni R, Gohy JF, Dubois P, Coulembier O. Diblock copolymers consisting of a redox polymer block based on a stable radical linked to an electrically conducting polymer block as cathode materials for organic radical batteries. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coupling a conjugated P3HT block to a radical polymer block leads to improved PTMA battery performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Hergué
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Bruno Ernould
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Andrea Minoia
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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30
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Lu Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Niu Z, Chen J. Design Strategies toward Enhancing the Performance of Organic Electrode Materials in Metal-Ion Batteries. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Fan X, Bai B, Yang K, Liang Z, Zhang Z, Mai K. Long-Life and High-Power Binder-Free Cathode Based on One-Step Synthesis of Radical Polymers with Multi-Pendant Groups. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800195. [PMID: 29770518 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The main bottlenecks for the widespread application of radical polymers in organic radical batteries are poor cycling stability, due to the dissolution of radical polymers into the electrolyte, and the low efficiency of multi-step synthesis strategies. Herein, a kind of electrolyte-resistant radical polymer bearing multi-pendant groups (poly(ethylene-alt-TEMPO maleate) (PETM)) is designed and synthesized through a one-step esterification reaction to graft 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-teramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy into the commercially available poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride). Interestingly, PETM is hardly soluble in the ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate-based electrolyte, showing an extremely low solubility of 0.59 mg mL-1 , but is easily soluble in tetrahydrofuran and N-Methyl pyrrolidone. The derived binder-free PETM cathode exhibits nearly 100% utilization of the grafted nitroxide radicals (88 mA h g-1 ) and excellent rate capability with almost invariant capacitance from 10 C to 40 C. Significantly, the PETM cathodes retain 94% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles, outperforming most reported radical polymer-based cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Chen
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xuliang Fan
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bing Bai
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kang Yang
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhongxin Liang
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zishou Zhang
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kancheng Mai
- MOE of the Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites Materials Science Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Hansen KA, Nerkar J, Thomas K, Bottle SE, O'Mullane AP, Talbot PC, Blinco JP. New Spin on Organic Radical Batteries-An Isoindoline Nitroxide-Based High-Voltage Cathode Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7982-7988. [PMID: 29411960 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials are a highly promising and environmentally benign class of battery materials with radical polymers being at the forefront of this research. Herein, we report the first example of the 1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl class of nitroxides as an organic electrode material and the synthesis and application of a novel styrenic nitroxide polymer, poly(5-vinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl) (PVTMIO). The polymer was synthesized from the precursor monomer, 2-methoxy-5-vinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindoline, and subsequent oxidative deprotection yielded the electroactive radical species. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a high oxidation potential of 3.7 V versus Li, placing it among the top of the nitroxide class of electrode materials. The suitability of PVTMIO for utilization in a high-voltage organic radical battery was confirmed with a discharge capacity of 104.7 mAh g-1, high rate performance, and stability under cycling conditions (90% capacity retention after 100 cycles), making it one of the highest reported organic p-dopable cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Jawahar Nerkar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Komba Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - Peter C Talbot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
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33
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Zhang K, Noble BB, Mater AC, Monteiro MJ, Coote ML, Jia Z. Effect of heteroatom and functionality substitution on the oxidation potential of cyclic nitroxide radicals: role of electrostatics in electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2606-2614. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic effects on electrochemical oxidation potentials of heteroatomic and functional substituted nitroxides were studied both experimentally and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Benjamin B. Noble
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electomaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Adam C. Mater
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electomaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electomaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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34
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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35
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Zhang K, Hu Y, Wang L, Monteiro MJ, Jia Z. Pyrene-Functionalized PTMA by NRC for Greater π-π Stacking with rGO and Enhanced Electrochemical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34900-34908. [PMID: 28956591 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxide radical polymers can undergo both excellent electrochemical redox reactions and a rapid "click" coupling reaction with carbon-centered radicals (i.e., nitroxide radical coupling (NRC) reaction). In this work, we report a strategy to functionalize poly(2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) with pyrene side groups through a rapid and near quantitative NRC reaction. This resulted in P(TMA-co-PyMA) random copolymers with near quantitative amounts of pyrene along the PTMA chain for greater π-π interaction with rGO, while the nitroxide radicals on the polymer could simultaneously be used for energy storage. These copolymers can bind with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and form layered composites through noncovalent π-π stacking, attaining molecular-level dispersion. Electrochemical performance of the composites with different polymer contents (24, 35, and 45 wt %), tested in lithium ion batteries, indicated that the layered structures consisting of P(TMA-co-PyMA) maintained greater capacities at high C-rates. This simple and efficient strategy to synthesize pyrene-functionalized polymers will provide new opportunities to fabricate many other polymer composite electrodes for desired electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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36
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Mutlu H, Schmitt CW, Wedler-Jasinski N, Woehlk H, Fairfull-Smith KE, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Spin fluorescence silencing enables an efficient thermally driven self-reporting polymer release system. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A self-reporting profluorescent release system driven by the thermo-reversible dynamic covalent ligation of chromophores to polymer chain, whose fluorescence is silenced by unpaired spins of nitroxides prior to release is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christian W. Schmitt
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Nils Wedler-Jasinski
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Hendrik Woehlk
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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