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Wang Y, Tan WL, Xiang J, Ge C, McNeill CR, Gao X. Tuning Dipole Orientation of 2,6-Azulene Units in Conjugated Copolymers by C–H Activation Strategy toward High-Performance Organic Semiconductor. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:487-493. [PMID: 37000948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Azulene has aroused widespread interest for constructing optoelectronic materials. However, controlling the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units in the conjugated polymer backbone is a significant challenge so far. Herein, by C-H activation strategy, three 2,6-azulene-TPD-based conjugated copolymers with different dipole arrangements were synthesized, where TPD = thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione. The dipole arrangements of 2,6-azulene units were random for P(AzTPD-1), head-to-head/tail-to-tail for P(AzTPD-2), and head-to-tail for P(AzTPD-3). These polymers exhibited unipolar n-type semiconductor characteristics in organic field effect transistors. Moreover, regioregular polymer P(AzTPD-3) displayed the best device performance with an electron mobility of up to 0.33 cm2 V-1 s-1, which makes P(AzTPD-3) a high-performance n-type polymeric semiconductor. These results demonstrate that incorporation of 2,6-azulene units into the polymeric backbone together with the regulation of the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units is an effective strategy for obtaining high-performance organic optoelectronic materials.
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Xiang J, Tan WL, Zhang J, Wang Y, Duan C, McNeill CR, Yang X, Ge C, Gao X. Poly(2,6-azuleneethynylene)s: Design, Synthesis, and Property Studies. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Congwu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang S, Tang M, Wu L, Bian L, Jiang L, Liu J, Tang Z, Liang Y, Liu Z. Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lifang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zheng‐Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
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Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hou B, Zhou Z, Yu C, Xue XS, Zhang J, Yang X, Li J, Ge C, Wang J, Gao X. 2,6-Azulene-based Homopolymers: Design, Synthesis, and Application in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:680-686. [PMID: 35570807 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azulene-based homopolymers are of great interest from the point view of chemistry and material science. Herein, by means of Friedel-Crafts acylation to introduce solubilizing chains on the 1-position of azulene, we designed and synthesized two examples of 2,6-azulene-based homopolymers RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16). The arrangement of 2,6-azulene units is irregular for RP(Az-AC16), while P(Az-AC16) has head-to-head/tail-to-tail arranged 2,6-azulene units. Proton-responsive studies demonstrate that RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16) show reversible proton responsiveness in both solution and thin film. To utilize the dynamically reversible proton-responsive property of these polymers in thin films, RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16) were incorporated into a Nafion matrix as proton exchange membranes, wherein the Nafion/P(Az-AC16) composite membrane exhibits significant increases in proton conductivity relative to the Nafion membrane at different temperatures of each relative humidity (RH), which further results in a 64% improvement in hydrogen fuel cell output power under 30% RH at 80 °C. Our studies have realized the first solution synthesis of 2,6-azulene-based homopolymers and the first application of azulene-based π-systems in hydrogen fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Congwu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Dancing with Azulene. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It seems interesting to adopt the idea of dance in the context of the arrangement of molecular blocks in the building of molecular systems. Just as various dances can create various feelings, the nature and arrangement of molecular blocks in the generated molecular system can induce different properties. We consider obtaining such “dancing” systems in which the still little-known azulene moieties are involved. The dark blue nonbenzenoid aromatic azulene has one less axis of symmetry relative to the two axes of its isomer, i.e., the fully benzenoid naphthalene, acquiring valuable properties as a result that can be used successfully in technical applications. In a dancing system, the azulene moieties can be connected directly, or a more or less complex spacer can be inserted between them. Several azulene moieties can form a linear oligomer or a polymer and the involvement of azulene moieties in nonlinear molecules, such as crown ethers, calixarenes, azuliporphyrins, or azulenophane, is a relatively new and intensely studied topic. Some aspects are covered in this review, which are mainly related to obtaining the mentioned azulene compounds and less to their characterization or physico-chemical properties.
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Shetti VS. Chemical syntheses and salient features of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2164-2185. [PMID: 34497670 PMCID: PMC8404217 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Azulene is a non-alternant, aromatic hydrocarbon with many exciting characteristics such as having a dipole moment, bright color, stimuli responsiveness, anti-Kasha photophysics, and a small HOMO-LUMO gap when compared to its isomer, naphthalene. These properties make azulene-containing polymers an intriguing entity in the field of functional polymers, especially for organic electronic applications like organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and photovoltaic (PV) cells. Since azulene has a fused five and seven-membered ring structure, it can be incorporated onto the polymer backbone through either of these rings or by involving both the rings. These azulene-connection patterns can influence the properties of the resulting polymers and the chemical synthesis in comparison to the electrochemical synthesis can be advantageous in obtaining desired patterns of substitution. Hence, this review article presents a comprehensive overview of the developments that have taken place in the last three decades in the field of chemical syntheses of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers, including brief descriptions of their key properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India
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Hou IC, Berger F, Narita A, Müllen K, Hecht S. Proton-Gated Ring-Closure of a Negative Photochromic Azulene-Based Diarylethene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18532-18536. [PMID: 33439528 PMCID: PMC7589205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proton-responsive photochromic molecules are attractive for their ability to react on non-invasive rapid optical stimuli and the importance of protonation/deprotonation processes in various fields. Conventionally, their acidic/basic sites are on hetero-atoms, which are orthogonal to the photo-active π-center. Here, we incorporate azulene, an acid-sensitive pure hydrocarbon, into the skeleton of a diarylethene-type photoswitch. The latter exhibits a novel proton-gated negative photochromic ring-closure and its optical response upon protonation in both open and closed forms is much more pronounced than those of diarylethene photoswitches with hetero-atom based acidic/basic moieties. The unique behavior of the new photoswitch can be attributed to direct protonation on its π-system, supported by 1H NMR and theoretical calculations. Our results demonstrate the great potential of integrating non-alternant hydrocarbons into photochromic systems for the development of multi-responsive molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng‐Yi Hou
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Fabian Berger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919-1 Tancha, Onna-sonKunigamiOkinawa904-0495Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052074AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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Hou IC, Berger F, Narita A, Müllen K, Hecht S. Protonenvermittelter Ringschluss eines negativ photochromen, Azulen‐basierten Diarylethens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng‐Yi Hou
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Fabian Berger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Kunigami Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- DWI – Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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Sun Q, Hou ICY, Eimre K, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Fasel R. On-surface synthesis of polyazulene with 2,6-connectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13466-13469. [PMID: 31647065 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azulene, the smallest neutral nonalternant aromatic hydrocarbon, serves not only as a prototype for fundamental studies but also as a versatile building block for functional materials because of its unique opto(electronic) properties. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis and characterization of the homopolymer of azulene connected exclusively at the 2,6-positions using 2,6-diiodoazulene as the monomer precursor. As an intermediate to the formation of polyazulene, a gold-(2,6-azulenylene) chain is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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