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De Salvo A, Mancuso R, Wu XF. Carbonylative synthesis and functionalization of indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:973-1000. [PMID: 38711593 PMCID: PMC11070973 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonylation processes have become widely recognized as a versatile, convenient, and low-cost method for the synthesis of high-value compounds. Given the great importance of heterocyclic compounds, the carbonylative approach has become increasingly important for their synthesis. In this mini-review, as a class of benzo-fused nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, we summarized and discussed the recent achievements on the synthesis and functionalization of indole derivatives via carbonylative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex De Salvo
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Liaoning, China
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2
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Ahmed Fouad M, Ferretti F, Formenti D, Milani F, Ragaini F. Synthesis of Indoles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitro Compounds Using Formate Esters as CO Surrogates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Dario Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie – RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Fabio Milani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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3
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Koóš P, Markovič M, Lopatka P, Gracza T. Recent Applications of Continuous Flow in Homogeneous Palladium Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made using continuous flow chemistry as an enabling tool in organic synthesis. Consequently, the number of articles reporting continuous flow methods has increased significantly in recent years. This review covers the progress achieved in homogeneous palladium catalysis using continuous flow conditions over the last five years, including C–C/C–N cross-coupling reactions, carbonylations and reductive/oxidative transformations.1 Introduction2 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions3 C–N Coupling Reactions4 Carbonylation Reactions5 Miscellaneous Reactions6 Key to Schematic Symbols7 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koóš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | - Martin Markovič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | | | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
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4
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Di Filippo M, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Quinolines via a Scalable Tandem Photoisomerization‐Cyclization Process. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Filippo
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Science Centre South D04 N2E2 Belfield Dublin Ireland
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5
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Colella M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143242. [PMID: 32708643 PMCID: PMC7397031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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7
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Ferretti F, Ramadan DR, Ragaini F. Transition Metal Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization Reactions of Nitroarenes and Nitroalkenes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Doaa R. Ramadan
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
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8
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Mata A, Hone CA, Gutmann B, Moens L, Kappe CO. Continuous-Flow Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Aryl Chlorides with Carbon Monoxide at Elevated Temperature and Pressure. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:997-1001. [PMID: 31681449 PMCID: PMC6813631 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a continuous-flow protocol for a palladium-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides using carbon monoxide gas and methanol is described. (Hetero)aryl chlorides are the least expensive of the aryl halides, but are underutilized in carbonylation reactions due to their very poor reactivity. The described protocol exploits intensified conditions at elevated temperature and pressure, which are readily accessed within a continuous-flow environment, to provide moderate to excellent product yields (11 examples) in a short 16 min residence time. The continuous-flow protocol enables the safe and potentially scalable carbonylation of aryl chlorides using CO gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28GrazA-8010Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28GrazA-8010Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28GrazA-8010Austria
| | - Luc Moens
- Janssen Research and DevelopmentTurnhoutseweg 30Beerse2340Belgium
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28GrazA-8010Austria
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9
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Hone CA, Lopatka P, Munday R, O'Kearney‐McMullan A, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow Synthesis of Aryl Aldehydes by Pd-catalyzed Formylation of Aryl Bromides Using Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:326-337. [PMID: 30300970 PMCID: PMC6582436 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-flow protocol utilizing syngas (CO and H2 ) was developed for the palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of (hetero)aryl bromides to their corresponding (hetero)aryl aldehydes. The optimization of temperature, pressure, catalyst and ligand loading, and residence time resulted in process-intensified flow conditions for the transformation. In addition, a key benefit of investigating the reaction in flow is the ability to precisely control the CO-to-H2 stoichiometric ratio, which was identified as having a critical influence on yield. The protocol proceeds with low catalyst and ligand loadings: palladium acetate (1 mol % or below) and cataCXium A (3 mol % or below). A variety of (hetero)aryl bromides at a 3 mmol scale were converted to their corresponding (hetero)aryl aldehydes at 12 bar pressure (CO/H2 =1:3) and 120 °C reaction temperature within 45 min residence time to afford products mostly in good-to-excellent yields (17 examples). In particular, a successful scale-up was achieved over 415 min operation time for the reductive carbonylation of 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene to synthesize 3.8 g of 6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde in 85 % isolated yield. Studies were conducted to understand catalyst decomposition within the reactor by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The palladium could easily be recovered using an aqueous nitric acid wash post reaction. Mechanistic aspects and the scope of the transformation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Pavol Lopatka
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Rachel Munday
- AstraZenecaSilk Road Business ParkMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | | | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
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Abstract
Indole is the most frequently found heterocyclic core structures in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, dyes and fragrances. For about 150 years, chemists were absorbed in finding new and easier synthetic strategies to build this nucleus. Many books and reviews have been written, but the number of new syntheses that appear in the literature, make necessary continuous updates. This reviews aims to give a comprehensive overview on indole synthesis catalyzed by transition metals appeared in the literature in the years 2016 and 2017.
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11
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Chen Y, Hone CA, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Carbonylated Heterocycles via Pd-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation Using CO and O2 at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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