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Chen Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Synthetic Drugs and Natural Actives Interacting with OAT3. Molecules 2023; 28:4740. [PMID: 37375294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) is predominantly expressed in the kidney and plays a vital role in drug clearance. Consequently, co-ingestion of two OAT3 substrates may alter the pharmacokinetics of the substrate. This review summarizes drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and herbal-drug interactions (HDIs) mediated by OAT3, and inhibitors of OAT3 in natural active compounds in the past decade. This provides a valuable reference for the combined use of substrate drugs/herbs for OAT3 in clinical practice in the future and for the screening of OAT3 inhibitors to avoid harmful interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
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2
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Łapczuk-Romańska J, Droździk M, Oswald S, Droździk M. Kidney Drug Transporters in Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032856. [PMID: 36769175 PMCID: PMC9917665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney functions not only as a metabolite elimination organ but also plays an important role in pharmacotherapy. The kidney tubule epithelia cells express membrane carriers and transporters, which play an important role in drug elimination, and can determine drug nephrotoxicity and drug-drug interactions, as well as constituting direct drug targets. The above aspects of kidney transport proteins are discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łapczuk-Romańska
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Droździk
- Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Tadeusza Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marek Droździk
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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3
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Taylor ZL, Vang J, Lopez-Lopez E, Oosterom N, Mikkelsen T, Ramsey LB. Systematic Review of Pharmacogenetic Factors That Influence High-Dose Methotrexate Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112837. [PMID: 34200242 PMCID: PMC8201112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a mainstay therapeutic agent administered at high doses for the treatment of pediatric and adult malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, and lymphoma. Despite the vast evidence for clinical efficacy, high-dose MTX displays significant inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability. Delayed MTX clearance can lead to prolonged, elevated exposure, causing increased risks for nephrotoxicity, mucositis, seizures, and neutropenia. Numerous pharmacogenetic studies have investigated the effects of several genes and polymorphisms on MTX clearance in an attempt to better understand the pharmacokinetic variability and improve patient outcomes. To date, several genes and polymorphisms that affect MTX clearance have been identified. However, evidence for select genes have conflicting results or lack the necessary replication and validation needed to confirm their effects on MTX clearance. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to identify and then summarize the pharmacogenetic factors that influence high-dose MTX pharmacokinetics in pediatric malignancies. Using the PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 58 articles and 24 different genes that were associated with transporter pharmacology or the folate transport pathway. We conclude that there is only one gene that reliably demonstrates an effect on MTX pharmacokinetics: SLCO1B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jesper Vang
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
- Paediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elixabet Lopez-Lopez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Pediatric Oncology Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Natanja Oosterom
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3720 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Torben Mikkelsen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-803-8963
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Lee SY, Baek M, Lee GM. Comprehensive characterization of dihydrofolate reductase-mediated gene amplification for the establishment of recombinant human embryonic kidney 293 cells producing monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000351. [PMID: 33314785 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells with glycosylation machinery have emerged as an alternative host cell line for stable expression of therapeutic glycoproteins. To characterize dihydrofolate reductase/methotrexate (DHFR/MTX)-mediated gene amplification in HEK293 cells, an expression vector containing dhfr and monoclonal antibody (mAb) gene was transfected into dhfr-deficient HEK293 cells generated by knocking out dhfr and dhfrl1 in HEK293E cells. Due to the improved selection stringency, mAb-producing parental cell pools could be generated in the absence of MTX. When subjected to stepwise selection for increasing MTX concentrations such as 1, 10, and 100 nM, there was an increase in the specific mAb productivity (qmAb ) of the parental cell pool upon DHFR/MTX-mediated gene amplification. High producing (HP) clones with a qmAb of more than 2-fold of the corresponding cell pool could be obtained using the limiting dilution method. The qmAb of most HP clones obtained from cell pools at elevated MTX concentrations significantly decreased during long-term culture (3 months) in the absence of selection pressure. However, some HP clones could maintain high qmAb during long-term culture. Taken together, a stable HP recombinant HEK293 cell line can be established using DHFR/MTX-mediated gene amplification together with dhfr- HEK293 host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Huo X, Meng Q, Wang C, Wu J, Zhu Y, Sun P, Ma X, Sun H, Liu K. Targeting renal OATs to develop renal protective agent from traditional Chinese medicines: Protective effect of Apigenin against Imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2998-3010. [PMID: 32468621 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imipenem (Imp) is a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic. However, renal adverse effects limit its clinical application. We previously reported that organic anion transporters (OATs) facilitated the renal transport of Imp and contributed its nephrotoxicity. Natural flavonoids exhibited renal protective effect. Here, we aimed to develop potent OAT inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and to evaluate its protective effect against Imp-induced nephrotoxicity. Among 50 TCMs, Tribuli Fructus, Platycladi Cacumen, and Lycopi Herba exhibited potent inhibition on OAT1/3. After screening their main components, Apigenin strongly inhibited Imp uptake by OAT1/3-HEK293 cells with IC50 values of 1.98 ± 0.36 μM (OAT1) and 2.29 ± 0.88 μM (OAT3). Moreover, Imp exhibited OAT1/3-dependent cytotoxicity, which was alleviated by Apigenin. Furthermore, Apigenin ameliorated Imp-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits, and reduced the renal secretion of Imp. Apigenin inhibited intracellular accumulation of Imp and sequentially decreased the nephrocyte toxicity in rabbit primary proximal tubule cells (rPTCs). Apigenin, a flavone widely distributed in TCMs, was a potent OAT1/3 inhibitor. Through OAT inhibition, at least in part, Apigenin decreased the renal exposure of Imp and consequently protected against the nephrotoxicity of Imp. Apigenin can be used as a promising agent to reduce the renal adverse reaction of Imp in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Bu T, Wang C, Jin H, Meng Q, Huo X, Sun H, Sun P, Wu J, Ma X, Liu Z, Liu K. Organic anion transporters and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway mediate the synergistic anticancer effect of pemetrexed and rhein. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3309-3319. [PMID: 31587272 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether rhein could enhance the effects of pemetrexed (PTX) on the therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to clarify the associated molecular mechanism. Our study shows that rhein in combination with PTX could obviously increase the systemic exposure of PTX in rats, which would be mediated by the inhibition of organic anion transporters (OATs). Furthermore, the toxicity of PTX was significantly raised by rhein in A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Concomitant administration of rhein and PTX-induced cell apoptosis compared with PTX alone in flow cytometry assays, which was further validated by the protein expressions of the apoptotic markers B-cell lymphoma-2/Bcl-2-associated x (Bcl-2/Bax) and Cleaved-Caspase3 (Cl-Caspase3). Meanwhile, the results of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) dyeing experiments showed that PTX-induced autophagy could be enhanced by combination therapy with rhein in A549 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the synergistic effect of rhein on PTX-mediated autophagy may be interrelated to PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibition and to the enhancement of p-AMPK and light chain 3-II (LC3-II) protein levels. From these findings, it could be surmised that rhein enhanced the antitumor activity of PTX through influencing autophagy and apoptosis by modulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and Bcl-2 family of proteins in A549 cells. Our findings demonstrated that the potential application of rhein as a candidate drug in combination with PTX is promising for treatment of the human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Bu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huan Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Cilastatin protects against imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibition of renal organic anion transporters (OATs). Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:986-996. [PMID: 31649848 PMCID: PMC6804466 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic. However, Imipenem could not be marketed owing to its instability and nephrotoxicity until cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase-I (DHP-I), was developed. In present study, the potential roles of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) in alleviating the nephrotoxicity of imipenem by cilastatin were investigated in vitro and in rabbits. Our results indicated that imipenem and cilastatin were substrates of hOAT1 and hOAT3. Cilastatin inhibited hOAT1/3-mediated transport of imipenem with IC50 values comparable to the clinical concentration, suggesting the potential to cause a clinical drug–drug interaction (DDI). Moreover, imipenem exhibited hOAT1/3-dependent cytotoxicity, which was alleviated by cilastatin and probenecid. Furthermore, cilastatin and probenecid ameliorated imipenem-induced rabbit acute kidney injury, and reduced the renal secretion of imipenem. Cilastatin and probenecid inhibited intracellular accumulation of imipenem and sequentially decreased the nephrocyte toxicity in rabbit primary proximal tubule cells. Renal OATs, besides DHP-I, was also the target of interaction between imipenem and cilastatin, and contributed to the nephrotoxicity of imipenem. This therefore gives in part the explanation about the mechanism by which cilastatin protected against imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, OATs can potentially be used as a therapeutic target to avoid the renal adverse reaction of imipenem in clinic.
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Key Words
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CLp, plasma clearance
- CLr, renal clearance
- CRE, creatinine
- Cil, cilastatin
- Cilastatin
- DDIs, drug-drug interactions
- DHP-I, renal dehydropeptidase-I
- ES, estrone-3-sulfate
- GSH, glutathione
- Imipenem
- Imp, imipenem
- MDA, malonaldehyde
- Nephrotoxicity
- OATs
- OATs, renal organic anion transporters
- PAH, p-aminophenol acid
- Prb, probenecid
- Probenecid
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- hOAT, human OAT
- hOAT1
- hOAT3
- rOAT, rat OAT
- rPTCs, rabbit primary proximal tubule cells
- raOAT, rabbit OAT
- t1/2, half life
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8
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Roles of Renal Drug Transporter in Drug Disposition and Renal Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:341-360. [PMID: 31571169 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kidney plays an important role in maintaining total body homeostasis and eliminating toxic xenobiotics and metabolites. Numerous drugs and their metabolites are ultimately eliminated in the urine. The reabsorption and secretion functions of the nephron are mediated by a variety of transporters located in the basolateral and luminal membranes of the tubular cells. In the past decade, many studies indicated that transporters play important roles in drug pharmacokinetics and demonstrated the impact of renal transporters on the disposition of drugs, drug-drug interactions, and nephrotoxicities. Here, we focus on several important renal transporters and their roles in drug elimination and disposition, drug-induced nephrotoxicities and potential clinical solutions.
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Lee HS, Shin HJ, Cho M, Lee SH, Oh DS. Inhibitory effects of Kampo medicines, Keishibukuryogan and Shakuyakukanzoto, on the substrate uptake activities of solute carrier organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 138:279-283. [PMID: 30424926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Keishibukuryogan (K-06) and Shakuyakukanzoto (TJ-68), commercial herbal medicines, on the substrate uptake activities of renal organic anion transporters. We performed transporter uptake and cell viability assays in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 human kidney embryonic cells treated with K-06 or TJ-68. K-06 and TJ-68 markedly inhibited the substrate uptake activities of URAT1, OAT1, and OAT3, while they did not exhibit non-cytotoxic effects. Our findings demonstrated that K-06 and TJ-68 inhibited the substrate uptake activities of renal transporters, suggesting their mechanism of action as nephroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Lee
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea; SPMED Co., Ltd., Busan 46508, Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Seok Oh
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Huo X, Wang C, Meng Q, Sun H, Sun P, Peng J, Ma X, Liu K. Puerarin improves methotrexate-induced renal damage by up-regulating renal expression of Oat1 and Oat3 in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:915-922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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