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Atanassova M, Kurteva V. Mutual Solubilities between Ethylene Glycol and Organic Diluents: Gas Chromatography and NMR. Molecules 2023; 28:5121. [PMID: 37446785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the mutual solubilities of sets of organic diluents (CHCl3, C6H6, C2H4Cl2, CCl4, C6H12, and n-hexane) with the organic compound ethylene glycol are investigated via gas chromatography (GC). The experimental data measured for these binary organic systems are used to adjust the future nonaqueous systems for the solvent extraction of various metals with ligands. The obtained results showed that the solubility of ethylene glycol decreased in the order CHCl3 > C6H6 > C2H4Cl2 > CCl4(0%) ≈ C6H12 ≈ n-hexane. On the other hand, the solubility of the tested traditional organic diluents in ethylene glycol decreased in the following order: C6H6 > CHCl3 > C2H4Cl2 > n-hexane > C6H12 > CCl4. 1H NMR was also used as an analytic method in order to compare the obtained results for the samples showing significant solubility only, including an additional study with 1,2- or 1,3-propanediol. The enhanced solubility of the C6H6 compound in ethylene glycol was identified here as critical due to the GC technique, which will be without future consequences in chemical technology. Therefore, it was found that the best molecular diluent for the recovery of metals among the tested ones is C6H12, with a green protocol as the new paradigm, replacing the aqueous phase with another nonaqueous phase, i.e., a second organic diluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Atanassova
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Okhridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanya Kurteva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Effect of polar molecular organic solvents on non-aqueous solvent extraction of rare-earth elements. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Dewulf B, Riaño S, Binnemans K. Separation of heavy rare-earth elements by non-aqueous solvent extraction: Flowsheet development and mixer-settler tests. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yuksekdag A, Kose-Mutlu B, Siddiqui AF, Wiesner MR, Koyuncu I. A holistic approach for the recovery of rare earth elements and scandium from secondary sources under a circular economy framework - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133620. [PMID: 35033522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited natural resources and a continuous increase in the demand for modern technological products, is creating a demand and supply gap for rare earth elements (REEs) and Sc. There is therefore a need to adopt the sustainable approach of the circular economy system (CE). In this review, we defined six steps required to close the loop and recover REEs, using a holistic approach. Recent statistics on REEs and Sc demand and the number of waste generations are reported and studies on more environmentally friendly, economic, and/or efficient recovery processes are summarized. Pilot-scale recovery facilities are described for several types of secondary sources. Finally, we identify obstacles to closing the REE loop in a circular economy and the reasons why secondary sources are not preferred over primary sources. Briefly, recovery from secondary sources should be environmentally and economically friendly and of an acceptable standard concerning final product quality. However, current technologies for recovery from for secondary sources are limiting and technology needs will vary depending on the source type. The quality/purity of the recovered metals should be proven so that they do not result in any adverse effects on the product quality, when they are being used as secondary raw material. In addition, for industrial-scale facilities, process improvements are required that consider environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Yuksekdag
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Borte Kose-Mutlu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Azmat Fatima Siddiqui
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, 27708, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Amjad RS, Torkaman R, Asadollahzadeh M. Evaluation of effective parameters on the non-aqueous solvent extraction of samarium and gadolinium to n-dodecane/D2EHPA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li Z, Dewulf B, Binnemans K. Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction for Enhanced Metal Separations: Concept, Systems, and Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:17285-17302. [PMID: 34898845 PMCID: PMC8662634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and sustainable separation of metals is gaining increasing attention, because of the essential roles of many metals in sustainable technologies for a climate-neutral society, such as rare earths in permanent magnets and cobalt, nickel, and manganese in the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. The separation and purification of metals by conventional solvent extraction (SX) systems, which consist of an organic phase and an aqueous phase, has limitations. By replacing the aqueous phase with other polar solvents, either polar molecular organic solvents or ionic solvents, nonaqueous solvent extraction (NASX) largely expands the scope of SX, since differences in solvation of metal ions lead to different distribution behaviors. This Review emphasizes enhanced metal extraction and remarkable metal separations observed in NASX systems and discusses the effects of polar solvents on the extraction mechanisms according to the type of polar solvents and the type of extractants. Furthermore, the considerable effects of the addition of water and complexing agents on metal separations in terms of metal ion solvation and speciation are highlighted. Efforts to integrate NASX into metallurgical flowsheets and to develop closed-loop solvometallurgical processes are also discussed. This Review aims to construct a framework of NASX on which many more studies on this topic, both fundamental and applied, can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Zhang M, Song H, Zheng C, Liu S, Lin Z, Liu Y, Wu W, Gao X. Highly efficient selective extraction of Mo with novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1492-1501. [PMID: 34061725 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1937379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of valuable metals from spent catalysts in a green way is gaining extensive interest for economic and environment reasons. In this study, we developed novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents to extract Mo from spent catalysts. The hydrophobic DESs have been designed and synthesized by mixing one molar of the quaternary ammonium salt and two molars of various saturated fatty acids with different carbon chain lengths. The extraction ability and extraction mechanism of these DESs were studied, some factors influencing the extraction efficiency, including the structure of hydrogen bond acceptors and hydrogen bond donors, initial aqueous pH, reaction time and temperature, phase ratios were investigated. It is found that the synthesized hydrophobic DESs exhibit excellent extraction performance toward Mo, where the Mo distribution ratio is more than 2200 in the presence of other metals, corresponding to an extraction efficiency of 99% at optimal reaction conditions. This work reveals a distinct class of materials, guiding an effective and green way for spent catalyst treatment.Implications: Novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents have been developed to extract Mo from spent catalysts, the synthesized hydrophobic DESs possess several advantages, such as green, low price, low toxicity, and biodegradability. It exhibits excellent extraction performance under an optimized extraction condition. This work reveals a distinct class of materials, guiding a promising way for green and economical utilization of spent catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Rizk S, Gamal R, El-Hefny N. Insights into non-aqueous solvent extraction of gadolinium and neodymium from ethylene glycol solution using Cyanex 572. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Onghena B, Li X, Binnemans K. Ethylammonium nitrate enhances the extraction of transition metal nitrates by tri- n-butyl phosphate (TBP). AIChE J 2021; 67:e17213. [PMID: 34219743 PMCID: PMC8244074 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular polar solvents have been used as solvents of the more polar phase in the solvent extraction (SX) of metals. However, the use of hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents has seldomly been explored for this application. Here, the hydrophilic IL ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), has been utilized as a polar solvent in SX of transition metal nitrates by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). It was found that the extraction from EAN is considerably stronger than that from a range of molecular polar solvents. The main species of Co(II) and Fe(III) in EAN are likely [Co(NO3)4]2- and [Fe(NO3)4]-, respectively. The extracted species are likely Fe(TBP)3(NO3)3 and a mixture of Co(TBP)2(NO3)2 and Co(TBP)3(NO3)2. The addition of H2O or LiCl to EAN reduces the extraction because the metal cations coordinate to water molecules and chloride ions stronger than to nitrate ions. This study highlights the potential of using hydrophilic ILs to enhance SX of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of ChemistryKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of ChemistryKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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11
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Batchu NK, Li Z, Verbelen B, Binnemans K. Structural effects of neutral organophosphorus extractants on solvent extraction of rare-earth elements from aqueous and non-aqueous nitrate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Dewulf B, Batchu NK, Binnemans K. Enhanced Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium by Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction from a Polyethylene Glycol 200 Phase Using the Neutral Extractant Cyanex 923. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:19032-19039. [PMID: 33457111 PMCID: PMC7807624 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neodymium and dysprosium can be efficiently separated by solvent extraction, using the neutral extractant Cyanex 923, if the conventional aqueous feed phase is largely replaced by the green polar organic solvent polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200). While pure aqueous and pure PEG 200 solutions in the presence of LiCl or HCl were not able to separate the two rare earth elements, high separation factors were observed when extraction was performed from PEG 200 chloride solutions with addition of small amounts of water. This addition of water bridges the gap between traditional hydrometallurgy and novel solvometallurgy and overcomes the challenges faced in both methods. The effect of different variables was investigated: water content, chloride concentration, type of chloride salt, Cyanex 923 concentration, scrubbing agent. A Job plot revealed the extraction stoichiometry is DyCl3·4L, where L is Cyanex 923. The McCabe-Thiele diagram for dysprosium extraction showed that complete extraction of this metal can be achieved by a 3-stage counter-current solvent extraction process, leaving neodymium behind in the raffinate. Finally, a conceptual flow sheet for the separation of neodymium and dysprosium including extraction, scrubbing, stripping, and regeneration steps was presented. The nonaqueous solvent extraction process presented in this paper can contribute to efficient recycling of rare earths from end-of-life neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Dewulf
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nagaphani Kumar Batchu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang M, Song H, Zheng C, Lin Z, Liu Y, Wu W, Gao X. Highly efficient recovery of molybdenum from spent catalyst by an optimized process. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:971-979. [PMID: 32633619 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1792377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of spent catalyst in an economical and green way has become a great concern for industrial production. We developed a process including acid leaching, solvent extraction and stripping in order to recycle spent catalyst. In this study, we conducted selective recovery of molybdenum through focus on finding an optimized extraction and stripping process by comparing different extractants and stripping agents. To separate molybdenum from other metals efficiently and figure out the mechanism of extraction process, the five different extractants of methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride, tri-n-octylamine, tris (2-ethylhexyl) amine, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate with different functional groups were examined; the extraction ability and extraction mechanism of these five extractants were systematically studied under the same system for the first time. It was found that more than 98% of the molybdenum could be extracted with an organic phase consisting of tri-n-octylamine or methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride under the optimal conditions. The result indicated that the tri-n-octylamine and methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride possess excellent molybdenum extraction ability, the extraction capacity of the rest extractants was in the order of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate > tris (2-ethylhexyl) amine > tributyl phosphate. In the stripping process, NH4OH, NaOH, and H2SO4 were chosen as stripping agent to strip the molybdenum from the loaded tri-n-octylamine organic phase. The stripping ability of the three studied stripping agents was in the order NaOH > NH4OH > H2SO4. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that the structure of the tri-n-octylamine organic phase was stable during the extraction and stripping process. Results showed that molybdenum could be highly and efficiently recovered by optimized extraction and stripping process. Implications: A series of different extractants and stripping agent have been systematically studied in order to compare their extraction and stripping ability under the same system. Based on the obtained results, an optimized extraction and stripping process was proposed to recycle molybdenum from spent catalyst efficiently. It is possible to dispose spent catalysts in an economic and environmental way by this developed metal recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Deferm C, Onghena B, Nguyen VT, Banerjee D, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Non-aqueous solvent extraction of indium from an ethylene glycol feed solution by the ionic liquid Cyphos IL 101: speciation study and continuous counter-current process in mixer-settlers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24595-24612. [PMID: 35516195 PMCID: PMC9055152 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvometallurgical process for the separation of indium(iii) and zinc(ii) from ethylene glycol solutions using the ionic liquid extractants Cyphos IL 101 and Aliquat 336 in an aromatic diluent has been investigated. The speciation of indium(iii) in the two immiscible organic phases was investigated by Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, EXAFS and 115In NMR spectroscopy. At low LiCl concentrations in ethylene glycol, the bridging (InCl3)2(EG)3 or mononuclear (InCl3)(EG)2 complex is proposed. At higher lithium chloride concentrations, the first coordination sphere changes to two oxygen atoms from one bidentate ethylene glycol ligand and four chloride anions ([In(EG)Cl4]-). In the less polar phase, indium(iii) is present as a tetrahedral [InCl4]- complex independent of the LiCl concentration. After the number of theoretical stages had been determined using a McCabe-Thiele diagram for extraction by Cyphos IL 101, the extraction and scrubbing processes were performed in lab-scale mixer-settlers to test the feasibility of working in continuous mode. Indium(iii) was extracted quantitatively in four stages, with 19% co-extraction of zinc(ii). The co-extracted zinc(ii) was scrubbed selectively in six stages using an indium(iii) scrub solution. Indium(iii) was recovered from the loaded less polar organic phase as indium(iii) hydroxide (98.5%) by precipitation stripping with an aqueous NaOH solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Deferm
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Viet Tu Nguyen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline (DUBBLE), ESRF - The European Synchrotron CS 40220 F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Jan Fransaer
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, bus 2450 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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Batchu NK, Dewulf B, Riaño S, Binnemans K. Development of a solvometallurgical process for the separation of yttrium and europium by Cyanex 923 from ethylene glycol solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Li Z, Onghena B, Li X, Zhang Z, Binnemans K. Enhancing Metal Separations Using Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids and Analogues as Complexing Agents in the More Polar Phase of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 58:15628-15636. [PMID: 31598033 PMCID: PMC6776877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The separation of metals by liquid-liquid extraction largely relies on the affinity of metals to the extractants, which normally reside in the organic (less polar) phase because of their high hydrophobicity. Following a different route, using aminopoly(carboxylic acid)s (e.g., EDTA) as complexing agents in the aqueous (more polar) phase was found to enhance metal separations by selectively complexing metal cations. In this study, we demonstrate that, hydrophilic ionic liquids and analogues in the more polar phase could also selectively complex with metal cations and hence enhance metal separations. As an example, Cyanex 923 (a mixture of trialkyl phosphine oxides) dissolved in p-cymene extracts CoCl2 more efficiently than SmCl3 from a chloride ethylene glycol (EG) solution. However, when tetraethylammonium chloride is added into the EG solution, CoCl2 is selectively held back (only 1.2% extraction at 3.0 M tetraethylammonium chloride), whereas the extraction of SmCl3 is unaffected (89.9% extraction), leading to reversed metal separation with a separation factor of Sm(III)/Co(II) > 700. The same principle is applicable to a range of hydrophilic ionic liquids, which can be used as complexing agents in the more polar phase to enhance the separations of various metal mixtures by liquid-liquid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Smolders S, Li X, Raiguel S, Nies E, De Vos DE, Binnemans K. Enhancing Metal Separations by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Using Polar Solvents. Chemistry 2019; 25:9197-9201. [PMID: 31141619 PMCID: PMC6771523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The less polar phase of liquid–liquid extraction systems has been studied extensively for improving metal separations; however, the role of the more polar phase has been overlooked for far too long. Herein, we investigate the extraction of metals from a variety of polar solvents and demonstrate that, the influence of polar solvents on metal extraction is so significant that extraction of many metals can be largely tuned, and the metal separations can be significantly enhanced by selecting suitable polar solvents. Furthermore, a mechanism on how the polar solvents affect metal extraction is proposed based on comprehensive characterizations. The method of using suitable polar solvents in liquid–liquid extraction paves a new and versatile way to enhance metal separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Simon Smolders
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Stijn Raiguel
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Erik Nies
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Solvometallurgical route for the recovery of Sm, Co, Cu and Fe from SmCo permanent magnets. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Macchieraldo R, Gehrke S, Batchu NK, Kirchner B, Binnemans K. Tuning Solvent Miscibility: A Fundamental Assessment on the Example of Induced Methanol/ n-Dodecane Phase Separation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4400-4407. [PMID: 31032613 PMCID: PMC6590496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
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In
this work, we assess the fundamental aspects of mutual miscibility
of solvents by studying the mixing of two potential candidates, methanol
and n-dodecane, for nonaqueous solvent extraction.
To do so, 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations
are used jointly. The NMR spectra show that good phase separation
can be obtained by adding LiCl and that the addition of a popular
extractant (tri-n-butyl phosphate) yields the opposite
effect. It is also demonstrated that in a specific case the poor phase
separation is not due to the migration of n-dodecane
into the more polar phase, but due to the transfer of the extractant
into it, which is especially relevant when considering industrial
applications of solvent extraction. With the aid of molecular dynamics
simulations, explanations of this behavior are given. Specifically,
an increase of all hydrogen-bond lifetimes is found to be consequent
to the addition of LiCl which implies an indirect influence on the
methanol liquid structure, by favoring a stronger hydrogen-bond network.
Therefore, we found that better phase separation is not directly due
to the presence of LiCl, but due to the “hardening”
of the hydrogen-bond network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Macchieraldo
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Nagaphani K Batchu
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
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Al Ansari YF, Baulin VE. 1,5-Bis[2-(Dioxyphosphoryl)-4-ethylphenoxy]-3-oxapentane and Its Analogs: Acidity and Complexation in Aqueous Media Containing Copper(II) Cation. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Banda R, Forte F, Onghena B, Binnemans K. Yttrium and europium separation by solvent extraction with undiluted thiocyanate ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4876-4883. [PMID: 35514665 PMCID: PMC9060585 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An yttrium/europium oxide obtained by the processing of fluorescent lamp waste powder was separated into its individual elements by solvent extraction with two undiluted ionic liquids, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium thiocyanate, [C101][SCN], and tricaprylmethylammonium thiocyanate, [A336][SCN]. The best extraction performances were observed for [C101][SCN], by using an organic-to-aqueous volume ratio of 1/10 and four counter-current extraction stages. The loaded organic phase was afterwards subjected to scrubbing with a solution of 3 mol L-1 CaCl2 + 0.8 mol L-1 NH4SCN to remove the co-extracted europium. Yttrium was quantitatively stripped from the scrubbed organic phase by deionized water. Yttrium and europium were finally recovered as hydroxides by precipitation with ammonia and then calcined to the corresponding oxides. The conditions thus defined for an efficient yttrium/europium separation from synthetic chloride solutions were afterwards tested on a leachate obtained from the dissolution of a real mixed oxide. The purity of Y2O3 with respect to the rare-earth content was 98.2%; the purity of Eu2O3 with respect to calcium was 98.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Banda
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F PO Box 2404, Heverlee 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Federica Forte
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F PO Box 2404, Heverlee 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F PO Box 2404, Heverlee 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F PO Box 2404, Heverlee 3001 Leuven Belgium
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Separation of transition metals from rare earths by non-aqueous solvent extraction from ethylene glycol solutions using Aliquat 336. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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