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Chimenti RV, Lehman-Chong AM, Sepcic AM, Engelhardt JD, Carriere JT, Bensley KA, Markashevsky A, Tu J, Stanzione JF, Lofland SE. Method for determining resin cure kinetics with low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:5698-5706. [PMID: 37823883 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01099f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing resin extent of cure kinetics is critical to understanding the structure-property-processing relationships of polymers. The disorder band present in the low-frequency region of the Raman spectrum is directly related to conformational entropy and the modulus of amorphous materials, both of which change as the resin polymerizes. Normalizing the disorder band to its shoulder (∼85 cm-1) provides structural conversion kinetics, which we can directly correlate to chemical conversion kinetics for methacrylate and epoxy-amine based resin systems. In addition to fitting both the structural and chemical conversion data to a phenomenological kinetic rate equation, we also demonstrate a relationship between the chemical and structural kinetics which appears to relate to the softness of the material. Lastly, we use the method to investigate a methacrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer network resin system. We find that the structural and chemical conversions occur simultaneously during the formation of the primary (methacrylate) network, but there is a lag between the two during the formation of the secondary (epoxy-amine) network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Chimenti
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lehman-Chong
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alyssa M Sepcic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jamison D Engelhardt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - James T Carriere
- Coherent Inc., 850 East Duarte Road, Monrovia, California 91016, USA
| | - Kayla A Bensley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Adam Markashevsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jianwei Tu
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Joseph F Stanzione
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Samuel E Lofland
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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2
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Muthusamy S, Sabhapathy P, Raghunath P, Sabbah A, Chang YC, Krishnamoorthy V, Ho TT, Chiou JW, Lin MC, Chen LC, Chen KH. Mimicking Metalloenzyme Microenvironments in the Transition Metal-Single Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis in an Acidic Medium. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300234. [PMID: 37401196 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of oxygen into hydrogen peroxide in an acidic medium offers an energy-efficient and green H2 O2 synthesis as an alternative to the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. Unfortunately, high overpotential, low production rates, and fierce competition from traditional four-electron reduction limit it. In this study, a metalloenzyme-like active structure is mimicked in carbon-based single-atom electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction to H2 O2 . Using a carbonization strategy, the primary electronic structure of the metal center with nitrogen and oxygen coordination is modulated, followed by epoxy oxygen functionalities close to the metal active sites. In an acidic medium, CoNOC active structures proceed with greater than 98% H2 O2 selectivity (2e- /2H+ ) rather than CoNC active sites that are selective to H2 O (4e- /4H+ ). Among all MNOC (M = Fe, Co, Mn, and Ni) single-atom electrocatalysts, the CoNOC is the most selective (> 98%) for H2 O2 production, with a mass activity of 10 A g-1 at 0.60 V vs. RHE. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is used to identify the formation of unsymmetrical MNOC active structures. Experimental results are also compared to density functional theory calculations, which revealed that the structure-activity relationship of the epoxy-surrounded CoNOC active structure reaches optimum (ΔG*OOH ) binding energies for high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanakumar Muthusamy
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Palani Sabhapathy
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Putikam Raghunath
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Amr Sabbah
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Cairo, 11421, Egypt
| | - Yu-Chung Chang
- X-ray Absorption Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Vimal Krishnamoorthy
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Thong Ho
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Wern Chiou
- Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811726, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chyong Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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3
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Mora P, Rimdusit S, Karagiannidis P, Srisorrachatr U, Jubsilp C. Mechanical properties and curing kinetics of bio-based benzoxazine-epoxy copolymer for dental fiber post. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:62. [PMID: 38647586 PMCID: PMC10991436 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocopolymers based on vanillin/fufurylamine-biobenzoxazine (V-fa) and epoxide castor oil (ECO), a bioepoxy, were prepared for application as dental fiber-reinforced composite post. The mechanical and thermal properties of the V-fa/ECO biocopolymers were assessed with regard to the influence of ECO content. The addition of the ECO at an amount of 20% by weight into the poly(V-fa) preserved the stiffness, glass transition temperature and thermal stability nearly to the poly(V-fa). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to examine the curing kinetics of the V-fa/ECO monomer system with different heating rates. To determine the activation energy (Ea), the experimental data were subjected to the isoconversional methods, namely Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Friedman (FR). The V-fa/ECO monomer mixture showed average Ea values of 105 kJ/mol and 94 kJ/mol. The results derived using the curing reaction model and the experimental data were in good agreement, demonstrating the efficacy of the FWO method for determining the curing kinetics parameters. The simulated mechanical response to external applied loads by finite-element analysis of the tooth model restored with glass fiber-reinforced V-fa/ECO biocopolymer post showed a similar stress field to the tooth model restored with a commercial glass fiber post. Therefore, based on the findings in this work, it is evident that the bio-based benzoxazine/epoxy copolymer possesses a great potential to be used for dental fiber post.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattarin Mora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok, 26120, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Rimdusit
- Center of Excellence in Polymeric Materials for Medical Practice Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Ukrit Srisorrachatr
- Department of Medical Services, Institute of Dentistry, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Chanchira Jubsilp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok, 26120, Thailand.
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4
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Ragoubi M, Lecoublet M, Khennache M, Poilane C, Leblanc N. Multi Scale Analysis of the Retting and Process Effect on the Properties of Flax Bio-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112531. [PMID: 37299330 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate, at different scales (technical flax fiber, fiber band and flax composites, bio-based composites), the effect of retting and processing parameters on the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of flax-epoxy bio-based materials. On the technical flax fiber scale, a biochemical alteration of the fiber was observed as the retting increased (a decrease of the soluble fraction from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.2% and an increase of the holocellulose fractions). This finding was associated with the degradation of the middle lamella, favoring the individualization of the flax fibers observed at retting (+). A direct link was established between the biochemical alteration of technical flax fibers and their associated mechanical properties (decrease of the ultimate modulus 69.9 to 43.6 GPa and maximum stress from 702 to 328 MPa). On the flax band scale, the mechanical properties are driven by the interface quality between the technical fibers. The highest maximum stresses were reached at level retting (0) with 26.68 MPa, which is lower compared to technical fiber. On the bio-based composites scale, setup 3 (T = 160 ∘C) and the high retting level (+) are the most relevant for a better mechanical response of flax bio-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragoubi
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Morgan Lecoublet
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Medhi Khennache
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Poilane
- Normandie University, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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5
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Ragoubi M, Lecoublet M, Khennache M, Atanase LI, Poilane C, Leblanc N. How Retting Could Affect the Mechanical Behavior of Flax/Epoxy Biocomposite Materials? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2929. [PMID: 37049223 PMCID: PMC10095947 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the retting effect on the mechanical properties of flax biobased materials. For the technical fiber, a direct link was established between the biochemical alteration of technical flax and their mechanical properties. In function of the retting level, technical fibers appeared smoother and more individualized; nevertheless, a decrease in the ultimate modulus and maximum stress was recorded. A biochemical alteration was observed as the retting increased (a decrease in the soluble fraction from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.2% and an increase in the holocellulose fractions). Regarding the mechanical behavior of biocomposites manufactured by thermocompression, a non-elastic behavior was observed for the tested samples. Young moduli (E1 and E2) gradually increased with retting. The retting effect was more pronounced when a normalization was performed (according to the fiber volume and porosity). A 40% increase in elastic modulus could be observed between under-retting (-) and over-retting (+). Moreover, the porosity content (Vp) increased overall with fiber content. Setup 3, with optimized processing parameters, was the most desirable processing protocol because it allowed the highest fiber fraction (Vf) for the lowest Vp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragoubi
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Morgan Lecoublet
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mehdi Khennache
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Apollonia University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christophe Poilane
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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6
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Chen DS, Chen CH, Whang WT, Su CW. Interpenetration Networked Polyimide-Epoxy Copolymer under Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control for Anticorrosion Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15010243. [PMID: 36616591 PMCID: PMC9823349 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy (EP) was copolymerized with polyamic acid (PAA, precursor of polyimide (PI)) with termanil monomers of (1) 4,4'-Oxydianiline (ODA) and (2) pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) individually to form (PI-O-EP) and (PI-P-EP) copolymers. The FTIR spectrum of PI-O-EP copolymerization intermediates shows that some amide-EP linkages were formed at low temperature and were broken at higher temperature; in additoin, the released amide was available for subsequent imidization to form PI. The curing and imidization of the amide groups on PAA were determined by reaction temperature (kinetic vs. thermodynamic control). In PI-P-EP, the released amide group was very short-lived (fast imidization) and was not observed on FTIR spectra. Formation and breakage of the amide-EP linkages is the key step for EP homopolymerization and formation of the interpenetration network. PI contributed in improving thermal durability and mechanical strength without compromising EP's adhesion strength. Microphase separations were minimal at PI content less than 10 wt%. The copolymerization reaction in this study followed the "kinetic vs. thermodynamic control" principle. The copolymer has high potential for application in the field of higher-temperature anticorrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sen Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-5913463
| | - Wha-Tzong Whang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Su
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan
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7
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The designation of highly efficient intrinsic fame-retarding epoxy materials via the regulation of the phosphorus and nitrogen content for the curing agents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Karoonsit B, Yeetsorn R, Aussawasathien D, Prissanaroon-Ouajai W, Yogesh GK, Maiket Y. Performance Evaluation for Ultra-Lightweight Epoxy-Based Bipolar Plate Production with Cycle Time Reduction of Reactive Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235226. [PMID: 36501620 PMCID: PMC9740532 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial viability of fuel cells for vehicle application has been examined in the context of lightweight material options, as well as in combination with improvements in fuel cell powertrain. Investigation into ultra-lightweight bipolar plates (BPs), the main component in terms of the weight effect, is of great importance to enhance energy efficiency. This research aims to fabricate a layered carbon fiber/epoxy composite structure for BPs. Two types of carbon fillers (COOH-MWCNT and COOH-GNP) reinforced with woven carbon fiber sheets (WCFS) have been utilized. The conceptual idea is to reduce molding cycle time by improving the structural, electrical, and mechanical properties of BPs. Reducing the reactive molding cycle time is required for commercial production possibility. The desired crosslink density of 97%, observed at reactive molding time, was reduced by 83% at 140 °C processing temperature. The as-fabricated BPs demonstrate excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical strength that achieved the DOE standard. Under actual fuel cell operation, the as-fabricated BPs show superior performance to commercial furan-based composite BPs in terms of the cell potential and maximum power. This research demonstrates the practical and straightforward way to produce high-performance and reliable BPs with a rapid production rate for actual PEMFC utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budsaba Karoonsit
- Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Rungsima Yeetsorn
- Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2555-2000 (ext. 2921)
| | - Darunee Aussawasathien
- Advanced Polymer Technology Research Group, National Metal, and Materials Technology Center, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Prissanaroon-Ouajai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Gaurav Kumar Yogesh
- Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Yaowaret Maiket
- Thai-French Innovation Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
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9
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Xing H, Mao Y, Yang Y, Qu C, Wang D, Fan X, Zhao L, Zhou D, Liu C. Preparation of waterborne polyimide‐modified epoxy resin with high thermal properties and adhesion properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Yanyu Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Chunyan Qu
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
| | - Xupeng Fan
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
| | - Dongpeng Zhou
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Science Harbin China
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10
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Curing kinetics, thermal and erosive wear characteristics of bismaleimide blends modified by polyaryletherketone. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221117069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to study the effect of thermoplastic polyaryletherketone (PAEK) on the curing kinetics, thermal stability and erosive wear performances of bismaleimide (BMI) resin blends. Toughened bismaleimide blends were fabricated using the allyl compound modified bismaleimide resin prepolymer as matrix and PAEK as a toughening agent by blending method. The modified PAEK/BMI blends were characterized and analyzed using the fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the swirling water jet erosive wear apparatus, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and three-dimensional surface profilometer. No obvious glass transition was observed for PAEK modified BMI blends in the temperature range of 50–350°C. In addition, the char yields ( Yc) and the heat-resistance index ( THRI) of the PAEK/BMI blends were affected by PAEK addition. The kinetic parameters, such as the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the PAEK/BMI blends were also higher than that of unmodified BMI blends, indicating that the incorporation of PAEK could promote the curing reaction of the epoxy resin without changing the curing mechanism. The erosive wear rate increased with the addition of PAEK especially when the mass fraction of PAEK was 10 parts per hundred of resins ( phr.). These results suggested that the thermal stability of the PAEK/BMI blends was significantly enhanced while the erosive wear resistance decreased by introducing the PAEK.
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11
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Cai R, Zhao J, Lv N, Fu A, Yin C, Song C, Chao M. Curing and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of MXene/Phenolic Epoxy Composites with Different Amine Curing Agent Systems. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132249. [PMID: 35808085 PMCID: PMC9268527 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the curing kinetics and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of MXene/phenolic epoxy composites with two curing agents, i.e., 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) and dicyandiamine (DICY), are systematically investigated using experimental characterization, mathematical modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of MXene content on an epoxy resin/amine curing agent system is also studied. These results reveal that the MXene/epoxy composites with both curing agent systems conform to the SB(m,n) two-parameter autocatalytic model. The addition of MXene accelerated the curing of the epoxy composite and increased the Tg by about 20 K. In addition, molecular dynamics were used to simulate the Tg of the cross-linked MXene/epoxy composites and to analyze microstructural features such as the free volume fraction (FFV). The simulation results show that the introduction of MXene improves the Tg and FFV of the simulated system. This is because the introduction of MXene restricts the movement of the epoxy/curing agent system. The conclusions are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Jinlong Zhao
- Petrochina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan 063004, China;
| | - Naixin Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Anqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chengxian Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Performance and Structure Safety of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China; (N.L.); (A.F.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chengjun Song
- Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China;
| | - Min Chao
- Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.)
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12
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Ma Z, Wang X, Li J, Li X, Zhang C, Zhang R, Gu Y, Zhang P. Isoconversional models toward the curing kinetics of self‐healable epoxy resin
TGDDM
and acid anhydride. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Ma
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Junru Li
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Xinlin Li
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | | | - Ruyi Zhang
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Yan Gu
- Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
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13
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Shin JH, Han GY, Kim HJ. Latent, Cross-Linkable Triazole Platform on a Carbon Fiber Surface for Enhancing Interfacial Cross-Linking within Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12803-12815. [PMID: 35474824 PMCID: PMC9026132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-running need in carbon fiber composite production is to ameliorate interfacial adhesion between the polymer and carbon fibers. Here, we present a convenient and feasible strategy for controlling the carbon fiber's surface in a continuous process: syntheses of click-modified silanes via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and grafting them onto fiber surfaces which prepare a latent curable platform under mild processes without postmodification. As 1,2,3-triazole moieties from the click reaction were added to the epoxy/dicyandiamide system, they triggered additional reactions in the later conversion stage; approximately, a 20% increase in the total reaction enthalpy compared to the system with no additives was obtained. We expected the enhanced cross-linking between the surface and matrix to expand the interfacial area, leading to reinforcements on interfacial adhesion and stress-transfer abilities within composites. The merit of the approach is well-demonstrated by conductive atomic force microscopy, showing that the interphase can be extended up to 6-fold when the triazole platform acts as curatives and serve as bridges after the epoxy cure. Consequently, the composite's interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength were increased up to 78 and 72%, respectively. This work affords a reactive platform where a custom-tailored fiber/matrix interface can be designed by virtue of versatility in clickable reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Shin
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Gi-Yeon Han
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of
Korea
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14
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A Study on Temperature Distribution within HVDC Bushing Influenced by Accelerator Content during the Curing Process. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Power transmission technology plays an important role in energy sustainability. Bushing is an indispensable type of equipment in power transmission. In production, the accelerator changes the temperature distribution during the curing process, influencing the formation of defects and thus the safety output of renewable energy. In this study, uncured epoxy resin samples with different accelerator contents were prepared and measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The obtained heat flow curves were analyzed for curing kinetics. Then, the curing process of large length–diameter ratio bushings was simulated by using the finite element method combined with a curing kinetics model, transient Fourier heat transfer model, and stress–strain model. The study reveals that the curing system can be established by the Sestak–Berggren autocatalytic model with different accelerator contents. The overall curing degree and the maximum radial temperature difference of the capacitor core tend to increase and then decrease with the accelerator content. This is mainly attributable to the rapid exotherm excluding the participation of some molecular chains in the reaction, resulting in permanent under-curing. As the accelerator content increases, the strain peak decreases and then increases. This paper provides guidance for the comprehensive evaluation and manufacturing of the low-defect capacitor cores of large-size high voltage direct current (HVDC) bushings.
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15
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Cruz-Cruz I, Ramírez-Herrera CA, Martínez-Romero O, Castillo-Márquez SA, Jiménez-Cedeño IH, Olvera-Trejo D, Elías-Zúñiga A. Influence of Epoxy Resin Curing Kinetics on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061100. [PMID: 35335432 PMCID: PMC8952319 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the kinetic parameters belonging to the cross-linking process of a modified epoxy resin, Aerotuf 275-34™, were investigated. Resin curing kinetics are crucial to understanding the structure–property–processing relationship for manufacturing high-performance carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs). The parameters were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger, Borchardt–Daniels, and Friedman approaches. The DSC thermograms show two exothermic peaks that were deconvoluted as two separate reactions that follow autocatalytic models. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of produced carbon fiber/Aerotuf 275-34™ laminates using thermosetting polymers such as epoxies, phenolics, and cyanate esters were evaluated as a function of the conversion degree, and a close correlation was found between the degree of curing and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS). We found that when the composite material is cured at 160 °C for 15 min, it reaches a conversion degree of 0.97 and a UTS value that accounts for 95% of the maximum value obtained at 200 °C (180 MPa). Thus, the application of such processing conditions could be enough to achieve good mechanical properties of the composite laminates. These results suggest the possibility for the development of strategies towards manufacturing high-performance materials based on the modified epoxy resin (Aerotuf 275-34™) through the curing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cruz-Cruz
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, Mexico; (I.C.-C.); (C.A.R.-H.); (D.O.-T.)
| | - Claudia A. Ramírez-Herrera
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, Mexico; (I.C.-C.); (C.A.R.-H.); (D.O.-T.)
| | - Oscar Martínez-Romero
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, Mexico; (I.C.-C.); (C.A.R.-H.); (D.O.-T.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.-R.); (A.E.-Z.); Tel.: +52-818358-2000 (A.E.-Z.)
| | - Santos Armando Castillo-Márquez
- Vertiv, Ave. Luis Guadalupe Fernandez 3502 Parque Industrial FINSA Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, N. L. 66380, Mexico; (S.A.C.-M.); (I.H.J.-C.)
| | - Isaac H. Jiménez-Cedeño
- Vertiv, Ave. Luis Guadalupe Fernandez 3502 Parque Industrial FINSA Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, N. L. 66380, Mexico; (S.A.C.-M.); (I.H.J.-C.)
| | - Daniel Olvera-Trejo
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, Mexico; (I.C.-C.); (C.A.R.-H.); (D.O.-T.)
| | - Alex Elías-Zúñiga
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, Mexico; (I.C.-C.); (C.A.R.-H.); (D.O.-T.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.-R.); (A.E.-Z.); Tel.: +52-818358-2000 (A.E.-Z.)
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16
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Heterogeneous photosensitizers: Super-efficient dual functional polydopamine nanohybrid for epoxy photopolymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Wang J, Chen K, Zhang B, Chen Q, Guo P, Wang X, Liu F, Huo S, Yang S. Facile fabrication of single-component flame-retardant epoxy resin with rapid curing capacity and satisfied thermal resistance. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Barros JJP, Jaques NG, Silva IDDS, Albuquerque AKCD, Araújo AM, Wellen RMR. Tailoring sustainable compounds using eggshell membrane as biobased epoxy catalyst. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Sienkiewicz A, Czub P. Rheological Analysis of the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Epoxy Resins from Modified Soybean Oil and Bisphenol A or BPA-Based Epoxy Resins. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6770. [PMID: 34832171 PMCID: PMC8624956 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The research undertaken in this work is one of the examples of the engineering of modern polymer materials. This manuscript presents studies on the gelation process which might occur during the synthesis of epoxy resin using the modified vegetable oil via the epoxy fusion process conducted in bulk. Based on obtained results we determined rheological parameters related to the properties of reacting mixture during the polyaddition process, especially before and after occurring the phenomenon of gelation (via (1) theoretical determination of the gel point using the degree of conversion of reactants before occurring the gelation process of reacting mixture and (2) experimentally-the dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, G'; loss modulus, G″; and loss tangent, tg δ). Theoretical investigations show that for both systems: epoxidized soybean oil and bisphenol A (ESBO_BPA), as well as the hydroxylated soybean oil and low molecular weight epoxy resin (SMEG_EPR), theoretical values of the degree of conversion at the gel point are characterized by similar values (ESBO_BPA: xgel-theoretical = 0.620, xgel-theoretical = 0.620 and SMEG_EPR: xgel-theoretical = 0.614, xgel-experiment = 0.630, respectively), while the one determined based on the initial assumptions are greater than the above-mentioned (ESBO_BPA: xgel-assumed = 0.696 and SMEG_EPR: xgel-assumed = 0.667). Moreover, experimental studies in the viscoelastic fluid stage showed that the SMEG_EPR system is characterized by lower values of G' and G″, which indicates lower elasticity and lower viscosity than the epoxidized derivative. It was found that alike during the conventional polyaddition reaction, both systems initially are homogeneous liquids of increasing viscosity. Wherein gradual increase in viscosity of the reaction mixture is related to the fusion of oligomer molecules and the formation of higher molecular weight products. In the critical stage of the process, known as the gelation point, the reaction mixture converts into the solid form, containing an insoluble cross-linked polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Czub
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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20
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Romeis M, Drummer D. A Dyciandiamine-Based Methacrylate-Epoxy Dual-Cure Blend-System for Stereolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3139. [PMID: 34578040 PMCID: PMC8468088 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, an epoxy-based dual-cure system is developed and characterized for SLA additive manufacturing. Dual-cure systems consist of UV-curable acrylates and thermal active components. The second curing step offers an additional degree of freedom to design specific material properties. In this study, a blend of varying concentrations of an epoxy/curing agent mix, respectively, DGEBA, DICY and photocurable methacrylate, was used to create a material that is printable in the SLA process into a UV-cured or green part and subsequently thermally cured to achieve superior thermal and mechanical properties. Calorimetric measurements were performed to determine the reactivity of the thermal reaction at different concentrations of epoxy. The fully cured specimens were tested in mechanical and dynamic mechanical measurements, and the results showed a significant improvement in tensile stress and glass transition temperature with rising epoxy concentrations. Fractured surfaces from tensile testing were investigated to further characterize the failure of tested samples, and thermal degradation was determined in TGA measurements, which showed no significant changes with an increasing epoxy concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Romeis
- Institute of Polymer Technology (LKT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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21
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Mousavi SR, Estaji S, Rostami E, Khonakdar HA, Arjmand M. Effect of a novel green modification of alumina nanoparticles on the curing kinetics and electrical insulation properties of epoxy composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Rasoul Mousavi
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
| | - Sara Estaji
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- School of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Elham Rostami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- Department of Materials Engineering Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Kelowna Canada
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22
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Kuliaei A, Amiri Amraei I, Mousavi SR. Investigating the relationship between tack and degree of conversion in DGEBA-based epoxy resin cured with dicyandiamide and diuron. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose behind this research was to determine the optimum formulation and investigate the cure kinetics of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA)-based epoxy resin cured by dicyandiamide and diuron for use in prepregs. First, all formulations were examined by the tensile test, and then, the specimens with higher mechanical properties were further investigated by viscometry and tack tests. The cure kinetics of the best formulation (based on tack test) in nonisothermal mode was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry at different heating rates. Kissinger and Ozawa method was used for determining the kinetic parameters of the curing process. The activation energy obtained by this method was 71.43 kJ/mol. The heating rate had no significant effect on the reaction order and the total reaction order was approximately constant (
m
+
n
≅
2.1
$m+n\cong 2.1$
). By comparing the experimental data and the theoretical data obtained by Kissinger and Ozawa method, a good agreement was seen between them. By increasing the degree of conversion, the viscosity decreased; as the degree of conversion increased, so did the slope of viscosity. The results of the tack test also indicated that the highest tack could be obtained with 25% progress of curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kuliaei
- Department of Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology , Malek Ashtar University of Technology , Tehran 158751774 , Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri Amraei
- Department of Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology , Malek Ashtar University of Technology , Tehran 158751774 , Iran
| | - Seyed Rasoul Mousavi
- Department of Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology , Malek Ashtar University of Technology , Tehran 158751774 , Iran
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23
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Kim YJ, Choi SH, Lee SJ, Jang KS. Latent Curing, Chemorheological, Kinetic, and Thermal Behaviors of Epoxy Resin Matrix for Prepregs. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Jae Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Soo Jang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
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24
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Ramírez-Herrera CA, Cruz-Cruz I, Jiménez-Cedeño IH, Martínez-Romero O, Elías-Zúñiga A. Influence of the Epoxy Resin Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Produced Bidirectional [±45°] Carbon/Epoxy Woven Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1273. [PMID: 33919897 PMCID: PMC8070930 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on investigating the curing process of an epoxy-based resin-Aerotuf 275-34TM, designed for aerospace applications. To study the curing degree of Aerotuf 275-34TM under processing conditions, woven carbon fiber fabric (WCFF)/Aerotuf 275-34TM composite laminates were produced by compression molding using different processing temperatures (110, 135, 160, and 200 °C) during 15 and 30 min. Then, the mechanical behavior of the composite laminates was evaluated by tensile tests and correlated to the resin curing degree through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The results show the occurrence of two independent reactions based on the consumption of epoxide groups and maleimide (MI) double bonds. In terms of epoxide groups, a conversion degree of 0.91 was obtained for the composite cured at 160 °C during 15 min, while the measured tensile properties of [±45°] WCFF/Aerotuf 275-34TM laminates confirmed that these epoxy resin curing processing conditions lead to an enhancement of the composite mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Ramírez-Herrera
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.A.R.-H.); (I.C.-C.); (O.M.-R.)
| | - Isidro Cruz-Cruz
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.A.R.-H.); (I.C.-C.); (O.M.-R.)
| | - Isaac H. Jiménez-Cedeño
- Engineering Department, Safran Mexico, Av. Ishikawa 1001 (Esquina con Av. Taguchi) Parque Industrial Supra, Chihuahua 31183, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Martínez-Romero
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.A.R.-H.); (I.C.-C.); (O.M.-R.)
| | - Alex Elías-Zúñiga
- Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Department, School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.A.R.-H.); (I.C.-C.); (O.M.-R.)
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25
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Kang H, Lee JH, Choe Y, Lee SG. Prediction of Lap Shear Strength and Impact Peel Strength of Epoxy Adhesive by Machine Learning Approach. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:872. [PMID: 33808097 PMCID: PMC8065975 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN), which is a machine learning (ML) method, is used to predict the adhesion strength of structural epoxy adhesives. The data sets were obtained by testing the lap shear strength at room temperature and the impact peel strength at -40 °C for specimens of various epoxy adhesive formulations. The linear correlation analysis showed that the content of the catalyst, flexibilizer, and the curing agent in the epoxy formulation exhibited the highest correlation with the lap shear strength. Using the analyzed data sets, we constructed an ANN model and optimized it with the selection set and training set divided from the data sets. The obtained root mean square error (RMSE) and R2 values confirmed that each model was a suitable predictive model. The change of the lap shear strength and impact peel strength was predicted according to the change in the content of components shown to have a high linear correlation with the lap shear strength and the impact peel strength. Consequently, the contents of the formulation components that resulted in the optimum adhesive strength of epoxy were obtained by our prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Ji Hee Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Youngson Choe
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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26
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Li R, Yang G, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Wang G, Ouyang X. Synthesis of antibacterial polyether biguanide curing agent and its cured antibacterial epoxy resin. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:63-72. [PMID: 33795960 PMCID: PMC7993382 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, bacteria continue to threaten human health, and the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics continues to increase, so the development of new antibacterial agents and antibacterial materials is increasingly important to ensure human health. In this paper, three polyether biguanide compounds with high antibacterial properties were synthesized by reacting polyetheramine T403 with o-tolylbiguanide, m-tolylbiguanide and p-tolylbiguanide (o-TTB, m-TTB and p-TTB), respectively. The antimicrobial performance of polyether biguanide against E. coli and S. aureus was evaluated using a minimum inhibitory concentration method, and the results showed that the synthesized polyether biguanide exhibited efficient and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. Among them, o-tolyl biguanide derivative o-TTB showed the best antimicrobial performance, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 20 and 15 μg/mL against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Then, epoxy resin E51 was cured using the obtained TTB as a curing agent to prepare an epoxy resin with antibacterial properties. The inhibition of the growth of S. aureus by the cured o-TTB/E51 resin was investigated by incubating the cured epoxy resin with bacteria, and the results showed that the cured resin had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria. The non-isothermal curing kinetics of the o-TTB/E51 system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the optimized curing reaction temperature, curing kinetic parameters and curing kinetics equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Guoxing Yang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Daqing, China
| | - Yudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
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27
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New Imidazolium Ionic Liquids from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste for Curing Epoxy Resins as Organic Coatings of Steel. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium ionic liquid (IIL) was prepared from aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste with pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) to apply as hardener of epoxy resin. Its purified chemical structures, thermal stability, and thermal characteristics were identified as well as amino phthalamide aminolyzed products. The thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of the cured epoxy resins with different weight percentages of IIL were investigated to optimize the best weight ratio to obtain homogeneous networks. The adhesion, durability, and corrosion resistance of the cured epoxy resins on the steel surfaces were tested to confirm that the best weight ratio of epoxy: IL was 2:1. This ratio achieved higher adhesion strength and salt spray resistance to seawater extended to 1500 h.
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28
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Li H, Su H, Wang L, Sun L, Yang J. Polyetherketone powder/epoxy blends with low viscosity and high mechanical properties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320931578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The difficult forming process and construction caused by high viscosity has been the main problem restricting the application of high-performance thermoplastic/epoxy blends. In this contribution, low viscous polyetherketone (PEK)/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) blends were prepared by mixing the ultrafine PEK powder and DGEBA monomer at ambient temperature. Rheological behaviour shows that complex viscosity of the undissolved blends containing 20 wt% PEK powder is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the dissolved one. Interestingly, diffusion and phase separation of PEK powder in the undissolved PEK/DGEBA/2-methylimidazole/dicyandiamide (M-DICY) blends are affected by the curing processes. Phase-inverted morphology was observed after curing at 120°C/1h + 160°C/0.5 h for the undissolved 20 wt% PEK/DGEBA/M-DICY blends which also exhibited outstanding tensile strength and lap shear strength both at 298 and 77 K. We believe this work should provide a new insight into the preparation of advanced thermoplastic/epoxy blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Su
- Advanced Composites Centre, Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Letian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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29
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Sun X, Wang Y, Tang Y, Zhang B, Wei W, Li X, Fei X, Liu X. Synthesis of isocyanurate‐based imidazole carboxylate as thermal latent curing accelerator for thermosetting epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yuyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
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30
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Dzienia A, Tarnacka M, Koperwas K, Maksym P, Ziȩba A, Feder-Kubis J, Kamiński K, Paluch M. Impact of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Curing Kinetics and Physicochemical Properties of Nascent Epoxy Resins. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6341-6352. [PMID: 32905278 PMCID: PMC7467775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of anion type (salicylate, [(MOB)MIm][Sal], vs chloride, [(MOB)MIm][Cl]) of imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) and its content on the curing kinetics of bisphenol A diglicydyl ether (DGEBA of molecular weight M n = 340 g/mol). Further physicochemical properties (i.e., glass transition temperature, T g, and conductivity, σdc) of produced polymers were investigated. The polymerization of the studied systems was examined at various molar ratios (1:1, 10:1, and 20:1) at different reaction temperatures (T reaction = 353-383 K) by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Interestingly, both DGEBA/IL compositions studied herein revealed significantly different reaction kinetics and yielded materials of completely distinct physical properties. Surprisingly, in contrast to [(MOB)MIm][Cl], for the low concentration of [(MOB)MIm][Sal] in the reaction mixture, an additional step in the kinetic curves, likely due to the combined enhanced initiation activity of anion (salicylate)-cation (imidazolium-based), was noted. To thoroughly analyze the kinetics of all studied systems, including the two-step kinetics of DGEBA/[(MOB)MIm][Sal], we applied a new approach that relies on the combination of the two phenomenological Avrami equations. Analysis of the determined constant rates revealed that the reaction occurring in the presence of the salicylate anion is characterized by higher activation energy with respect to those with the chloride. Moreover, DGEBA/[(MOB)MIm][Sal] cured materials have higher T g in comparison to DGEBA polymerized with [(MOB)MIm][Cl] independent of the IL concentration. This fact might indicate that, most likely, the products of hardening are highly cross-linked (high T g) or oligomeric linear polymers (low T g) in the former and latter cases, respectively. Such a change in the chemical structure of the polymer is also reflected in the dc conductivity measured at the glass transition temperature, which is much higher for DGEBA cured with [(MOB)MIm][Cl]. Herein, we have clearly demonstrated that the type of anion has a crucial impact on the polymerization mechanism, kinetics, and properties of produced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Dzienia
- Institute of Chemistry, University
of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Kajetan Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ziȩba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia
in Katowice, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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31
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Yao Z, Yu S, Su W, Wu W, Tang J, Qi W. Kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of plastic waste using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:77-85. [PMID: 31957598 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19897814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the pyrolysis behavior of plastic waste-TV plastic shell-was investigated, based on thermogravimetric analysis and using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. The possible reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effects were also examined. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the decomposition of plastic waste in a helium atmosphere can be divided into three stages: the minor loss stage (20-300°C), the major loss stage (300-500°C) and the stable loss stage (500-1000°C). The corresponding weight loss at three different heating rates of 15, 25 and 35 K/min were determined to be 2.80-3.02%, 94.45-95.11% and 0.04-0.16%, respectively. The activation energy (Ea) and correlation coefficient (R2) profiles revealed that the kinetic parameters calculated using the Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method displayed a similar trend. The values from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Starink methods were comparable, although the former gave higher R2 values. The Eα values gradually decreased from 269.75 kJ/mol to 184.18 kJ/mol as the degree of conversion (α) increased from 0.1 to 0.8. Beyond this range, the Eα slightly increased to 211.31 kJ/mol. The model-fitting method of Coats-Redfern was used to predict the possible reaction mechanism, for which the first-order model resulted in higher R2 values than and comparable Eα values to those obtained from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The pre-exponential factors (lnA) were calculated based on the F1 reaction model and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, and fell in the range 59.34-48.05. The study of the kinetic compensation effect confirmed that a compensation effect existed between Ea and lnA during the plastic waste pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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32
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Silica/poly(styrene‐
alt
‐maleic anhydride) hybrid particles as a reactive toughener for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Barabanova AI, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Afanasyev ES, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Curing cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with 4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride: Catalyzed vs. uncatalyzed reaction. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Liu L, Gao S, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Gui D, Zhang S. Amide-Functionalized Ionic Liquids As Curing Agents for Epoxy Resin: Preparation, Characterization, and Curing Behaviors with TDE-85. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Zhongke Langfang Institute of Process Engineering, Langfang 065001, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyi Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dayong Gui
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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35
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Cao R, Wang Y, Chen S, Han N, Liu H, Zhang X. Multiresponsive Shape-Stabilized Hexadecyl Acrylate-Grafted Graphene as a Phase Change Material with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Conductivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8982-8991. [PMID: 30702860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) essentially making up hexadecyl acrylate-grafted graphene (HDA- g-GN) was fabricated via a solvent-free Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The novel material exhibits multiresponsive, enhanced thermal and electrical conductivities and valid thermal enthalpy. In addition, the optimum DA reaction conditions were explored. A variety of characterization techniques were used to study the thermal, crystalline, and structural properties of HDA- g-GN. The melting and crystallizing enthalpies of HDA- g-GN were as high as 57 and 55 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the melting and freezing points of HDA- g-GN were 29.5 and 32.7 °C, respectively. The thermal conductivity of HDA- g-GN reached 3.957 W/(m K), which is well above that of HDA itself and the previously reported PCMs. HDA- g-GN exhibited an excellent electric conductivity of 219 S/m. Compared to HDA, the crystalline activation energy of HDA- g-GN decreased from 397 to 278 kJ/mol (Kissinger model) and 373 to 259 kJ/mol (Ozawa model). Moreover, HDA- g-GN exhibited excellent thermal stability, shape stability, and thermal reliability. More importantly, HDA- g-GN can be employed to realize high-performance light-to-thermal and electron-to-thermal energy conversion and storage, which provides wide application prospects in energy-saving buildings, battery thermal management system, bioimaging, biomedical devices, as well as real-time and time-resolved applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Sai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Na Han
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Haihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
| | - Xingxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes , Tianjin 300387 , China
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology , Tianjin 300387 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387 , China
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36
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Wei W, Cui Y, Li X, Gu Y, Fei X, Luo J, Liu X. Reactive particles from in situ
silane-polycondensation-induced self-assembly of poly(styrene- alt
-maleic anhydride) as toughener for epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214028 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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37
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Garra P, Graff B, Schrodj G, Morlet-Savary F, Dietlin C, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Ultrafast Epoxy–Amine Photopolyaddition. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patxi Garra
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gautier Schrodj
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Dietlin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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38
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Barabanova AI, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Karandi IV, Afanasyev ES, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin cured with anhydride in the absence of catalyst. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Yu C, Xu Z, Wang Y, Chen S, Miao M, Zhang D. Synthesis and Degradation Mechanism of Self-Cured Hyperbranched Epoxy Resins from Natural Citric Acid. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8141-8148. [PMID: 31458951 PMCID: PMC6644903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and highly efficient degradation of cured thermoset epoxy resins is a major challenge to scientists. Here, degradable self-cured hyperbranched epoxy resins (DSHE-n, n = 1, 2, and 3) were synthesized by a reaction between 3-isocyanato-4-methyl-epoxy-methylphenylcarbamate and degradable epoxy-ended hyperbranched polyester (DEHP-n) prepared from maleicanhydride, citric acid, and epichlorohydrin. The chemical structure of DSHE-n was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectra. With an increase in DSHE-n molecular weight, the adhesion strength of self-cured DSHE-n films increases distinctly from class 1 to 4, and their pencil hardness remains about class B-2B. The study on the self-cured behavior and mechanism of DSHE-n shows that the carbamate group of the DSHE-n is decomposed into diamine group to react with epoxy group and form a cross-linked structure. The self-cured DSHE-n films were degraded completely in 2 h at 90 °C in the mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and N,N-dimethylformamide under atmospheric pressure and produced the raw material citric acid, indicating good degradation performance and recyclable property of DSHE-n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic
Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zejun Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic
Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic
Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sufang Chen
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430073, China
| | - Menghe Miao
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, 75 Pigdons
Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic
Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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