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Yin F, Yang J, Zhou LP, Meng X, Tian CB, Sun QF. 54 K Spin Transition Temperature Shift in a Fe 6L 4 Octahedral Cage Induced by Optimal Fitted Multiple Guests. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7811-7821. [PMID: 38452058 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Spin-crossover (SCO) coordination cages are at the forefront of research for their potential in crafting next-generation molecular devices. However, due to the scarcity of SCO hosts and their own limited cavities, the interplay between the SCO host and the multiple guests binding has remained elusive. In this contribution, we present a family of pseudo-octahedral coordination cages (M6L4, M = ZnII, CoII, FeII, and NiII) assembled from a tritopic tridentate ligand L with metal ions. The utilization of FeII ion leads to the successful creation of the Fe6L4-type SCO cage. Host-guest studies of these M6L4 cages reveal their capacity to encapsulate four adamantine-based guests. Notably, the spin transition temperature T1/2 of Fe6L4 is dependent on the multiple guests encapsulated. The inclusion of adamantine yields an unprecedented T1/2 shift of 54 K, a record shift in guest-mediated SCO coordination cages to date. This drastic shift is ascribed to the synergistic effect of multiple guests coupled with their optimal fit within the host. Through a straightforward thermodynamic cycle, the binding affinities of the high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states are separated from their apparent binding constant. This result indicates that the LS state has a stronger binding affinity for the multiple guests than the HS state. Exploring the SCO thermodynamics of host-guest complexes allows us to examine the optimal fit of multiple guests to the host cavity. This study reveals that the T1/2 of the SCO host can be manipulated by the encapsulation of multiple guests, and the SCO cage is an ideal candidate for determining the multiple guest fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Kurpik G, Walczak A, Markiewicz G, Harrowfield J, Stefankiewicz AR. Enhanced catalytic performance derived from coordination-driven structural switching between homometallic complexes and heterometallic polymeric materials. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37184057 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A bifunctional ligand 4,4-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-4-yl)pentane-1,3-dione (HL) able to provide two distinct coordination sites, i.e. anionic β-diketonate (after deprotonation) and neutral pyridine, has been used in the synthesis of Ag(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes that then have been applied as metalloligands for the construction of new heterometallic polymeric materials. The ambidentate nature of L- enables switching between different modes of coordination within mononuclear complexes or their conversion into polymeric species in a fully controllable way. The coordination-driven processes can be triggered by various stimuli, i.e. a metal salt addition or acid-base equilibria, and presents an efficient strategy for the generation of metallosupramolecular materials. As a consequence of self-assembly, new multimetallic coordination aggregates have been synthesized and characterized in depth in solution (1H NMR, ESI-MS) as well as in the solid state (XPS, SEM-EDS, FTIR, pXRD, TGA). Furthermore, the Pd-based assemblies have been found to be efficient catalyst precursors in the Heck cross-coupling reaction, demonstrating a direct impact of compositional and morphological differences on their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjan Kurpik
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Walczak
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Markiewicz
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jack Harrowfield
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Soldevila-Sanmartín J, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Pons J. Variable behaviour of a flexible bispyrazole ligand: a Co(II) polymer and a unique Cu(II) penta-coordinated dimer. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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McTernan C, Davies JA, Nitschke JR. Beyond Platonic: How to Build Metal-Organic Polyhedra Capable of Binding Low-Symmetry, Information-Rich Molecular Cargoes. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10393-10437. [PMID: 35436092 PMCID: PMC9185692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of metallosupramolecular chemistry has advanced rapidly in recent years. Much work in this area has focused on the formation of hollow self-assembled metal-organic architectures and exploration of the applications of their confined nanospaces. These discrete, soluble structures incorporate metal ions as 'glue' to link organic ligands together into polyhedra.Most of the architectures employed thus far have been highly symmetrical, as these have been the easiest to prepare. Such high-symmetry structures contain pseudospherical cavities, and so typically bind roughly spherical guests. Biomolecules and high-value synthetic compounds are rarely isotropic, highly-symmetrical species. To bind, sense, separate, and transform such substrates, new, lower-symmetry, metal-organic cages are needed. Herein we summarize recent approaches, which taken together form the first draft of a handbook for the design of higher-complexity, lower-symmetry, self-assembled metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Taylor LLK, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Borilović I, Tuna F, Riddell IA. Self-assembly of a trigonal bipyramidal architecture with stabilisation of iron in three spin states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11252-11255. [PMID: 34632988 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly and characterisation of a supramolecular trigonal bipyramidal iron cage containing an [FeIII(μ2-F)6(FeII)3]3+ star motif at its core is reported. The complex can be formed in a one step reaction using an heterotopic ligand that supports site-specific incorporation of iron in three distinct electronic configurations: low-spin FeII, high-spin FeII and high-spin FeIII, with iron(II) tetrafluoroborate as the source of the bridging fluorides. Formation of a μ2-F bridged mixed-valence FeII-FeIII star is unprecedented. The peripheral high-spin FeII centres of the mixed-valence tetranuclear star incorporated in the iron cage are highly anisotropic and engage in F-mediated antiferromagnetic exchange with the central FeIII ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - Ivana Borilović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Imogen A Riddell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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[Cr III8Ni II6] n+ Heterometallic Coordination Cubes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030757. [PMID: 33540541 PMCID: PMC7867156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new heterometallic [CrIII8NiII6] coordination cubes of formulae [CrIII8NiII6L24(H2O)12](NO3)12 (1), [CrIII8NiII6L24(MeCN)7(H2O)5](ClO4)12 (2), and [CrIII8NiII6L24Cl12] (3) (where HL = 1-(4-pyridyl)butane-1,3-dione), were synthesised using the paramagnetic metalloligand [CrIIIL3] and the corresponding NiII salt. The magnetic skeleton of each capsule describes a face-centred cube in which the eight CrIII and six NiII ions occupy the eight vertices and six faces of the structure, respectively. Direct current magnetic susceptibility measurements on (1) reveal weak ferromagnetic interactions between the CrIII and NiII ions, with JCr-Ni = + 0.045 cm-1. EPR spectra are consistent with weak exchange, being dominated by the zero-field splitting of the CrIII ions. Excluding wheel-like structures, examples of large heterometallic clusters containing both CrIII and NiII ions are rather rare, and we demonstrate that the use of metalloligands with predictable bonding modes allows for a modular approach to building families of related polymetallic complexes. Compounds (1)-(3) join the previously published, structurally related family of [MIII8MII6] cubes, where MIII = Cr, Fe and MII = Cu, Co, Mn, Pd.
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Hardy M, Lützen A. Better Together: Functional Heterobimetallic Macrocyclic and Cage-like Assemblies. Chemistry 2020; 26:13332-13346. [PMID: 32297380 PMCID: PMC7693062 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallosupramolecular chemistry has attracted the interest of generations of researches due to the versatile properties and functionalities of oligonuclear coordination complexes. Quite a number of different discrete cages were investigated, mostly consisting of only one type of ligand and one type of metal cation. Looking for ever more complex structures, heterobimetallic complexes became more and more attractive, as they give access to new structural motifs and functions. In the last years substantial success has been made in the design and synthesis of cages consisting of more than one type of metal cations, and a rapidly growing number of functional materials has appeared in the literature. This Minireview describes recent developments in the field of discrete heterometallic macrocycles and cages focusing on functional materials that have been used as host‐systems or as magnetic, photo‐active, redox‐active, and even catalytically active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hardy
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Lewis JEM, Crowley JD. Metallo‐Supramolecular Self‐Assembly with Reduced‐Symmetry Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:815-827. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ United Kingdom
| | - James. D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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Lisboa LS, Findlay JA, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. A Reduced‐Symmetry Heterobimetallic [PdPtL
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Cage: Assembly, Guest Binding, and Stimulus‐Induced Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11101-11107. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Lisboa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - James A. Findlay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - L. James Wright
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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Lisboa LS, Findlay JA, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. A Reduced‐Symmetry Heterobimetallic [PdPtL
4
]
4+
Cage: Assembly, Guest Binding, and Stimulus‐Induced Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Lisboa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - James A. Findlay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - L. James Wright
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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Li F, Lindoy LF. Metalloligand Strategies for Assembling Heteronuclear Nanocages – Recent Developments. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of metalloligands as building blocks for the assembly of metallo-organic cages has received increasing attention over the past two decades or so. In part, the popularity of this approach reflects its stepwise nature that lends itself to the predesigned construction of metallocages and especially heteronuclear metallocages. The focus of the present discussion is on the use of metalloligands for the construction of discrete polyhedral cages, very often incorporating heterometal ions as structural elements. The metalloligand approach uses metal-bound multifunctional ligand building blocks that display predesigned structural properties for coordination to a second metal ion such that the rational design and construction of both homo- and heteronuclear metal–organic cages are facilitated. The present review covers published literature in the area from early 2015 to early 2019.
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Self-Assembly in Polyoxometalate and Metal Coordination-Based Systems: Synthetic Approaches and Developments. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing new experimental approaches and gradual understanding of the underlying chemical processes has led to advances in the self-assembly of inorganic and metal–organic compounds at a very fast pace over the last decades. Exploitation of unveiled information originating from initial experimental observations has sparked the development of new families of compounds with unique structural characteristics and functionalities. The main source of inspiration for numerous research groups originated from the implementation of the design element along with the discovery of new chemical components which can self-assemble into complex structures with wide range of sizes, topologies and functionalities. Not only do self-assembled inorganic and metal–organic chemical systems belong to families of compounds with configurable structures, but also have a vast array of physical properties which reflect the chemical information stored in the various “modular” molecular subunits. The purpose of this short review article is not the exhaustive discussion of the broad field of inorganic and metal–organic chemical systems, but the discussion of some representative examples from each category which demonstrate the implementation of new synthetic approaches and design principles.
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Shiga T, Newton GN, Oshio H. Pre-programmed self-assembly of polynuclear clusters. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7384-7394. [PMID: 29667675 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This perspective reviews our recent efforts towards the self-assembly of polynuclear clusters with ditopic and tritopic multidentate ligands HL1 (2-phenyl-4,5-bis{6-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)pyrid-2-yl}-1H-imidazole) and H2L2 (2,6-bis-[5-(2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-yl]pyridine), both of which are planar and rigid molecules. HL1 was found to be an excellent support for tetranuclear [Fe4] complexes, [FeII4(L1)4](BF4)4 ([FeII4]) and [FeIII2FeII2(L1)4](BF4)6 ([FeIII2FeII2]). The homovalent system was found to exhibit multistep spin crossover (SCO), while the mixed-valence [FeIII2FeII2] complex shows wavelength-dependent tuneable light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST). For H2L2, a variety of polynuclear complexes were obtained through complexation with different transition metal ions, allowing the isolation of rings, grids, and helix structures. The rigidity of the ligand, difference in its coordination sites, and affinity for different metal ions dictates its coordination behaviour. In this paper, we summarise these ligand pre-programmed self-assembled clusters and their diverse physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shiga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan.
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Sanz S, O'Connor HM, Comar P, Baldansuren A, Pitak MB, Coles SJ, Weihe H, Chilton NF, McInnes EJL, Lusby PJ, Piligkos S, Brechin EK. Modular [Fe III8M II6] n+ (M II = Pd, Co, Ni, Cu) Coordination Cages. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3500-3506. [PMID: 29323893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the simple metalloligand [FeIIIL3] [HL = 1-(4-pyridyl)butane-1,3-dione] with a variety of different MII salts results in the formation of a family of heterometallic cages of formulae [FeIII8PdII6L24]Cl12 (1), [FeIII8CuII6L24(H2O)4Br4]Br8 (2), [FeIII8CuII6L24(H2O)10](NO3)12 (3), [FeIII8NiII6L24(SCN)11Cl] (4), and [FeIII8CoII6L24(SCN)10(H2O)2]Cl2 (5). The metallic skeleton of each cage describes a cube in which the FeIII ions occupy the eight vertices and the MII ions lie at the center of the six faces. Direct-current magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements on 3-5 reveal the presence of weak antiferromagnetic exchange between the metal ions in all three cases. Computational techniques known in theoretical nuclear physics as statistical spectroscopy, which exploit the moments of the Hamiltonian to calculate relevant thermodynamic properties, determine JFe-Cu = 0.10 cm-1 for 3 and JFe-Ni = 0.025 cm-1 for 4. Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of 1 reveal a significantly wider spectral width in comparison to [FeL3], indicating that the magnitude of the FeIII zero-field splitting is larger in the heterometallic cage than in the monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sanz
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - Helen M O'Connor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - Priyanka Comar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - Amgalanbaatar Baldansuren
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) National Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Facility, School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Mateusz B Pitak
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield Campus , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield Campus , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Høgni Weihe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen DK-2100 , Denmark
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) National Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Facility, School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Eric J L McInnes
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) National Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Facility, School of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
| | - Stergios Piligkos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen DK-2100 , Denmark
| | - Euan K Brechin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , U.K
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