1
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McGuire K, He S, Gracie J, Bryson C, Zheng D, Clark AW, Koehnke J, France DJ, Nau WM, Lee TC, Peveler WJ. Supramolecular Click Chemistry for Surface Modification of Quantum Dots Mediated by Cucurbit[7]uril. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21585-21594. [PMID: 37922402 PMCID: PMC10655248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbiturils (CBs), barrel-shaped macrocyclic molecules, are capable of self-assembling at the surface of nanomaterials in their native state, via their carbonyl-ringed portals. However, the symmetrical two-portal structure typically leads to aggregated nanomaterials. We demonstrate that fluorescent quantum dot (QD) aggregates linked with CBs can be broken-up, retaining CBs adsorbed at their surface, via inclusion of guests in the CB cavity. Simultaneously, the QD surface is modified by a functional tail on the guest, thus the high affinity host-guest binding (logKa > 9) enables a non-covalent, click-like modification of the nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We achieved excellent modification efficiency in several functional QD conjugates as protein labels. Inclusion of weaker-binding guests (logKa = 4-6) enables subsequent displacement with stronger binders, realising modular switchable surface chemistries. Our general "hook-and-eye" approach to host-guest chemistry at nanomaterial interfaces will lead to divergent routes for nano-architectures with rich functionalities for theranostics and photonics in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie McGuire
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Suhang He
- School
of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gracie
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Bryson
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Dazhong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Alasdair W. Clark
- James
Watt School of Engineering, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Jesko Koehnke
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
- Institut
für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstr 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - David J. France
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Werner M. Nau
- School
of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tung-Chun Lee
- Institute
for Materials Discovery, University College
London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William J. Peveler
- School
of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
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2
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Borsley S, Edwards W, Mati IK, Poss G, Diez-Castellnou M, Marro N, Kay ER. A General One-Step Synthesis of Alkanethiyl-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles with Control over Core Size and Monolayer Functionality. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:6168-6177. [PMID: 37576587 PMCID: PMC10413864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In spite of widespread interest in the unique size-dependent properties and consequent applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), synthetic protocols that reliably allow for independent tuning of surface chemistry and core size, the two critical determinants of AuNP properties, remain limited. Often, core size is inherently affected by the ligand structure in an unpredictable fashion. Functionalized ligands are commonly introduced using postsynthesis exchange procedures, which can be inefficient and operationally delicate. Here, we report a one-step protocol for preparing monolayer-stabilized AuNPs that is compatible with a wide range of ligand functional groups and also allows for the systematic control of core size. In a single-phase reaction using the mild reducing agent tert-butylamine borane, AuNPs that are compatible with solvents spanning a wide range of polarities from toluene to water can be produced without damaging reactive chemical functionalities within the small-molecule surface-stabilizing ligands. We demonstrate that the rate of reduction, which is easily controlled by adjusting the period over which the reducing agent is added, is a simple parameter that can be used irrespective of the ligand structure to adjust the core size of AuNPs without broadening the size distribution. Core sizes in the range of 2-10 nm can thus be generated. The upper size limit appears to be determined by the nature of each specific ligand/solvent pairing. This protocol produces high quality, functionally sophisticated nanoparticles in a single step. By combining the ability to vary size-related nanoparticle properties with the option to incorporate reactive functional groups at the nanoparticle-solvent interface, it is possible to generate chemically reactive colloidal building blocks from which more complex nanoparticle-based devices and materials may subsequently be constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - William Edwards
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Ioulia K. Mati
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Guillaume Poss
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Marta Diez-Castellnou
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Nicolas Marro
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Euan R. Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
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3
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Gabellini C, Şologan M, Pellizzoni E, Marson D, Daka M, Franchi P, Bignardi L, Franchi S, Posel Z, Baraldi A, Pengo P, Lucarini M, Pasquato L, Posocco P. Spotting Local Environments in Self-Assembled Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20902-20914. [PMID: 36459668 PMCID: PMC9798909 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic (O-I) nanomaterials are versatile platforms for an incredible high number of applications, ranging from heterogeneous catalysis to molecular sensing, cell targeting, imaging, and cancer diagnosis and therapy, just to name a few. Much of their potential stems from the unique control of organic environments around inorganic sites within a single O-I nanomaterial, which allows for new properties that were inaccessible using purely organic or inorganic materials. Structural and mechanistic characterization plays a key role in understanding and rationally designing such hybrid nanoconstructs. Here, we introduce a general methodology to identify and classify local (supra)molecular environments in an archetypal class of O-I nanomaterials, i.e., self-assembled monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (SAM-AuNPs). By using an atomistic machine-learning guided workflow based on the Smooth Overlap of Atomic Positions (SOAP) descriptor, we analyze a collection of chemically different SAM-AuNPs and detect and compare local environments in a way that is agnostic and automated, i.e., with no need of a priori information and minimal user intervention. In addition, the computational results coupled with experimental electron spin resonance measurements prove that is possible to have more than one local environment inside SAMs, being the thickness of the organic shell and solvation primary factors in the determining number and nature of multiple coexisting environments. These indications are extended to complex mixed hydrophilic-hydrophobic SAMs. This work demonstrates that it is possible to spot and compare local molecular environments in SAM-AuNPs exploiting atomistic machine-learning approaches, establishes ground rules to control them, and holds the potential for the rational design of O-I nanomaterials instructed from data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gabellini
- Department
of Engineering and Architecture, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Şologan
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research
Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Pellizzoni
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research
Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Department
of Engineering and Architecture, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Daka
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research
Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Department
of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Franchi
- Elettra
Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Zbyšek Posel
- Department
of Informatics, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo Pengo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research
Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Pasquato
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research
Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department
of Engineering and Architecture, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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4
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Marro N, Suo R, Naden AB, Kay ER. Constitutionally Selective Dynamic Covalent Nanoparticle Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14310-14321. [PMID: 35901233 PMCID: PMC9376925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The future of materials chemistry will be defined by
our ability
to precisely arrange components that have considerably larger dimensions
and more complex compositions than conventional molecular or macromolecular
building blocks. However, exerting structural and constitutional control
in the assembly of nanoscale entities presents a considerable challenge.
Dynamic covalent nanoparticles are emerging as an attractive category
of reaction-enabled solution-processable nanosized building block
through which the rational principles of molecular synthetic chemistry
can be extended into the nanoscale. From a mixture of two hydrazone-based
dynamic covalent nanoparticles with complementary reactivity, specific
molecular instructions trigger selective assembly of intimately mixed
heteromaterial (Au–Pd) aggregates or materials highly enriched
in either one of the two core materials. In much the same way as complementary
reactivity is exploited in synthetic molecular chemistry, chemospecific
nanoparticle-bound reactions dictate building block connectivity;
meanwhile, kinetic regioselectivity on the nanoscale regulates the
detailed composition of the materials produced. Selectivity, and hence
aggregate composition, is sensitive to several system parameters.
By characterizing the nanoparticle-bound reactions in isolation, kinetic
models of the multiscale assembly network can be constructed. Despite
ignoring heterogeneous physical processes such as aggregation and
precipitation, these simple kinetic models successfully link the underlying
molecular events with the nanoscale assembly outcome, guiding rational
optimization to maximize selectivity for each of the three assembly
pathways. With such predictive construction strategies, we can anticipate
that reaction-enabled nanoparticles can become fully incorporated
in the lexicon of synthetic chemistry, ultimately establishing a synthetic
science that manipulates molecular and nanoscale components with equal
proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marro
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Rongtian Suo
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Aaron B Naden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Euan R Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
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5
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Čonková M, Montes-García V, Konopka M, Ciesielski A, Samori P, Stefankiewicz AR. Schiff base capped gold nanoparticles for transition metal cation sensing in organic media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5773-5776. [PMID: 35451443 PMCID: PMC9089317 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00497f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a fast and ultrasensitive colorimetric method for the detection of transition metal ions (Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+) in a mixture of toluene-acetonitrile using Schiff base functionalized gold nanoparticles. We achieved limits of detection for the three metal ions at least two orders of magnitude lower than the EU recommended limits. Finally, our methodology was assessed for the determination of nickel in the organic waste of a relevant industrial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Čonková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. .,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Konopka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. .,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samori
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. .,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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6
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Fernández-Caro H, Méndez-Ardoy A, Montenegro J. Dynamic nanosurface reconfiguration by host-guest supramolecular interactions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3599-3608. [PMID: 35188162 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic functionalization of the nanoparticle surface with biocompatible coatings is a critical step towards the development of functional nano-sized systems. While covalent approaches have been broadly exploited in the stabilization of nanoparticle colloidal systems, these strategies hinder the dynamic nanosurface chemical reconfiguration. Supramolecular strategies based on specific host-guest interactions hold promise due to their intrinsic reversibility, self-healing capabilities and modularity. Host/guest couples have recently been implemented in nanoparticle platforms for the exchange and release of effector molecules. However, the direct exchange of biocompatible hydrophilic oligomers (e.g. peptides) for the modulation of the surface charge and chemical properties of nanoparticles still remains a challenge. Here, we show the intracellular reconfiguration of nanoparticles by a host/guest mechanism with biocompatible oligomeric competitors. The surface of gold nanoparticles was functionalized with cyclodextrin hosts and the guest exchange was studied with biocompatible mono and divalent adamantyl competitors. The systematic characterization of the size and surface potential of the host/guest nanoparticles allowed the optimization of the binding and the stabilization properties of these supramolecular systems. The in cellulo host/guest-mediated direct reconfiguration of the peptide layer at the surface of nanoparticles is achieved by controlling the valence of adamantane-equipped peptides. This work demonstrates that host/guest supramolecular systems can be exploited for the direct exchange of pendants at the surface of nanoparticles and the intracellular dynamic chemical reconfiguration of biocompatible colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Fernández-Caro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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7
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Li Z, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zha D, Hai Y, You L. Dynamic Covalent Reactions Controlled by Ring‐Chain Tautomerism of 2‐Formylbenzoic Acid. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou Fujian 350007 China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yuntao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Daijun Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yu Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
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8
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Pellizzoni E, Şologan M, Daka M, Pengo P, Marson D, Posel Z, Franchi S, Bignardi L, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Posocco P, Pasquato L. Thiolate end-group regulates ligand arrangement, hydration and affinity for small compounds in monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1373-1381. [PMID: 34583042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control the properties of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (MPNPs) discloses unrevealed features stemming from collective properties of the ligands forming the monolayer and presents opportunities to design new materials. To date, the influence of ligand end-group size and capacity to form hydrogen bonds on structure and hydration of small MPNPs (<5 nm) has been poorly studied. Here, we show that both features determine ligands order, solvent accessibility, capacity to host hydrophobic compounds and interfacial properties of MPNPs. The polarity perceived by a radical probe and its binding constant with the monolayer investigated by electron spin resonance is rationalized by molecular dynamics simulations, which suggest that larger space-filling groups - trimethylammonium, zwitterionic and short polyethylene glycol - favor a radial organization of the thiolates, whereas smaller groups - as sulfonate - promote the formation of bundles. Zwitterionic ligands create a surface network of hydrogen bonds, which affects nanoparticle hydrophobicity and maximize the partition equilibrium constant of the probe. This study discloses the role of the chemistry of the end-group on monolayer features with effects that span from molecular- to nano-scale and opens the door to a shift in the conception of new MPNPs exploiting the end-group as a novel design motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Maria Şologan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Mario Daka
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Paolo Pengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Domenico Marson
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy); Department of Informatics, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústínad Labem, (Czech Republic)
| | - Stefano Franchi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, (Italy)
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, (Italy).
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy).
| | - Lucia Pasquato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy).
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9
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Diez‐Castellnou M, Suo R, Marro N, Matthew SAL, Kay ER. Rapidly Adaptive All-covalent Nanoparticle Surface Engineering. Chemistry 2021; 27:9948-9953. [PMID: 33871124 PMCID: PMC8362155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging nanotechnologies demand the manipulation of nanoscale components with the same predictability and programmability as is taken for granted in molecular synthetic methodologies. Yet installing appropriately reactive chemical functionality on nanomaterial surfaces has previously entailed compromises in terms of reactivity scope, functionalization density, or both. Here, we introduce an idealized dynamic covalent nanoparticle building block for divergent and adaptive post-synthesis modification of colloidal nanomaterials. Acetal-protected monolayer-stabilized gold nanoparticles are prepared via operationally simple protocols and are stable to long-term storage. Tunable surface densities of reactive aldehyde functionalities are revealed on-demand, leading to a wide range of adaptive surface engineering options from one nanoscale synthon. Analytically tractable with molecular precision, interfacial reaction kinetics and dynamic surface constitutions can be probed in situ at the ensemble level. High functionalization densities combined with rapid equilibration kinetics enable environmentally adaptive surface constitutions and rapid nanoparticle property switching in response to simple chemical effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rongtian Suo
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Nicolas Marro
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Saphia A. L. Matthew
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Euan R. Kay
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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10
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Mati IK, Edwards W, Marson D, Howe EJ, Stinson S, Posocco P, Kay ER. Probing Multiscale Factors Affecting the Reactivity of Nanoparticle-Bound Molecules. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8295-8305. [PMID: 33938222 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures and physicochemical properties of surface-stabilizing molecules play a critical role in defining the properties, interactions, and functionality of hybrid nanomaterials such as monolayer-stabilized nanoparticles. Concurrently, the distinct surface-bound interfacial environment imposes very specific conditions on molecular reactivity and behavior in this setting. Our ability to probe hybrid nanoscale systems experimentally remains limited, yet understanding the consequences of surface confinement on molecular reactivity is crucial for enabling predictive nanoparticle synthon approaches for postsynthesis engineering of nanoparticle surface chemistry and construction of devices and materials from nanoparticle components. Here, we have undertaken an integrated experimental and computational study of the reaction kinetics for nanoparticle-bound hydrazones, which provide a prototypical platform for understanding chemical reactivity in a nanoconfined setting. Systematic variation of just one molecular-scale structural parameter-the distance between reactive site and nanoparticle surface-showed that the surface-bound reactivity is influenced by multiscale effects. Nanoparticle-bound reactions were tracked in situ using 19F NMR spectroscopy, allowing direct comparison to the reactions of analogous substrates in bulk solution. The surface-confined reactions proceed more slowly than their solution-phase counterparts, and kinetic inhibition becomes more significant for reactive sites positioned closer to the nanoparticle surface. Molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to identify distinct supramolecular architectures and unexpected dynamic features of the surface-bound molecules that underpin the experimentally observed trends in reactivity. This study allows us to draw general conclusions regarding interlinked structural and dynamical features across several length scales that influence interfacial reactivity in monolayer-confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia K Mati
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - William Edwards
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Domenico Marson
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Edward J Howe
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Scott Stinson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Euan R Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
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11
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Montes-García V, Squillaci MA, Diez-Castellnou M, Ong QK, Stellacci F, Samorì P. Chemical sensing with Au and Ag nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1269-1304. [PMID: 33290474 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are ideal scaffolds for the fabrication of sensing devices because of their high surface-to-volume ratio combined with their unique optical and electrical properties which are extremely sensitive to changes in the environment. Such characteristics guarantee high sensitivity in sensing processes. Metal NPs can be decorated with ad hoc molecular building blocks which can act as receptors of specific analytes. By pursuing this strategy, and by taking full advantage of the specificity of supramolecular recognition events, highly selective sensing devices can be fabricated. Besides, noble metal NPs can also be a pivotal element for the fabrication of chemical nose/tongue sensors to target complex mixtures of analytes. This review highlights the most enlightening strategies developed during the last decade, towards the fabrication of chemical sensors with either optical or electrical readout combining high sensitivity and selectivity, along with fast response and full reversibility, with special attention to approaches that enable efficient environmental and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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12
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Abstract
The last two decades have seen great advancements in fundamental understanding and applications of metallic nanoparticles stabilized by mixed-ligand monolayers. Identifying and controlling the organization of multiple ligands in the nanoparticle monolayer has been studied, and its effect on particle properties has been examined. Mixed-ligand protected particles have shown advantages over monoligand protected particles in fields such as catalysis, self-assembly, imaging, and drug delivery. In this Review, the use of mixed-ligand monolayer protected nanoparticles for sensing applications will be examined. This is the first time this subject is examined as a whole. Mixed-ligand nanoparticle-based sensors are revealed to be divided into four groups, each of which will be discussed. The first group consists of ligands that work cooperatively to improve the sensors' properties. In the second group, multiple ligands are utilized for sensing multiple analytes. The third group combines ligands used for analyte recognition and signal production. In the final group, a sensitive, but unstable, functional ligand is combined with a stabilizing ligand. The Review will conclude by discussing future challenges and potential research directions for this promising subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Zeiri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, NRCN, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
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13
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Feng Z, Jia S, Chen H, You L. Modulation of imine chemistry with intramolecular hydrogen bonding: Effects from ortho-OH to NH. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Marro N, Della Sala F, Kay ER. Programmable dynamic covalent nanoparticle building blocks with complementary reactivity. Chem Sci 2019; 11:372-383. [PMID: 32190260 PMCID: PMC7067244 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A toolkit of two complementary dynamic covalent nanoparticles enables programmable and reversible nanoparticle functionalization and construction of adaptive binary assemblies.
Nanoparticle-based devices, materials and technologies will demand a new era of synthetic chemistry where predictive principles familiar in the molecular regime are extended to nanoscale building blocks. Typical covalent strategies for modifying nanoparticle-bound species rely on kinetically controlled reactions optimised for efficiency but with limited capacity for selective and divergent access to a range of product constitutions. In this work, monolayer-stabilized nanoparticles displaying complementary dynamic covalent hydrazone exchange reactivity undergo distinct chemospecific transformations by selecting appropriate combinations of ‘nucleophilic’ or ‘electrophilic’ nanoparticle-bound monolayers with nucleophilic or electrophilic molecular modifiers. Thermodynamically governed reactions allow modulation of product compositions, spanning mixed-ligand monolayers to exhaustive exchange. High-density nanoparticle-stabilizing monolayers facilitate in situ reaction monitoring by quantitative 19F NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic analysis reveals that hydrazone exchange rates are moderately diminished by surface confinement, and that the magnitude of this effect is dependent on mechanistic details: surface-bound electrophiles react intrinsically faster, but are more significantly affected by surface immobilization than nucleophiles. Complementary nanoparticles react with each other to form robust covalently connected binary aggregates. Endowed with the adaptive characteristics of the dynamic covalent linking process, the nanoscale assemblies can be tuned from extended aggregates to colloidally stable clusters of equilibrium sizes that depend on the concentration of a monofunctional capping agent. Just two ‘dynamic covalent nanoparticles’ with complementary thermodynamically governed reactivities therefore institute a programmable toolkit offering flexible control over nanoparticle surface functionalization, and construction of adaptive assemblies that selectively combine several nanoscale building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marro
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Flavio Della Sala
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Euan R Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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15
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Mozaffari S, Li W, Dixit M, Seifert S, Lee B, Kovarik L, Mpourmpakis G, Karim AM. The role of nanoparticle size and ligand coverage in size focusing of colloidal metal nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4052-4066. [PMID: 36132098 PMCID: PMC9417622 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the size distribution of nanoparticles is important for many applications and typically involves the use of ligands during synthesis. In this study, we show that the mechanism of size focusing involves a dependence of the growth rate on the size of the nanoparticles and the ligand coverage on the surface of the nanoparticles. To demonstrate these effects, we used in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and population balance kinetic modeling (PBM) to investigate the evolution of size distribution during the synthesis of colloidal Pd metal nanoparticles. Despite temporal overlap of nucleation and growth, our in situ SAXS show size focusing of the distribution under different synthetic conditions (different concentrations of metal and ligand as well as solvent type). To understand the mechanism of size focusing using PBM, we systematically studied how the evolution of the nanoparticle size distribution is affected by nucleation rate, and dependence of the growth rate constant on ligand surface coverage, and size of the nanoparticles. We show that continuous nucleation contributes to size defocusing. However, continuous nucleation results in different reaction times for the nanoparticle population leading to time and size-dependent ligand surface coverage. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relations, we show that as the population grows, larger nanoparticles grow more slowly than smaller ones due to lower intrinsic activity and higher ligand coverage on the surface. Therefore, despite continuous nucleation, the faster growth of smaller nanoparticles in the population leads to size focusing. The size focusing behaviour (due to faster growth of smaller nanoparticles) was found to be model independent and similar results were demonstrated under different nucleation and growth pathways (e.g. growth via ion reduction on the surface and/or monomer addition). Our results provide a microscopic connection between kinetics and thermodynamics of nanoparticle growth and metal-ligand binding, and their effect on the size distribution of colloidal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mozaffari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA 24060 USA
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA 24060 USA
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261 USA
| | - Soenke Seifert
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261 USA
| | - Ayman M Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA 24060 USA
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16
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Higgs PL, Ruiz-Sanchez AJ, Dalmina M, Horrocks BR, Leach AG, Fulton DA. Enhancing the kinetics of hydrazone exchange processes: an experimental and computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3218-3224. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bond acceptors (A) stabilize the transition state, lowering the energy barrier to rapid hydrazone exchange, without need for exogenous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Higgs
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Antonio J. Ruiz-Sanchez
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Milene Dalmina
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Benjamin R. Horrocks
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- James Parsons Building
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - David A. Fulton
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Bedson Building
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
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17
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Chu Z, Han Y, Bian T, De S, Král P, Klajn R. Supramolecular Control of Azobenzene Switching on Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1949-1960. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Chu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Tong Bian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Soumen De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Physics and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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18
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Orrillo AG, Escalante AM, Martinez-Amezaga M, Cabezudo I, Furlan RLE. Molecular Networks in Dynamic Multilevel Systems. Chemistry 2018; 25:1118-1127. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gastón Orrillo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Escalante
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Maitena Martinez-Amezaga
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cabezudo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Ricardo L. E. Furlan
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
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19
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Bartolec B, Altay M, Otto S. Template-promoted self-replication in dynamic combinatorial libraries made from a simple building block. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13096-13098. [PMID: 30395138 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06253f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report dynamic combinatorial libraries made from a simple building block that is on the verge of enabling self-assembly driven self-replication. Adding a template provides a sufficient additional push yielding self-replication. Self-assembly and self-replication can emerge with building blocks that are considerably smaller than those reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bartolec
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Marsh ZM, Lantz KA, Stefik M. QCM detection of molecule-nanoparticle interactions for ligand shells of varying morphology. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19107-19116. [PMID: 30298160 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) have widespread applications from sensing to drug delivery where much behavior is determined by the nature of the surface and the resulting intermolecular interactions with the local environment. Ligand mixtures enable continuously tunable behavior where both the composition and morphology influence molecular interactions. Mixed ligand shells form multiple morphologies ranging from Janus to patchy and stripe-like with varying domain dimensions. Solvent-NP interactions are generally measured by solubility measures alone. Here we develop a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) approach to more broadly quantify molecule-NP interactions via vapor phase uptake into solid NP-films independent from solvation constraints. The composition and morphology of mixed ligand shells were found to exhibit pronounced non-monotonic behavior that deviated from continuum thermodynamics, highlighting the influence of ligand morphology upon absorption/adsorption. Alkyl and perfluorinated thiols were used as a model case with constant core-size distribution. The ligand morphology was determined by 19F NMR. Molecule uptake into NPs was measured with five benzene derivatives with varied degree of fluorination. For the cases examined, QCM measurements revealed enhanced uptake for patchy morphologies and suppressed uptake for stripe-like morphologies. These results contrast with insights from solubility measures alone where QCM sometimes identified significant molecular uptake of poor solvents. This QCM method thus provides new insights to molecule-NP interactions independent of the solvation shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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21
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Hai Y, Zou H, Ye H, You L. Three Switchable Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Reactions and Complex Networks Based on the Control of Dual Reactivity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9858-9869. [PMID: 30091361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Achieving complexity is central to the creation of chemical systems, inspired by natural systems. Herein we introduce a strategy of switchable orthogonal dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) toward the regulation of complex dynamic networks. The control of dual reactivity of tautomers and resulting pathways allowed reversible covalent bonding of a large scope of primary amines, secondary amines, alcohols, and thiols with high efficiency. The selection of reaction pathways next enabled the realization of orthogonal but switchable dynamic covalent reactions (DCRs) with nucleophile pairs of amine/alcohol, alcohol/thiol, and amine/thiol by varying protonation and oxidation states. Control experiments confirmed the crucial role of dual reactivity on the stability and switchability of DCRs. The specificity toward amines, alcohols, and thiols, as well as interconversion between their corresponding assemblies, was further accomplished in one vessel, thus creating tunable communicating networks with three types of DCRs. Moreover, the switchable orthogonality combined with differential reactivity of multiple sulfonamides and nucleophiles enhanced the complexity within dynamic libraries. The generality and versatility of our approaches should facilitate their incorporation into many aspects of chemistry endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,College of Material Science and Engineering , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007 , China
| | - Hanxun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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22
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Yang Y, Serrano LA, Guldin S. A Versatile AuNP Synthetic Platform for Decoupled Control of Size and Surface Composition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6820-6826. [PMID: 29768005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While a plethora of protocols exist for the synthesis of sub-10-nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), independent control over the size and surface composition remains restricted. This poses a particular challenge for systematic studies of AuNP structure-function relationships and the optimization of crucial design parameters. To this end, we report on a modular two-step approach based on the synthesis of AuNPs in oleylamine (OAm) followed by subsequent functionalization with thiol ligands and mixtures thereof. The synthesis of OAm-capped AuNPs enables fine-tuning of the core size in the range of 2-7 nm by varying the reaction temperature. The subsequent thiol-for-OAm ligand exchange allows a reliable generation of thiol-capped AuNPs with target surface functionality. The compatibility of this approach with a vast library of thiol ligands provides detailed control of the mixed ligand composition and solubility in a wide range of solvents ranging from water to hexane. This decoupled control over the AuNP core and ligand shell provides a powerful toolbox for the methodical screening of optimal design parameters and facile preparation of AuNPs with target properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Luis A Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
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23
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Hewitt SH, Wilson AJ. Generation of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Using Hydrazone-Functionalized Surface Mimetics. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:1872-1879. [PMID: 29780280 PMCID: PMC5947633 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) represents an approach, whereby traditional supramolecular scaffolds used for protein surface recognition might be exploited to achieve selective high affinity target recognition. Synthesis, in situ screening and amplification under selection pressure allows the generation of ligands, which bear different moieties capable of making multivalent non‐covalent interactions with target proteins. Generic tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin scaffolds bearing four hydrazide moieties have been used to form dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) using aniline‐catalyzed reversible hydrazone exchange reactions, in 10 % DMSO, 5 mm NH4OAc, at pH 6.75. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to monitor library composition and establish conditions under which equilibria were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
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24
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Borsley S, Poss G, Spicer RL, Boudin E, Kay ER. Switchable selectivity within a series of boronate esters for dynamic covalent exchange in nonaqueous solvents. Supramol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2018.1431393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Guillaume Poss
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Rebecca L. Spicer
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Eloïse Boudin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Euan R. Kay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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