1
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wu N, Wang H, Li T, Ouyang G, Liu M. Handedness-Inverted and Stimuli-Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescent Nano/Micromaterials Through Pathway-Dependent Chiral Supramolecular Polymorphism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403329. [PMID: 38625749 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The precise manipulation of supramolecular polymorphs has been widely applied to control the morphologies and functions of self-assemblies, but is rarely utilized for the fabrication of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials with tailored properties. Here, this work reports that an amphiphilic naphthalene-histidine compound (NIHis) readily self-assembled into distinct chiral nanostructures through pathway-dependent supramolecular polymorphism, which shows opposite and multistimuli responsive CPL signals. Specifically, NIHis display assembly-induced CPL from the polymorphic keto tautomer, which become predominant during enol-keto tautomerization shifting controlled by a bulk solvent effect. Interestingly, chiral polymorphs of nanofiber and microbelt with inverted CPL signals can be prepared from the same NIHis monomer in exactly the same solvent compositions and concentrations by only changing the temperature. The tunable CPL performance of the solid microbelts is realized under multi external physical or chemical stimuli including grinding, acid fuming, and heating. In particular, an emission color and CPL on-off switch based on the microbelt polymorph by reversible heating-cooling protocol is developed. This work brings a new approach for developing smart CPL materials via supramolecular polymorphism engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhao
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Ouyang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Khanra P, Rajdev P, Das A. Seed-Induced Living Two-Dimensional (2D) Supramolecular Polymerization in Water: Implications on Protein Adsorption and Enzyme Inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400486. [PMID: 38265331 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In biological systems, programmable supramolecular frameworks characterized by coordinated directional non-covalent interactions are widespread. However, only a small number of reports involve pure water-based dynamic supramolecular assembly of artificial π-amphiphiles, primarily due to the formidable challenge of counteracting the strong hydrophobic dominance of the π-surface in water, leading to undesired kinetic traps. This study reveals the pathway complexity in hydrogen-bonding-mediated supramolecular polymerization of an amide-functionalized naphthalene monoimide (NMI) building block with a hydrophilic oligo-oxyethylene (OE) wedge. O-NMI-2 initially produced entropically driven, collapsed spherical particles in water (Agg-1); however, over a span of 72 h, these metastable Agg-1 gradually transformed into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets (Agg-2), favoured by both entropy and enthalpy contributions. The intricate self-assembly pathways in O-NMI-2 enable us to explore seed-induced living supramolecular polymerization (LSP) in water for controlled synthesis of monolayered 2D assemblies. Furthermore, we demonstrated the nonspecific surface adsorption of a model enzyme, serine protease α-Chymotrypsin (α-ChT), and consequently the enzyme activity, which could be regulated by controlling the morphological transformation of O-NMI-2 from Agg-1 to Agg-2. We delve into the thermodynamic aspects of such shape-dependent protein-surface interactions and unravel the impact of seed-induced LSP on temporally controlling the catalytic activity of α-ChT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Khanra
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Priya Rajdev
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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3
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Chen Y, Wan Q, Shi Y, Tang B, Che CM, Liu C. Three-Component Multiblock 1D Supramolecular Copolymers of Ir(III) Complexes with Controllable Sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312844. [PMID: 37905561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted much attention due to their potential functionalities, but examples of three-component supramolecular BCPs are rare. Herein, we report the synthesis of three-component multiblock 1D supramolecular copolymers of Ir(III) complexes 1-3 by a sequential seeded supramolecular polymerization approach. Precise control over the kinetically trapped species via the pathway complexity of the monomers is the key to the successful synthesis of BCPs with up to 9 blocks. Furthermore, 5-block BCPs with different sequences could be synthesized by changing the addition order of the kinetic species during a sequentially seeded process. The corresponding heterogeneous nucleation-elongation process has been confirmed by the UV/Vis absorption spectra, and each segment of the multiblock copolymers could be characterized by both TEM and SEM. Interestingly, the energy transfer leads to weakened emission of 1-terminated and enhanced emission of 3-terminated BCPs. This study will be an important step in advancing the synthesis and properties of three-component BCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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4
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Manha Veedu R, Niemeyer N, Bäumer N, Kartha Kalathil K, Neugebauer J, Fernández G. Sterically Allowed H-type Supramolecular Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314211. [PMID: 37797248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of π-conjugated scaffolds with sterically demanding substituents is a widely used tactic to suppress cofacial (H-type) stacking interactions, which may even inhibit self-assembly. Contrary to expectations, we demonstrate herein that increasing steric effects can result in an enhanced thermodynamic stability of H-type supramolecular polymers. In our approach, we have investigated two boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes with bulky phenyl (2) and mesityl (3) meso-substituents and compared their self-assembly in nonpolar media with that of a parent meso-methyl BODIPY 1 lacking bulky groups. While the enhanced steric demand induces pathway complexity, the superior thermodynamic stability of the H-type pathways can be rationalized in terms of additional enthalpic gain arising from intermolecular C-H⋅⋅⋅F-B interactions of the orthogonally arranged aromatic substituents, which overrule their inherent steric demand. Our findings underline the importance of balancing competing non-covalent interactions in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasitha Manha Veedu
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas Niemeyer
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Universität Münster, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Krishnan Kartha Kalathil
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala-686560, India
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Universität Münster, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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5
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Kompella SVK, Balasubramanian S. Supramolecular Polymerization of a Pyrene-Substituted Diamide and Its Ensemble of Kinetically Trapped Configurations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310727. [PMID: 37725396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of kinetically accessible states in supramolecular polymerization pathways has been exploited to control the growth of the polymer and thereby to obtain niche morphologies. Yet, these pathways themselves are not easily amenable for experimental delineation but could potentially be understood through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Herein, we report an extensive investigation of the self-assembly of pyrene-substituted diamide (PDA) monomers in solution, conducted using atomistic MD simulations and advanced sampling methods. We characterize such kinetic and thermodynamic states as well as the transition pathways and free energy barriers between them. PDA forms a dimeric segment with the N- to C-termini vectors of the diamide moieties arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel fashion. This characteristic, combined with the molecule's torsional flexibility and pyrene-solvent interactions, presents an ensemble of molecular configurations contributing to the kinetic state in the polymerization pathway. While this ensemble primarily comprises short oligomers containing a mix of anti-parallel and parallel dimeric segments, the thermodynamic state of the assembly is a right-handed polymer featuring parallel ones only. Our work thus offers an approach by which the landscape of any specific supramolecular polymerization can be deconstructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath V K Kompella
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
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6
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Contreras-Montoya R, Smith JP, Boothroyd SC, Aguilar JA, Mirzamani M, Screen MA, Yufit DS, Robertson M, He L, Qian S, Kumari H, Steed JW. Pathway complexity in fibre assembly: from liquid crystals to hyper-helical gelmorphs. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11389-11401. [PMID: 37886106 PMCID: PMC10599479 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathway complexity results in unique materials from the same components according to the assembly conditions. Here a chiral acyl-semicarbazide gelator forms three different gels of contrasting fibre morphology (termed 'gelmorphs') as well as lyotropic liquid crystalline droplets depending on the assembly pathway. The gels have morphologies that are either hyperhelical (HH-Gel), tape-fibre (TF-Gel) or thin fibril derived from the liquid crystalline phase (LC-Gels) and exhibit very different rheological properties. The gelator exists as three slowly interconverting conformers in solution. All three gels are comprised of an unsymmetrical, intramolecular hydrogen bonded conformer. The kinetics show that formation of the remarkable HH-Gel is cooperative and is postulated to involve association of the growing fibril with a non-gelling conformer. This single molecule dynamic conformational library shows how very different materials with different morphology and hence very contrasting materials properties can arise from pathway complexity as a result of emergent interactions during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | | | - Juan A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Marzieh Mirzamani
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way, Medical Science Building 3109C Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
| | - Martin A Screen
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Dmitry S Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Dr. Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way, Medical Science Building 3109C Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
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7
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Erić V, Castro JL, Li X, Dsouza L, Frehan SK, Huijser A, Holzwarth AR, Buda F, Sevink GJA, de Groot HJM, Jansen TLC. Ultrafast Anisotropy Decay Reveals Structure and Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7487-7496. [PMID: 37594912 PMCID: PMC10476209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes from green bacteria perform the most efficient light capture and energy transfer, as observed among natural light-harvesting antennae. Hence, their unique functional properties inspire developments in artificial light-harvesting and molecular optoelectronics. We examine two distinct organizations of the molecular building blocks as proposed in the literature, demonstrating how these organizations alter light capture and energy transfer, which can serve as a mechanism that the bacteria utilize to adapt to changes in light conditions. Spectral simulations of polarization-resolved two-dimensional electronic spectra unravel how changes in the helicity of chlorosomal aggregates alter energy transfer. We show that ultrafast anisotropy decay presents a spectral signature that reveals contrasting energy pathways in different chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Erić
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Luis Castro
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lolita Dsouza
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean K. Frehan
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Borsdorf L, Herkert L, Bäumer N, Rubert L, Soberats B, Korevaar PA, Bourque C, Gatsogiannis C, Fernández G. Pathway-Controlled Aqueous Supramolecular Polymerization via Solvent-Dependent Chain Conformation Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8882-8895. [PMID: 37053499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Solute-solvent interactions play a critical role in multiple fields, including biology, materials science, and (physical) organic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry. Within the growing field of supramolecular polymer science, these interactions have been recognized as an important driving force for (entropically driven) intermolecular association, particularly in aqueous media. However, to date, solute-solvent effects remain poorly understood in the context of complex self-assembly energy landscapes and pathway complexity. Herein, we unravel the role of solute-solvent interactions in controlling chain conformation effects, allowing energy landscape modulation and pathway selection in aqueous supramolecular polymerization. To this end, we have designed a series of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE)-based bolaamphiphilic Pt(II) complexes OPE2-4 bearing solubilizing triethylene glycol (TEG) chains of equal length on both molecule ends, but a different size of the hydrophobic aromatic scaffold. Strikingly, detailed self-assembly studies in aqueous media disclose a different tendency of the TEG chains to fold back and enwrap the hydrophobic molecular component depending on both the size of the core and the volume fraction of the co-solvent (THF). The relatively small hydrophobic component of OPE2 can be readily shielded by the TEG chains, leading to only one aggregation pathway. In contrast, the decreased capability of the TEG chains to effectively shield larger hydrophobic cores (OPE3 and OPE4) enables different types of solvent quality-dependent conformations (extended, partly back-folded and back-folded), which in turn induce various controllable aggregation pathways with distinct morphologies and mechanisms. Our results shed light on previously underappreciated solvent-dependent chain conformation effects and their role in governing pathway complexity in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Borsdorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lorena Herkert
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Llorenç Rubert
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Iles Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Iles Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Peter A Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cole Bourque
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Ishii T, Matsubara S, Tamiaki H. Ring-shaped self-assembly of a naphthalene-linked chlorophyll dimer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1967-1970. [PMID: 36723005 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting antennas, for example the LH2 complex in purple bacteria, sophisticatedly align chlorophyll molecules in a cyclic fashion by using protein scaffolds. However, artificial preparation of the circular LH antenna model without any templates has not been reported. We demonstrated the construction of ring-shaped supramolecules by self-assembly of a semisynthetic chlorophyll dimer through a transformation from wavy fiber-like aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Ishii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Shogo Matsubara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. .,Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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10
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Fukaya N, Ogi S, Sotome H, Fujimoto KJ, Yanai T, Bäumer N, Fernández G, Miyasaka H, Yamaguchi S. Impact of Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Balance on Aggregation Pathways, Morphologies, and Excited-State Dynamics of Amphiphilic Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dyes in Aqueous Media. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22479-22492. [PMID: 36459436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We report the thermodynamic and kinetic aqueous self-assembly of a series of amide-functionalized dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrroles (TDPPs) that bear various hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) and hydrophobic alkyl chains. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies showed that the TDPP-based amphiphiles with an octyl group form sheet-like aggregates with J-type exciton coupling. The effect of the alkyl chains on the aggregated structure and the internal molecular orientation was examined via computational studies combining MD simulations and TD-DFT calculations. Furthermore, solvent and thermal denaturation experiments provided a state diagram that indicates the formation of unexpected nanoparticles during the self-assembly into nanosheets when longer OEG side chains are introduced. A kinetic analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were obtained selectively as an on-pathway intermediate state toward the formation of thermodynamically controlled nanosheets. The metastable aggregates were used for seed-initiated supramolecular assembly, which allowed establishing control over the assembly kinetics and the aggregate size. The sheet-like aggregates prepared using the seeding method exhibited coherent vibration in the excited state, indicating a well-ordered orientation of the TDPP units. These results underline the significance of fine tuning of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance in the molecular design to kinetically control the assembly of amphiphilic π-conjugated molecules into two-dimensional nanostructures in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Fukaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro J Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka560-8531, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
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11
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Bujosa S, Doncel‐Giménez A, Bäumer N, Fernández G, Ortí E, Costa A, Rotger C, Aragó J, Soberats B. Thermoreversible Polymorph Transitions in Supramolecular Polymers of Hydrogen-Bonded Squaramides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213345. [PMID: 36178740 PMCID: PMC9828658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded squaramide (SQ) supramolecular polymers exhibit uncommon thermoreversible polymorph transitions between particle- and fiber-like nanostructures. SQs 1-3, with different steric bulk, self-assemble in solution into particles (AggI) upon cooling to 298 K, and SQs 1 and 2, with only one dendronic group, show a reversible transformation into fibers (AggII) by further decreasing the temperature to 288 K. Nano-DSC and UV/Vis studies on SQ 1 reveal a concentration-dependent transition temperature and ΔH for the AggI-to-AggII conversion, while the kinetic studies on SQ 2 indicate the on-pathway nature of the polymorph transition. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal that these transitions are triggered by the molecular reorganization of the SQ units changing from slipped to head-to-tail hydrogen bonding patterns. This work unveils the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reversible polymorph transitions that are of interest to develop stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Bujosa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Azahara Doncel‐Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Carmen Rotger
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
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12
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Chen M, Wang H, Li E, Li X, Shi T. Hierarchically supramolecular polymerization of anthraquinone dye to chiral aggregates via 2D-monolayered nanosheets: the unanticipated role of pathway complexity. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14052-14056. [PMID: 36134624 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An anthraquinone dye underwent supramolecular polymerization, affording 2D-monolayered nanosheets in a kinetically controlled state. The nanosheets then transformed into hierarchically chiral aggregates in a thermodynamically controlled step. The unanticipated role played by pathway complexity was clearly unravelled in this work, highlighting the diversified pathways in the supramolecular polymerization of various building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Prov., China.
| | - Houchen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Prov., China.
| | - Enhui Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Prov., China.
| | - Xueru Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Prov., China.
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Prov., China.
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13
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Shi W, Wei R, Zhang D, Meng L, Xie J, Cai K, Zhao D. Dual Cooperatively Grown J‐aggregates with Different Nucleus Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208635. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Rong Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Linghao Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chemistry Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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14
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Guo Y, Huang S, Sun H, Wang Z, Shao Y, Li L, Li Z, Song F. Tuning the aqueous self-assembly of porphyrins by varying the number of cationic side chains. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5968-5975. [PMID: 35876007 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their excellent electronic and optical properties, porphyrins are extensively studied conjugated macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry for assembling functional nanomaterials. Although the aggregation of monomers plays a significant role in driving the self-assembly process into ordered nanostructures, it remains a challenge for tuning the self-assembling behavior of porphyrins through molecular structure modifications, especially in aqueous solutions. In the present work, two novel water-soluble porphyrin derivatives were synthesized by introducing cationic linear side chains into the π-conjugated core for phosphate-templated assembly through electrostatic interactions. It was found that the stacking patterns (H- or J-type aggregation) of porphyrins could be tuned by varying the number of side chains, which are associated with dramatic morphological change. The cytotoxicity and photodynamic properties of the J-aggregation-driven nano-assemblies were also investigated for the purpose of anti-cancer treatment. This study demonstrates a facile and effective strategy to regulate the aqueous self-assembling behavior of porphyrins that can impact the structure and properties of assembly, which will be of great benefit to the design and synthesis of functional nanomaterials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Guo
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shuheng Huang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Han Sun
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yutong Shao
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lukun Li
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Fengling Song
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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15
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Shi W, Wei R, Zhang D, Meng L, Xie J, Cai K, Zhao D. Dual Cooperatively Grown J‐aggregates with Different Nucleus Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shi
- Peking University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Rong Wei
- Peking University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Di Zhang
- Peking University college of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Jiajun Xie
- Peking University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kang Cai
- Nankai University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Peking University College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering College of ChemistryPeking University 100871 Beijing CHINA
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16
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Shoji S, Stepanenko V, Würthner F, Tamiaki H. Self-assembly of a zinc bacteriochlorophyll- d analog with a lipophilic tertiary amide group in the 17-substituent. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Shoji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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17
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Ok M, Kim KY, Choi H, Kim S, Lee SS, Cho J, Jung SH, Jung JH. Helicity-driven chiral self-sorting supramolecular polymerization with Ag+: right- and left-helical aggregates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3109-3117. [PMID: 35414882 PMCID: PMC8926169 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06413d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of chiral self-sorting is extremely important for understanding biological systems and for developing applications for the biomedical field. In this study, we attempted an unprecedented chiral self-sorting supramolecular...
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Korea
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Daegu 42988 Korea
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
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18
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Li C, Ok M, Choi H, Jung JH. Metallosupramolecular polymers formed with silver(i) ions in aqueous solution. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers of a terpyridine-based ligand (L) at three different concentrations of AgNO3 (0, 0.5, and 1.0 equiv.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Ok
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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19
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Khodaverdi M, Hossain MS, Zhang Z, Martino RP, Nehls CW, Mozhdehi D. Pathway‐Selection for Programmable Assembly of Genetically Encoded Amphiphiles by Thermal Processing. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Khodaverdi
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Robert P. Martino
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Connor W. Nehls
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Davoud Mozhdehi
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
- BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Material and Living Systems Syracuse University Syracuse NY 13244 USA
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20
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Bäumer N, Matern J, Fernández G. Recent progress and future challenges in the supramolecular polymerization of metal-containing monomers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12248-12265. [PMID: 34603655 PMCID: PMC8480320 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of discrete molecular entities into functional nanomaterials has become a major research area in the past decades. The library of investigated compounds has diversified significantly, while the field as a whole has matured. The incorporation of metal ions in the molecular design of the (supra-)molecular building blocks greatly expands the potential applications, while also offering a promising approach to control molecular recognition and attractive and/or repulsive intermolecular binding events. Hence, supramolecular polymerization of metal-containing monomers has emerged as a major research focus in the field. In this perspective article, we highlight recent significant advances in supramolecular polymerization of metal-containing monomers and discuss their implications for future research. Additionally, we also outline some major challenges that metallosupramolecular chemists (will) have to face to produce metallosupramolecular polymers (MSPs) with advanced applications and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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21
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Chakraborty A, Manna RN, Paul A, Ghosh S. Externally Regulated Specific Molecular Recognition Driven Pathway Selectivity in Supramolecular Polymerization. Chemistry 2021; 27:11458-11467. [PMID: 33978984 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reveals 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) regulated pathway selectivity in the supramolecular polymerization of a naphthalene-diimide derivative (NDI-1), appended with a carboxylic acid group. In decane, NDI-1 produces ill-defined aggregate (Agg-1) due to different H-bonding motifs of the -COOH group. With one mole equivalent DMAP, the NDI-1/DMAP complex introduces new nucleation condition and exhibits a cooperative supramolecular polymerization producing J-aggregated fibrillar nanostructure (Agg-2). With 10 % DMAP and fast cooling (10 K/min), similar nucleation and open chain H-bonding with the free monomer in an anti-parallel arrangement produces identical J-aggregate (Agg-2a). With 2.5 % DMAP and slow cooling (1 K/min), a distinct nucleation and supramolecular polymerization pathway emerge leading to the thermodynamically controlled Agg-3 with face-to-face stacking and 2D-morphology. Slow cooling with 5-10 % DMAP produces a mixture of Agg-2a and Agg-3. Computational modelling studies provide valuable insights into the internal order and the pathway complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Chakraborty
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, India-, 700032
| | - Rabindra Nath Manna
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, India-, 700032
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, India-, 700032
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, India-, 700032
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22
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Zong Y, Xu SM, Shi W, Lu C. Oriented arrangement of simple monomers enabled by confinement: towards living supramolecular polymerization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2596. [PMID: 33972542 PMCID: PMC8110532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The living supramolecular polymerization technique provides an exciting research avenue. However, in comparison with the thermodynamic spontaneous nucleation, using simple monomers to realize living supramolecular polymerization is hardly possible from an energy principle. This is because the activation barrier of kinetically trapped simple monomer (nucleation step) is insufficiently high to control the kinetics of subsequent elongation. Here, with the benefit of the confinement from the layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterial, various simple monomers, (such as benzene, naphthalene and pyrene derivatives) successfully form living supramolecular polymer (LSP) with length control and narrow dispersity. The degree of polymerization can reach ~6000. Kinetics studies reveal LDH overcomes a huge energy barrier to inhibit undesired spontaneous nucleation of monomers and disassembly of metastable states. The universality of this strategy will usher exploration into other multifunctional molecules and promote the development of functional LSP. Using simple monomers in living supramolecular polymerization is difficult due to energy principles. Here the authors use confinement from a layered double hydroxide nanomaterial to successfully polymerise several simple monomers with length control and narrow dispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Si-Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
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23
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Matsubara S, Tamiaki H. Supramolecular Nanofibers Constructed by Hydrogen Bonding of Chlorophyll Dimer. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsubara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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24
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Helmers I, Ghosh G, Albuquerque RQ, Fernández G. Pathway and Length Control of Supramolecular Polymers in Aqueous Media via a Hydrogen Bonding Lock. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4368-4376. [PMID: 33152151 PMCID: PMC7898687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Programming the organization of π-conjugated systems into nanostructures of defined dimensions is a requirement for the preparation of functional materials. Herein, we have achieved high-precision control over the self-assembly pathways and fiber length of an amphiphilic BODIPY dye in aqueous media by exploiting a programmable hydrogen bonding lock. The presence of a (2-hydroxyethyl)amide group in the target BODIPY enables different types of intra- vs. intermolecular hydrogen bonding, leading to a competition between kinetically controlled discoidal H-type aggregates and thermodynamically controlled 1D J-type fibers in water. The high stability of the kinetic state, which is dominated by the hydrophobic effect, is reflected in the slow transformation to the thermodynamic product (several weeks at room temperature). However, this lag time can be suppressed by the addition of seeds from the thermodynamic species, enabling us to obtain supramolecular polymers of tuneable length in water for multiple cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches-InstitutWestfälische-Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrenstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches-InstitutWestfälische-Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrenstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Lehrstuhl für SystemverfahrenstechnikTechnical University of Munich (TUM)Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 485354FreisingGermany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches-InstitutWestfälische-Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrenstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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25
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Oh JS, Kim KY, Park J, Lee H, Park Y, Cho J, Lee SS, Kim H, Jung SH, Jung JH. Dynamic Transformation of a Ag+-Coordinated Supramolecular Nanostructure from a 1D Needle to a 1D Helical Tube via a 2D Ribbon Accompanying the Conversion of Complex Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3113-3123. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sang Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTECH), Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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26
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Liu K, Paulino V, Mukhopadhyay A, Bernard B, Kumbhar A, Liu C, Olivier JH. How to reprogram the excitonic properties and solid-state morphologies of π-conjugated supramolecular polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2703-2714. [PMID: 33491689 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04819d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of supramolecular tools to modulate the excitonic properties of non-covalent assemblies paves the way to engineer new classes of semicondcuting materials relevant to flexible electronics. While controlling the assembly pathways of organic chromophores enables the formation of J-like and H-like aggregates, strategies to tailor the excitonic properties of pre-assembled aggregates through post-modification are scarce. In the present contribution, we combine supramolecular chemistry with redox chemistry to modulate the excitonic properties and solid-state morphologies of aggregates built from stacks of water-soluble perylene diimide building blocks. The n-doping of initially formed aggregates in an aqueous medium is shown to produce π-anion stacks for which spectroscopic properties unveil a non-negligible degree of electron-electron interactions. Oxidation of the n-doped intermediates produces metastable aggregates where free exciton bandwidths (ExBW) increase as a function of time. Kinetic data analysis reveals that the dynamic increase of free exciton bandwidth is associated with the formation of superstructures constructed by means of a nucleation-growth mechanism. By designing different redox-assisted assembly pathways, we highlight that the sacrificial electron donor plays a non-innocent role in regulating the structure-function properties of the final superstructures. Furthermore, supramolecular architectures formed via a nucleation-growth mechanism evolve into ribbon-like and fiber-like materials in the solid-state, as characterized by SEM and HRTEM. Through a combination of ground-state electronic absorption spectroscopy, electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, microscopy, and modeling, we show that redox-assisted assembly provides a means to reprogram the structure-function properties of pre-assembled aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Amar Kumbhar
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, 243 Chapman Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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27
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Koifman OI, Stuzhin PA, Travkin VV, Pakhomov GL. Chlorophylls in thin-film photovoltaic cells, a critical review. RSC Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly and electrical properties of chlorophyll-type dyes are reviewed with emphasis on their potential applications in thin-film solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russian Federation
| | - P. A. Stuzhin
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Travkin
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russian Federation
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS)
- Nizhny Novgorod 603950
| | - G. L. Pakhomov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russian Federation
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS)
- Nizhny Novgorod 603950
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28
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Helmers I, Ghosh G, Albuquerque RQ, Fernández G. Pfad‐ und Längenkontrolle von supramolekularen Polymeren im wässrigen Medium mittels eines Wasserstoffbrückenschlosses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik Technische Universität München (TUM) Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4 85354 Freising Deutschland
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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29
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Supramolecular chlorophyll aggregates inspired from specific light-harvesting antenna “chlorosome”: Static nanostructure, dynamic construction process, and versatile application. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Mabesoone MJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Solute-Solvent Interactions in Modern Physical Organic Chemistry: Supramolecular Polymers as a Muse. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19781-19798. [PMID: 33174741 PMCID: PMC7705892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between solvents and solutes are a cornerstone of physical organic chemistry and have been the subject of investigations over the last century. In recent years, a renewed interest in fundamental aspects of solute-solvent interactions has been sparked in the field of supramolecular chemistry in general and that of supramolecular polymers in particular. Although solvent effects in supramolecular chemistry have been recognized for a long time, the unique opportunities that supramolecular polymers offer to gain insight into solute-solvent interactions have become clear relatively recently. The multiple interactions that hold the supramolecular polymeric structure together are similar in strength to those between solute and solvent. The cooperativity found in ordered supramolecular polymers leads to the possibility of amplifying these solute-solvent effects and will shed light on extremely subtle solvation phenomena. As a result, many exciting effects of solute-solvent interactions in modern physical organic chemistry can be studied using supramolecular polymers. Our aim is to put the recent progress into a historical context and provide avenues toward a more comprehensive understanding of solvents in multicomponent supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs
F. J. Mabesoone
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Kishi M, Nakamura Y, Tamiaki H. Effect of additional hydroxy group on self-aggregation of synthetic zinc bacteriochlorophyll-c analogs. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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33
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Dey P, Rajdev P, Pramanik P, Haag R, Ghosh S. Synthesis of a Cylindrical Micelle from Hydrophilic Polymers Connected with a Single Supramolecular Structure-Directing Unit. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Liu C, Liu K, Mukhopadhyay A, Paulino V, Bernard B, Olivier JH. Butadiyne-Bridged (Porphinato)Zinc(II) Chromophores Assemble into Free-Standing Nanosheets. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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35
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Mabesoone MFJ, Ter Huurne GM, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. How Water in Aliphatic Solvents Directs the Interference of Chemical Reactivity in a Supramolecular System. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12400-12408. [PMID: 32543841 PMCID: PMC7366503 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water is typically considered to be insoluble in alkanes. Recently, however, monomerically dissolved water in alkanes has been shown to dramatically impact the structure of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers. Here, we report that water in methylcyclohexane (MCH) also determines the outcome of combining a Michael reaction with a porphyrin-based supramolecular system. In dry conditions, the components of the reaction do not affect or destabilize the supramolecular polymer, whereas in ambient or wet conditions the polymers are rapidly destabilized. Although spectroscopic investigations show no effect of water on the molecular structure of the supramolecular polymer, light scattering and atomic force microscopy experiments show that water increases the flexibility of the supramolecular polymer and decreases the polymer length. Through a series of titrations, we show that a cooperative interaction, involving the coordination of the amine catalyst to the porphyrin and complexation of the substrates to the flexible polymers invokes the depolymerization of the aggregates. Water crucially stabilizes these cooperative interactions to cause complete depolymerization in humid conditions. Additionally, we show that the humidity-controlled interference in the polymer stability occurs with various substrates, indicating that water may play a ubiquitous role in supramolecular polymerizations in oils. By controlling the amount of water, the influence of a covalent chemical process on noncovalent aggregates can be mediated, which holds great potential to forge a connection between chemical reactivity and supramolecular material structure. Moreover, our findings highlight that understanding cooperative interactions in multicomponent noncovalent systems is crucial to design complex molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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36
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Helmers I, Shen B, Kartha KK, Albuquerque RQ, Lee M, Fernández G. Impact of Positional Isomerism on Pathway Complexity in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5675-5682. [PMID: 31849157 PMCID: PMC7154731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathway complexity has become an important topic in recent years due to its relevance in the optimization of molecular assembly processes, which typically require precise sample preparation protocols. Alternatively, competing aggregation pathways can be controlled by molecular design, which primarily rely on geometrical changes of the building blocks. However, understanding how to control pathway complexity by molecular design remains elusive and new approaches are needed. Herein, we exploit positional isomerism as a new molecular design strategy for pathway control in aqueous self-assembly. We compare the self-assembly of two carboxyl-functionalized amphiphilic BODIPY dyes that solely differ in the relative position of functional groups. Placement of the carboxyl group at the 2-position enables efficient pairwise H-bonding interactions into a single thermodynamic species, whereas meso-substitution induces pathway complexity due to competing hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Our results show the importance of positional engineering for pathway control in aqueous self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Bowen Shen
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Kalathil K. Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Myongsoo Lee
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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37
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Abstract
Manipulation of non-covalent metal–metal interactions allows the fabrication of functional metallosupramolecular structures with diverse supramolecular behaviors. The majority of reported studies are mostly designed and governed by thermodynamics, with very few examples of metallosupramolecular systems exhibiting intriguing kinetics. Here we report a serendipitous finding of platinum(ii) complexes serving as non-covalent crosslinkers for the fabrication of supramolecular DNA hydrogels. Upon mixing the alkynylplatinum(ii) terpyridine complex with double-stranded DNA in aqueous solution, the platinum(ii) complex molecules are found to first stack into columnar phases by metal–metal and π–π interactions, and then the columnar phases that carry multiple positive charges crosslink the negatively charged DNA strands to form supramolecular hydrogels with luminescence properties and excellent processability. Subsequent platinum(ii) intercalation into DNA competes with the metal–metal and π–π interactions at the crosslinking points, switching on the spontaneous gel-to-sol transition. In the case of a chloro (2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2′-yl)pyridine)platinum(ii) complex, with [Pt(bzimpy)Cl]+ serving as a non-covalent crosslinker where the metal–metal and π–π interactions outcompete platinum(ii) intercalation, the intercalation-driven gel-to-sol transition pathway is blocked since the gel state is energetically more favorable than the sol state. Interestingly, the ligand exchange reaction of the chloro ligand in [Pt(bzimpy)Cl]+ with glutathione (GSH) has endowed the complexes with enhanced hydrophilicity, decreasing the planarity of the complexes, and turning off the metal–metal and π–π interactions at the crosslinking points, leading to GSH-triggered hydrogel dissociation. We report a serendipitous finding of platinum(ii) complexes serving as non-covalent crosslinkers for the fabrication of supramolecular DNA hydrogels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaka Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong PR China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong PR China
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38
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Zhou J, Gao ZJ, Cai JQ, Li LL, Wang H. Synthesis and Self-Assembly Behavior of Chlorophyll Derivatives for Ratiometric Photoacoustic Signal Optimization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1559-1568. [PMID: 32030985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly provides researchers powerful tools for creating ordered functional structures and complex architectures. Investigation of in vivo self-assembly reveals the assembly/aggregation-induced retention (AIR) effect and enhanced targeting effect, which can be applied to promising biomedical applications by enhancing molecular accumulation in the target region. These unique bioeffects inspire the interest of researchers in construction of self-assembled nanomaterials in biological systems. Although many efforts have been achieved, the in-depth analysis of the relationship between assemblies and functions is rarely reported. Here, we focus on the relationship of chlorophyll-derivative assemblies and their photoacoustic signals and attempt to establish a method for monitoring the aggregation efficiency in vivo based on photoacoustic signals. Three arginine-rich peptide-purpurin molecules were designed and synthesized. The assembled capabilities and assembly processes of these molecules were characterized and monitored by UV, fluorescence, and CD spectra images of gradually changing polarities in mixed solvents, and the morphologies of the assemblies were observed by TEM. Furthermore, the relationship between the aggregation ratios of the molecules and the ratiometric photoacoustic signals was systemically studied. We prospect that the fundamental research in revealing objective laws will be useful for future guidance in optimizing photoacoustic detection windows and assembled molecule design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-Quan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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39
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Pan H, Ren X, Chen Z. Living Supramolecular Polymerization of an Aza-BODIPY Dye Controlled by a Hydrogen-Bond-Accepting Triazole Unit Introduced by Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5185-5192. [PMID: 31943687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An aza-BODIPY dye 1 bearing two hydrophobic fan-shaped tridodecyloxybenzamide pendants through 1,2,3-triazole linkages was synthesized by a click reaction and characterized. 1 H NMR studies indicated that dye 1 exhibited variable conformations through intramolecular H-bonding interaction, which is beneficial for the polymorphism of aggregation. The thermodynamic, structural, and kinetic aspect of the supramolecular polymerization of dye 1 was investigated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, AFM, TEM, and SEM. Biphasic aggregation pathways of dye 1, leads to the formation of off-pathway, metastable Agg. I and thermodynamically stable Agg. II with distinct H-aggregation spectra and nanoscale morphology. The living manner of the supramolecular polymerization of dye 1 was demonstrated in seeded polymerization experiments with temperature-modulated successive cooling-heating cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuanfang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongfei Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangkui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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40
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Living Supramolecular Polymerization of an Aza‐BODIPY Dye Controlled by a Hydrogen‐Bond‐Accepting Triazole Unit Introduced by Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Helmers I, Shen B, Kartha KK, Albuquerque RQ, Lee M, Fernández G. Impact of Positional Isomerism on Pathway Complexity in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bowen Shen
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Kalathil K. Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Myongsoo Lee
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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42
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Ghosh G, Dey P, Ghosh S. Controlled supramolecular polymerization of π-systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6757-6769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Externally-initiated controlled supramolecular polymerization of the kinetically trapped aggregated state in a chain growth mechanism can produce well-defined living supramolecular polymers and copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Pradip Dey
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
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43
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Triplet state quenching of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates in a protein-free environment of a chlorosome interior. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Helmers I, Niehues M, Kartha KK, Ravoo BJ, Fernández G. Synergistic repulsive interactions trigger pathway complexity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8944-8947. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03603j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the impact of synergistic repulsive interactions on pathway complexity in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Maximilian Niehues
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Kalathil K. Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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45
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Wehner M, Würthner F. Supramolecular polymerization through kinetic pathway control and living chain growth. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Rao KV, Mabesoone MFJ, Miyajima D, Nihonyanagi A, Meijer EW, Aida T. Distinct Pathways in “Thermally Bisignate Supramolecular Polymerization”: Spectroscopic and Computational Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:598-605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotagiri Venkata Rao
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nihonyanagi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Takuzo Aida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Choi H, Heo S, Lee S, Kim KY, Lim JH, Jung SH, Lee SS, Miyake H, Lee JY, Jung JH. Kinetically controlled Ag +-coordinated chiral supramolecular polymerization accompanying a helical inversion. Chem Sci 2019; 11:721-730. [PMID: 34123045 PMCID: PMC8146097 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04958d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report kinetically controlled chiral supramolecular polymerization based on ligand-metal complex with a 3 : 2 (L : Ag+) stoichiometry accompanying a helical inversion in water. A new family of bipyridine-based ligands (d-L1, l-L1, d-L2, and d-L3) possessing hydrazine and d- or l-alanine moieties at the alkyl chain groups has been designed and synthesized. Interestingly, upon addition of AgNO3 (0.5-1.3 equiv.) to the d-L1 solution, it generated the aggregate I composed of the d-L1AgNO3 complex (d-L1 : Ag+ = 1 : 1) as the kinetic product with a spherical structure. Then, aggregate I (nanoparticle) was transformed into the aggregate II (supramolecular polymer) based on the (d-L1)3Ag2(NO3)2 complex as the thermodynamic product with a fiber structure, which led to the helical inversion from the left-handed (M-type) to the right-handed (P-type) helicity accompanying CD amplification. In contrast, the spherical aggregate I (nanoparticle) composed of the d-L1AgNO3 complex with the left-handed (M-type) helicity formed in the presence of 2.0 equiv. of AgNO3 and was not additionally changed, which indicated that it was the thermodynamic product. The chiral supramolecular polymer based on (d-L1)3Ag2(NO3)2 was produced via a nucleation-elongation mechanism with a cooperative pathway. In thermodynamic study, the standard ΔG° and ΔH e values for the aggregates I and II were calculated using the van't Hoff plot. The enhanced ΔG° value of the aggregate II compared to that of the formation of aggregate I confirms that aggregate II was thermodynamically more stable. In the kinetic study, the influence of concentration of AgNO3 confirmed the initial formation of the aggregate I (nanoparticle), which then evolved to the aggregate II (supramolecular polymer). Thus, the concentration of the (d-L1)3Ag2(NO3)2 complex in the initial state plays a critical role in generating aggregate II (supramolecular polymer). In particular, NO3 - acts as a critical linker and accelerator in the transformation from the aggregate I to the aggregate II. This is the first example of a system for a kinetically controlled chiral supramolecular polymer that is formed via multiple steps with coordination structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Seonae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTECH) Jinju 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
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48
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Das S, Singh AK, Biswas DS, Datta A. Dynamics of Preferential Solvation of 5-Aminoquinoline in Hexane–Alcohol Solvent Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10267-10274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Deep Sekhar Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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49
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Shoji S, Ogawa T, Matsubara S, Tamiaki H. Bioinspired supramolecular nanosheets of zinc chlorophyll assemblies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14006. [PMID: 31575931 PMCID: PMC6773735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional sheet-like supramolecules have attracted much attention from the viewpoints of their potential application as functional (nano)materials due to unique physical and chemical properties. One of the supramolecular sheet-like nanostructures in nature is visible in the self-assemblies of bacteriochlorophyll-c–f pigments inside chlorosomes, which are major components in the antenna systems of photosynthetic green bacteria. Herein, we report artificial chlorosomal supramolecular nanosheets prepared by the self-assembly of a synthetic zinc 31-methoxy-chlorophyll derivative having amide and urea groups in the substituent at the 17-position. The semi-synthetic zinc chlorophyll derivative kinetically formed dimeric species and transformed into more thermodynamically stable chlorosomal J-aggregates in the solid state. The kinetically and thermodynamically formed self-assemblies had particle-like and sheet-like supramolecular nanostructures, respectively. The resulting nanosheets of biomimetic chlorosomal J-aggregates had flat surfaces and well-ordered supramolecular structures. The artificial sheet-like nanomaterial mimicking chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll-c–f J-aggregates was first constructed by the model molecule, and is potentially useful for various applications including artificial light-harvesting antennas and photosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Shoji
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. .,Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shogo Matsubara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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50
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Liu Y, Gong Y, Guo Y, Xiong W, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Che Y, Manners I. Emergent Self‐Assembly Pathways to Multidimensional Hierarchical Assemblies using a Hetero‐Seeding Approach. Chemistry 2019; 25:13484-13490. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yongxian Guo
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria V8W 3V6, British Columbia Canada
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yanke Che
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Ian Manners
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education, Centre for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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