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Mallphanov IL, Vanag VK. Chemical micro-oscillators based on the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The results of studies on the development of micro-oscillators (MOs) based on the Belousov –Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillatory chemical reaction are integrated and systematized. The mechanisms of the BZ reaction and the methods of immobilization of the catalyst of the BZ reaction in micro-volumes are briefly discussed. Methods for creating BZ MOs based on water microdroplets in the oil phase and organic and inorganic polymer microspheres are considered. Methods of control and management of the dynamics of BZ MO networks are described, including methods of MO synchronization. The prospects for the design of neural networks of MOs with intelligent-like behaviour are outlined. Such networks present a new area of nonlinear chemistry, including, in particular, the creation of a chemical ‘computer’.
The bibliography includes 250 references.
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Fan X, Walther A. pH Feedback Lifecycles Programmed by Enzymatic Logic Gates Using Common Foods as Fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- A3BMS Lab Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Fan X, Walther A. pH Feedback Lifecycles Programmed by Enzymatic Logic Gates Using Common Foods as Fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11398-11405. [PMID: 33682231 PMCID: PMC8252529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Artificial temporal signaling systems, which mimic living out-of-equilibrium conditions, have made large progress. However, systems programmed by enzymatic reaction networks in multicomponent and unknown environments, and using biocompatible components remain a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate an approach to program temporal pH signals by enzymatic logic gates. They are realized by an enzymatic disaccharide-to-monosaccharide-to-sugar acid reaction cascade catalyzed by two metabolic chains: invertase-glucose oxidase and β-galactosidase-glucose oxidase, respectively. Lifetimes of the transient pH signal can be programmed from less than 15 min to more than 1 day. We study enzymatic kinetics of the reaction cascades and reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Operating with all-food grade chemicals and coupling to self-regulating hydrogel, our system is quite robust to work in a complicated medium with unknown components and in a biocompatible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
- ABMS LabDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Bell DJ, Felder D, von Westarp WG, Wessling M. Towards synergistic oscillations in enzymatically active hydrogel spheres. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:592-599. [PMID: 33201965 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of reacting to an external trigger. We report self-regulated, enzymatically active, and pH-responsive hydrogels that show dynamic behavior without an external trigger. This is enabled by a feedback loop between the enzymatic conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and the pH-induced volume phase transition that leads to a modulation in glucose permeability. The synthesized hydrogel spheres combine all required properties for sustained oscillation including enzymatic activity, switchable reactivity, hysteresis in volume phase transition and feedback between the reaction and permeation. A simple model of the system identified possible operating points where sustained oscillations are possible. Experiments at these operating points revealed that the system is able to perform a self-regulated oscillation cycle under a constant nutrient supply. A sensitivity analysis showed that the system is especially sensitive around the point of oscillation, so that precise control of the process parameters is essential to achieve sustained oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Josef Bell
- Chemical Process Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Felder
- DWI Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany. and DWI Leibnitz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Nghiem TL, Coban D, Tjaberings S, Gröschel AH. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Polymer Compartments for Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2190. [PMID: 32987965 PMCID: PMC7600123 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is one of the most important processes in nature, science, and technology, that enables the energy efficient synthesis of essential organic compounds, pharmaceutically active substances, and molecular energy sources. In nature, catalytic reactions typically occur in aqueous environments involving multiple catalytic sites. To prevent the deactivation of catalysts in water or avoid unwanted cross-reactions, catalysts are often site-isolated in nanopockets or separately stored in compartments. These concepts have inspired the design of a range of synthetic nanoreactors that allow otherwise unfeasible catalytic reactions in aqueous environments. Since the field of nanoreactors is evolving rapidly, we here summarize-from a personal perspective-prominent and recent examples for polymer nanoreactors with emphasis on their synthesis and their ability to catalyze reactions in dispersion. Examples comprise the incorporation of catalytic sites into hydrophobic nanodomains of single chain polymer nanoparticles, molecular polymer nanoparticles, and block copolymer micelles and vesicles. We focus on catalytic reactions mediated by transition metal and organocatalysts, and the separate storage of multiple catalysts for one-pot cascade reactions. Efforts devoted to the field of nanoreactors are relevant for catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, as well as the synthesis of pharmaceutical and natural compounds. Optimized nanoreactors will aid in the development of more potent catalytic systems for green and fast reaction sequences contributing to sustainable chemistry by reducing waste of solvents, reagents, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André H. Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (T.-L.N.); (D.C.); (S.T.)
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Lawson HS, Holló G, Horvath R, Kitahata H, Lagzi I. Chemical Resonance, Beats, and Frequency Locking in Forced Chemical Oscillatory Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3014-3019. [PMID: 32216274 PMCID: PMC7311084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Resonance, beats, and synchronization are general and fundamental phenomena in physics. Their existence and their in-depth understanding in physical systems have led to several applications and technological developments shaping our world today. Here we show the existence of chemical resonance, chemical beats, and frequency locking phenomena in periodically forced pH oscillatory systems (sulfite-hydrogen peroxide and sulfite-formaldehyde-gluconolactone pH oscillatory systems). Periodic forcing was realized by a superimposed sinusoidal modulation on the inflow rates of the reagents in the continuous-flow stirred tank reactor. The dependence of the time period of beats follows the relation known from classical physics for forced physical oscillators. Our developed numerical model describes qualitatively the resonance and beat phenomena experimentally revealed. Application of periodic forcing in autonomously oscillating systems can provide new types of oscillators with a controllable frequency and new insight into controlling irregular chemical oscillation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Shearer Lawson
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Holló
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics
Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege M. u. 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Graduate
School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33,
Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - István Lagzi
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Berlanga I. Synthesis of Non-Uniform Functionalized Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Giant Vesicles in the Presence of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E352. [PMID: 31398958 PMCID: PMC6723531 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant vesicles with several-micrometer diameters were prepared by the self-assembly of an amphiphilic block copolymer in the presence of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The vesicle is composed of a non-uniform triblock copolymer synthesized by multi-step reactions in the presence of air at room temperature. The triblock copolymer contains poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) as the hydrophilic block copolymerized with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3), which catalyzes the BZ reaction, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) as the hydrophobic block. In this new approach, the radicals generated in the BZ reaction can activate a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to self-assemble the polymer into vesicles with diameters of approximately 3 µm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrated that the PGMA-b-Ru(bpy)3-b-PHPMA triblock copolymer is brominated and increases the osmotic pressure inside the vesicle, leading to micrometer-sized features. The effect of solvent on the morphological transitions are also discussed briefly. This BZ strategy, offers a new perspective to prepare giant vesicles as a platform for promising applications in the areas of microencapsulation and catalyst support, due to their significant sizes and large microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Berlanga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Bvld., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials. FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile.
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Leira-Iglesias J, Tassoni A, Adachi T, Stich M, Hermans TM. Oscillations, travelling fronts and patterns in a supramolecular system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1021-1027. [PMID: 30323361 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers, such as microtubules, operate under non-equilibrium conditions to drive crucial functions in cells, such as motility, division and organelle transport1. In vivo and in vitro size oscillations of individual microtubules2,3 (dynamic instabilities) and collective oscillations4 have been observed. In addition, dynamic spatial structures, like waves and polygons, can form in non-stirred systems5. Here we describe an artificial supramolecular polymer made of a perylene diimide derivative that displays oscillations, travelling fronts and centimetre-scale self-organized patterns when pushed far from equilibrium by chemical fuels. Oscillations arise from a positive feedback due to nucleation-elongation-fragmentation, and a negative feedback due to size-dependent depolymerization. Travelling fronts and patterns form due to self-assembly induced density differences that cause system-wide convection. In our system, the species responsible for the nonlinear dynamics and those that self-assemble are one and the same. In contrast, other reported oscillating assemblies formed by vesicles6, micelles7 or particles8 rely on the combination of a known chemical oscillator and a stimuli-responsive system, either by communication through the solvent (for example, by changing pH7-9), or by anchoring one of the species covalently (for example, a Belousov-Zhabotinsky catalyst6,10). The design of self-oscillating supramolecular polymers and large-scale dissipative structures brings us closer to the creation of more life-like materials11 that respond to external stimuli similarly to living cells, or to creating artificial autonomous chemical robots12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takuji Adachi
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Stich
- Non-linearity and Complexity Research Group, Systems Analytics Research Institute, Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas M Hermans
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, Strasbourg, France.
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Zhou H, Chen M, Liu Y, Wu S. Stimuli-Responsive Ruthenium-Containing Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800372. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Xi’an Technological University; Xi’an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Mingsen Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz Germany
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Si Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz Germany
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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Tamate R, Ueki T, Shibayama M, Yoshida R. Effect of substrate concentrations on the aggregation behavior and dynamic oscillatory properties of self-oscillating block copolymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20627-20634. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03969g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of substrate concentrations of the BZ reaction as well as specific salts on the dynamic properties of self-oscillating block copolymers was studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamate
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueki
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | | | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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