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Fu W, Zhang K, Zhang X, Fan G, Wang Z, Chen S, Wen Y, Wang P. Synthesis of transition metal sulfide functionalized hierarchically porous carbons and their application as colorimetric-electrochemical dual-mode nanozyme sensing platform for dopamine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Freestanding 3D-interconnected carbon nanofibers as high-performance transducers in miniaturized electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:424. [PMID: 36255531 PMCID: PMC9579100 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
3D-carbon nanomaterials have proven to be high-performance transducers in electrochemical sensors but their integration into miniaturized devices is challenging. Herein, we develop printable freestanding laser-induced carbon nanofibers (f-LCNFs) with outstanding analytical performance that furthermore can easily allow such miniaturization through a paper-based microfluidic strategy. The f-LCNF electrodes were generated from electrospun polyimide nanofibers and one-step laser carbonization. A three-electrode system made of f-LCNFs exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 nM (S/N = 8) for anodic stripping analysis of silver ions, exhibiting the peak at ca. 100 mV vs f-LCNFs RE, without the need of stirring. The as-described system was implemented in miniaturized devices via wax-based printing, in which their electroanalytical performance was characterized for both outer- and inner-sphere redox markers and then applied to the detection of dopamine (the peak appeared at ca. 200 mV vs f-LCNFs RE) with a remarkable LOD of 55 pM. When modified with Nafion, the f-LCNFs were highly selective to dopamine even against high concentrations of uric and ascorbic acids. Especially the integration into closed microfluidic systems highlights the strength 3D porous structures provides excellent analytical performance paving the way for their translation to affordable lab-on-a-chip devices where mass-production capability, unsophisticated fabrication techniques, transfer-free, and customized electrode designs can be realized.
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3
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Pankratova G, Pan JY, Keller SS. Impact of plasma-induced surface chemistry on electrochemical properties of microfabricated pyrolytic carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Vitus V, Ibrahim F, Wan Kamarul Zaman WS. Modelling of Stem Cells Microenvironment Using Carbon-Based Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Application-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4058. [PMID: 34883564 PMCID: PMC8658938 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A scaffold is a crucial biological substitute designed to aid the treatment of damaged tissue caused by trauma and disease. Various scaffolds are developed with different materials, known as biomaterials, and have shown to be a potential tool to facilitate in vitro cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the materials studied, carbon materials are potential biomaterials that can be used to develop scaffolds for cell growth. Recently, many researchers have attempted to build a scaffold following the origin of the tissue cell by mimicking the pattern of their extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, extensive studies were performed on the various parameters that could influence cell behaviour. Previous studies have shown that various factors should be considered in scaffold production, including the porosity, pore size, topography, mechanical properties, wettability, and electroconductivity, which are essential in facilitating cellular response on the scaffold. These interferential factors will help determine the appropriate architecture of the carbon-based scaffold, influencing stem cell (SC) response. Hence, this paper reviews the potential of carbon as a biomaterial for scaffold development. This paper also discusses several crucial factors that can influence the feasibility of the carbon-based scaffold architecture in supporting the efficacy and viability of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieralynda Vitus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (V.V.); (F.I.)
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (V.V.); (F.I.)
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Printable Electronics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (V.V.); (F.I.)
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Kousar A, Peltola E, Laurila T. Nanostructured Geometries Strongly Affect Fouling of Carbon Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26391-26403. [PMID: 34660997 PMCID: PMC8515610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrode fouling is a major factor that compromises the performance of biosensors in in vivo usage. It can be roughly classified into (i) electrochemical fouling, caused by the analyte and its reaction products, and (ii) biofouling, caused by proteins and other species in the measurement environment. Here, we examined the effect of electrochemical fouling [in phosphate buffer saline (PBS)], biofouling [in cell-culture media (F12-K) with and without proteins], and their combination on the redox reactions occurring on carbon-based electrodes possessing distinct morphologies and surface chemistry. The effect of biofouling on the electrochemistry of an outer sphere redox probe, [Ru(NH3)6]3+, was negligible. On the other hand, fouling had a marked effect on the electrochemistry of an inner sphere redox probe, dopamine (DA). We observed that the surface geometry played a major role in the extent of fouling. The effect of biofouling on DA electrochemistry was the worst on planar pyrolytic carbon, whereas the multiwalled carbon nanotube/tetrahedral amorphous carbon (MWCNT/ta-C), possessing spaghetti-like morphology, and carbon nanofiber (CNF/ta-C) electrodes were much less seriously affected. The blockage of the adsorption sites for DA by proteins and other components of biological media and electrochemical fouling components (byproducts of DA oxidation) caused rapid surface poisoning. PBS washing for 10 consecutive cycles at 50 mV/s did not improve the electrode performance, except for CNF/ta-C, which performed better after PBS washing. Overall, this study emphasizes the combined effect of biological and electrochemical fouling to be critical for the evaluation of the functionality of a sensor. Thus, electrodes possessing composite nanostructures showed less surface fouling in comparison to those possessing planar geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kousar
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Emilia Peltola
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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6
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Leroy A, Teixidor J, Bertsch A, Renaud P. In-flow electrochemical detection of chemicals in droplets with pyrolysed photoresist electrodes: application as a module for quantification of microsampled dopamine. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3328-3337. [PMID: 34250532 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical quantification of analytes in droplets of PBS separated by a fluorinated phase was investigated. PDMS-fused silica chips with pyrolysed photoresist electrodes were prepared using a simple fabrication technique and used to analyze droplets in flow. Potentiostatic chronoamperometry provided current readouts consistent with mass transport and the concentration inside the droplets. This paper highlights measurements of dopamine in droplets in T-junction microfluidic chips at unprecedently low concentrations, with a limit of detection of 207 nM and a linear range of 0.21-20 μM, giving results similar to continuous flow electrochemistry and allowing the analysis in the striatal extracellular range (<1 μM). The system was applied to the quick and reliable on-line detection of dopamine concentration steps in droplets collected with a microsampling probe in vitro, demonstrating the usefulness of the electrochemical device as a quantification module for microsampled chemicals in droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Leroy
- EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Latiyan S, Suneet K, Jain S. Magneto-conducting multifunctional Janus microbots for intracellular delivery of biomolecules. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:625-633. [PMID: 33847076 DOI: 10.1002/term.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although several advances have been made in the field of medicine during the last few decades, yet targeted delivery of biomolecules is still a significant challenge. Thus, the present study illustrates the fabrication of dual nature magneto-conducting Fe3 O4 -SU8 derived carbon-based Janus microbots that could deliver biomolecules efficiently inside cells. These microsystems possess dual properties, that is, the half part is magneto-conducting, and another half is only conducting for sufficing the therapeutic payloads efficiently under electromagnetic stimulations. These microbots are intrinsically fluorescent, which can help to trace them intracellularly without using any dye. UV photolithography was employed to design these low aspect ratio microbots (feature size ∼2.5 μm diameter and 3.7 μm length) for attaining better control over locomotion with minimum magnetic field intensity. Interestingly, Janus microbots achieved a higher speed in the electric field (44 µm/s) as compared to the magnetic field (18 µm/s). Moreover, in vitro studies show a higher microbots uptake by HeLa cells in the presence of an external electric field as compared to without electrical field stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Latiyan
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kaushik Suneet
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shilpee Jain
- Centre Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Asif A, García‐López S, Heiskanen A, Martínez‐Serrano A, Keller SS, Pereira MP, Emnéus J. Pyrolytic Carbon Nanograss Enhances Neurogenesis and Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human Midbrain Neural Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001108. [PMID: 32902188 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in research on the interaction of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with nanotopographies and biomaterials are enhancing the ability to influence cell migration, proliferation, gene expression, and tailored differentiation toward desired phenotypes. Here, the fabrication of pyrolytic carbon nanograss (CNG) nanotopographies is reported and demonstrated that these can be employed as cell substrates boosting hNSCs differentiation into dopaminergic neurons (DAn), a long-time pursued goal in regenerative medicine based on cell replacement. In the near future, such structures can play a crucial role in the near future for stem-cell based cell replacement therapy (CRT) and bio-implants for Parkinson's disease (PD). The unique combination of randomly distributed nanograss topographies and biocompatible pyrolytic carbon material is optimized to provide suitable mechano-material cues for hNSCs adhesion, division, and DAn differentiation of midbrain hNSCs. The results show that in the presence of the biocoating poly-L-lysine (PLL), the CNG enhances hNSCs neurogenesis up to 2.3-fold and DAn differentiation up to 3.5-fold. Moreover, for the first time, consistent evidence is provided, that CNGs without any PLL coating are not only supporting cell survival but also lead to significantly enhanced neurogenesis and promote hNSCs to acquire dopaminergic phenotype compared to PLL coated topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Asif
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering) Produktionstorvet Building 423, Room 122 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Silvia García‐López
- Department of Molecular Biology Universidad Autónoma Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering) Produktionstorvet Building 423, Room 122 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Alberto Martínez‐Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology Universidad Autónoma Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Stephan S. Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Marta P. Pereira
- Department of Molecular Biology Universidad Autónoma Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering) Produktionstorvet Building 423, Room 122 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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Peltola E, Aarva A, Sainio S, Heikkinen JJ, Wester N, Jokinen V, Koskinen J, Laurila T. Biofouling affects the redox kinetics of outer and inner sphere probes on carbon surfaces drastically differently - implications to biosensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16630-16640. [PMID: 32666973 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling imposes a significant threat for sensing probes used in vivo. Antifouling strategies commonly utilize a protective layer on top of the electrode but this may compromise performance of the electrode. Here, we investigated the effect of surface topography and chemistry on fouling without additional protective layers. We have utilized two different carbon materials; tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) and SU-8 based pyrolytic carbon (PyC) in their typical smooth thin film structure as well as with a nanopillar topography templated from black silicon. The near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum revealed striking differences in chemical functionalities of the surfaces. PyC contained equal amounts of ketone, hydroxyl and ether/epoxide groups, while ta-C contained significant amounts of carbonyl groups. Overall, oxygen functionalities were significantly increased on nanograss surfaces compared to the flat counterparts. Neither bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) fouling caused major effects on electron transfer kinetics of outer sphere redox (OSR) probe Ru(NH3)63+ on any of the materials. In contrast, negatively charged OSR probe IrCl62- kinetics were clearly affected by fouling, possibly due to the electrostatic repulsion between redox species and the anionically-charged proteins adsorbed on the electrode and/or stronger interaction of the proteins and positively charged surface. The OSR probe kinetics were less affected by fouling on PyC, probably due to conformational changes of proteins on the surface. Dopamine (DA) was tested as an inner sphere redox (ISR) probe and as expected, the kinetics were heavily dependent on the material; PyC had very fast electron transfer kinetics, while ta-C had sluggish kinetics. DA electron transfer kinetics were heavily affected on all surfaces by fouling (ΔEp increase 30-451%). The effect was stronger on PyC, possibly due to the more strongly adhered protein layer limiting the access of the probe to the inner sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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Sainio S, Leppänen E, Mynttinen E, Palomäki T, Wester N, Etula J, Isoaho N, Peltola E, Koehne J, Meyyappan M, Koskinen J, Laurila T. Integrating Carbon Nanomaterials with Metals for Bio-sensing Applications. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:179-190. [PMID: 31520316 PMCID: PMC6968979 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age structure in most developed countries is changing fast as the average lifespan is increasing significantly, calling for solutions to provide improved treatments for age-related neurological diseases and disorders. In order to address these problems, a reliable way of recording information about neurotransmitters from in vitro and in vivo applications is needed to better understand neurological diseases and disorders as well as currently used treatments. Likewise, recent developments in medicine, especially with the opioid crisis, are demanding a swift move to personalized medicine to administer patient needs rather than population-wide averages. In order to enable the so-called personalized medicine, it is necessary to be able to do measurements in vivo and in real time. These actions require sensitive and selective detection of different analytes from very demanding environments. Current state-of-the-art materials are unable to provide sensitive and selective detection of neurotransmitters as well as the required time resolution needed for drug molecules at a reasonable cost. To meet these challenges, we have utilized different metals to grow carbon nanomaterials and applied them for sensing applications showing that there are clear differences in their electrochemical properties based on the selected catalyst metal. Additionally, we have combined atomistic simulations to support optimizing materials for experiments and to gain further understanding of the atomistic level reactions between different analytes and the sensor surface. With carbon nanostructures grown from Ni and Al + Co + Fe hybrid, we can detect dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid simultaneously. On the other hand, nanostructures grown from platinum provide a feasible platform for detection of H2O2 making them suitable candidates for enzymatic biosensors for detection of glutamate, for example. Tetrahedral amorphous carbon electrodes have an ability to detect morphine, paracetamol, tramadol, and O-desmethyltramadol. With carbon nanomaterial-based sensors, it is possible to reach metal-like properties in sensing applications using only a fraction of the metal as seed for the material growth. We have also seen that by using nanodiamonds as growth catalyst for carbon nanofibers, it is not possible to detect dopamine and ascorbic acid simultaneously, although the morphology of the resulting nanofibers is similar to the ones grown using Ni. This further indicates the importance of the metal selection for specific applications. However, Ni as a continuous layer or as separate islands does not provide adequate performance. Thus, it appears that metal nanoparticles combined with fiber-like morphology are needed for optimized sensor performance for neurotransmitter detection. This opens up a new research approach of application-specific nanomaterials, where carefully selected metals are integrated with carbon nanomaterials to match the needs of the sensing application in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Elli Leppänen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Elsi Mynttinen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tommi Palomäki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Niklas Wester
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jarkko Etula
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Noora Isoaho
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jessica Koehne
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA, 94035, USA
| | - M Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Jari Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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Vasudevan S, Kajtez J, Bunea A, Gonzalez‐Ramos A, Ramos‐Moreno T, Heiskanen A, Kokaia M, Larsen NB, Martínez‐Serrano A, Keller SS, Emnéus J. Leaky Optoelectrical Fiber for Optogenetic Stimulation and Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Exocytosis from Human Dopaminergic Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1902011. [PMID: 31871869 PMCID: PMC6918109 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra leads to a decrease in the physiological levels of dopamine in striatum. The existing dopaminergic therapies effectively alleviate the symptoms, albeit they do not revert the disease progression and result in significant adverse effects. Transplanting dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells could restore dopamine levels without additional motor complications. However, the transplanted cells disperse in vivo and it is not possible to stimulate them on demand to modulate dopamine release to prevent dyskinesia. In order to address these issues, this paper presents a multifunctional leaky optoelectrical fiber for potential neuromodulation and as a cell substrate for application in combined optogenetic stem cell therapy. Pyrolytic carbon coated optical fibers are laser ablated to pattern micro-optical windows to permit light leakage over a large area. The pyrolytic carbon acts as an excellent electrode for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Human neural stem cells are genetically modified to express the light sensitive opsin channelrhodopsin-2 and are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons on the leaky optoelectrical fiber. Finally, light leaking from the micro-optical windows is used to stimulate the dopaminergic neurons resulting in the release of dopamine that is detected in real-time using chronoamperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vasudevan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Janko Kajtez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ada‐Ioana Bunea
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab)Technical University of DenmarkØrsteds PladsBuilding 3472800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ana Gonzalez‐Ramos
- Epilepsy CentreDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University Hospital221 84LundSweden
| | - Tania Ramos‐Moreno
- Lund Stem Cell CenterDivision of NeurosurgeryDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University221 84LundSweden
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Merab Kokaia
- Epilepsy CentreDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University Hospital221 84LundSweden
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 4232800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Alberto Martínez‐Serrano
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCenter of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC)Nicolás Cabrera 128049MadridSpain
| | - Stephan S. Keller
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab)Technical University of DenmarkØrsteds PladsBuilding 3472800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
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Heikkinen JJ, Peltola E, Wester N, Koskinen J, Laurila T, Franssila S, Jokinen V. Fabrication of Micro- and Nanopillars from Pyrolytic Carbon and Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E510. [PMID: 31370267 PMCID: PMC6723446 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation of pyrolyzed carbon (PyC) and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) thin films were investigated at micro- and nanoscale. Micro- and nanopillars were fabricated from both materials, and their biocompatibility was studied with cell viability tests. Carbon materials are known to be very challenging to pattern. Here we demonstrate two approaches to create biocompatible carbon features. The microtopographies were 2 μ m or 20 μ m pillars (1:1 aspect ratio) with three different pillar layouts (square-grid, hexa-grid, or random-grid orientation). The nanoscale topography consisted of random nanopillars fabricated by maskless anisotropic etching. The PyC structures were fabricated with photolithography and embossing techniques in SU-8 photopolymer which was pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere. The ta-C is a thin film coating, and the structures for it were fabricated on silicon substrates. Despite different fabrication methods, both materials were formed into comparable micro- and nanostructures. Mouse neural stem cells were cultured on the samples (without any coatings) and their viability was evaluated with colorimetric viability assay. All samples expressed good biocompatibility, but the topography has only a minor effect on viability. Two μ m pillars in ta-C shows increased cell count and aggregation compared to planar ta-C reference sample. The presented materials and fabrication techniques are well suited for applications that require carbon chemistry and benefit from large surface area and topography, such as electrophysiological and -chemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas J Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Niklas Wester
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jari Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Jokinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Caro MA, Aarva A, Deringer VL, Csányi G, Laurila T. Reactivity of Amorphous Carbon Surfaces: Rationalizing the Role of Structural Motifs in Functionalization Using Machine Learning. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [PMID: 30487663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Systematic atomistic studies of surface reactivity for amorphous materials have not been possible in the past because of the complexity of these materials and the lack of the computer power necessary to draw representative statistics. With the emergence and popularization of machine learning (ML) approaches in materials science, systematic (and accurate) studies of the surface chemistry of disordered materials are now coming within reach. In this paper, we show how the reactivity of amorphous carbon (a-C) surfaces can be systematically quantified and understood by a combination of ML interatomic potentials, ML clustering techniques, and density functional theory calculations. This methodology allows us to process large amounts of atomic data to classify carbon atomic motifs on the basis of their geometry and quantify their reactivity toward hydrogen- and oxygen-containing functionalities. For instance, we identify subdivisions of sp and sp2 motifs with markedly different reactivities. We therefore draw a comprehensive, both qualitative and quantitative, picture of the surface chemistry of a-C and its reactivity toward -H, -O, -OH, and -COOH. While this paper focuses on a-C surfaces, the presented methodology opens up a new systematic and general way to study the surface chemistry of amorphous and disordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Caro
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Anja Aarva
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Volker L Deringer
- Engineering Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Gábor Csányi
- Engineering Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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Caro MA, Aarva A, Deringer VL, Csányi G, Laurila T. Reactivity of Amorphous Carbon Surfaces: Rationalizing the Role of Structural Motifs in Functionalization Using Machine Learning. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:7446-7455. [PMID: 30487663 PMCID: PMC6251556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Systematic atomistic studies of surface reactivity for amorphous materials have not been possible in the past because of the complexity of these materials and the lack of the computer power necessary to draw representative statistics. With the emergence and popularization of machine learning (ML) approaches in materials science, systematic (and accurate) studies of the surface chemistry of disordered materials are now coming within reach. In this paper, we show how the reactivity of amorphous carbon (a-C) surfaces can be systematically quantified and understood by a combination of ML interatomic potentials, ML clustering techniques, and density functional theory calculations. This methodology allows us to process large amounts of atomic data to classify carbon atomic motifs on the basis of their geometry and quantify their reactivity toward hydrogen- and oxygen-containing functionalities. For instance, we identify subdivisions of sp and sp2 motifs with markedly different reactivities. We therefore draw a comprehensive, both qualitative and quantitative, picture of the surface chemistry of a-C and its reactivity toward -H, -O, -OH, and -COOH. While this paper focuses on a-C surfaces, the presented methodology opens up a new systematic and general way to study the surface chemistry of amorphous and disordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Caro
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Anja Aarva
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Volker L. Deringer
- Engineering
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Gábor Csányi
- Engineering
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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Halli P, Heikkinen JJ, Elomaa H, Wilson BP, Jokinen V, Yliniemi K, Franssila S, Lundström M. Platinum Recovery from Industrial Process Solutions by Electrodeposition-Redox Replacement. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:14631-14640. [PMID: 30416892 PMCID: PMC6224123 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, platinum-present as a negligible component (below 1 ppb, the detection limit of the HR-ICP-MS at the dilutions used) in real industrial hydrometallurgical process solutions-was recovered by an electrodeposition-redox replacement (EDRR) method on pyrolyzed carbon (PyC) electrode, a method not earlier applied to metal recovery. The recovery parameters of the EDRR process were initially investigated using a synthetic nickel electrolyte solution ([Ni] = 60 g/L, [Ag] = 10 ppm, [Pt] = 20 ppm, [H2SO4] = 10 g/L), and the results demonstrated an extraordinary increase of 3 × 105 in the [Pt]/[Ni] on the electrode surface cf. synthetic solution. EDRR recovery of platinum on PyC was also tested with two real industrial process solutions that contained a complex multimetal solution matrix: Ni as the major component (>140 g/L) and very low contents of Pt, Pd, and Ag (i.e., <1 ppb, 117 and 4 ppb, respectively). The selectivity of Pt recovery by EDRR on the PyC electrode was found to be significant-nanoparticles deposited on the electrode surface comprised on average of 90 wt % platinum and a [Pt]/[Ni] enrichment ratio of 1011 compared to the industrial hydrometallurgical solution. Furthermore, other precious metallic elements like Pd and Ag could also be enriched on the PyC electrode surface using the same methodology. This paper demonstrates a remarkable advancement in the recovery of trace amounts of platinum from real industrial solutions that are not currently considered as a source of Pt metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Halli
- Hydrometallurgy
and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
(CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 3 J, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Joonas J. Heikkinen
- Microfabrication,
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science (CMAT), School of Chemical
Engineering, Aalto University, Micronova, Tietotie 3, P.O. Box 13500, Fi-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Heini Elomaa
- Hydrometallurgy
and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
(CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 3 J, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Benjamin P. Wilson
- Hydrometallurgy
and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
(CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 3 J, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Jokinen
- Microfabrication,
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science (CMAT), School of Chemical
Engineering, Aalto University, Micronova, Tietotie 3, P.O. Box 13500, Fi-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kirsi Yliniemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science (CMAT), Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Microfabrication,
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science (CMAT), School of Chemical
Engineering, Aalto University, Micronova, Tietotie 3, P.O. Box 13500, Fi-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mari Lundström
- Hydrometallurgy
and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
(CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 3 J, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Unmodified and multi-walled carbon nanotube modified tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films as in vivo sensor materials for sensitive and selective detection of dopamine. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Chen B, Chen D, Li F, Lin X, Huang Q. Graphitic porous carbon: efficient synthesis by a combustion method and application as a highly selective biosensor. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7684-7691. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient synthesis of graphitic porous carbon by combustion method for the simultaneous determination of uric acid and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Dejian Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Feiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- P. R. China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
- Xiamen
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University
- Shantou
- P. R. China
| | - Qitong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
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18
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Peltola E, Sainio S, Holt KB, Palomäki T, Koskinen J, Laurila T. Electrochemical Fouling of Dopamine and Recovery of Carbon Electrodes. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1408-1416. [PMID: 29218983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant problem with implantable sensors is electrode fouling, which has been proposed as the main reason for biosensor failures in vivo. Electrochemical fouling is typical for dopamine (DA) as its oxidation products are very reactive and the resulting polydopamine has a robust adhesion capability to virtually all types of surfaces. The degree of DA fouling of different carbon electrodes with different terminations was determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves and imaging. The rate of electron transfer kinetics at the fouled electrode surface was determined from SECM approach curves, allowing a comparison of insulating film thickness for the different terminations. SECM imaging allowed the determination of different morphologies, such as continuous layers or islands, of insulating material. We show that heterogeneous modification of carbon electrodes with carboxyl-amine functionalities offers protection against formation of an insulating polydopamine layer, while retaining the ability to detect DA. The benefits of the heterogeneous termination are proposed to be due to the electrostatic repulsion between amino-functionalities and DA. Furthermore, we show that the conductivity of the surfaces as well as the response toward DA was recovered close to the original performance level after cleaning the surfaces for 10-20 cycles in H2SO4 on all materials but pyrolytic carbon (PyC). The recovery capacity of the PyC electrode was lower, possibly due to stronger adsorption of DA on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peltola
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Sami Sainio
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Katherine B Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Tommi Palomäki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Jari Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Tomi Laurila
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150, Finland
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