1
|
Bhatt K, Adili A, Tran AH, Elmallah KM, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Alkylation of Cyclic Imine-BF 3 Complexes: A Modular Route to Functionalized Azacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39263993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals generated via an acridine photocatalyzed decarboxylation reaction of feedstock carboxylic acids engage with a range of cyclic imine-BF3 complexes to provide α-functionalized azacycles in an operationally simple process. A three-component variant of this transformation incorporating [1.1.1]propellane as an additional reaction partner enables the synthesis of valuable bicyclopentane (BCP)-containing azacycles. Reactions exhibit good functional group compatibility, enabling late-stage modification of complex bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alafate Adili
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Andrew H Tran
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kamal M Elmallah
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li B, Yu F, Chen W, Seidel D. Regioselective α-Phosphonylation of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:5972-5977. [PMID: 38968591 PMCID: PMC11289722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Unprotected alicyclic amines undergo α-C-H bond phosphonylation via a two-stage one-pot process involving the oxidation of amine-derived lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants, generating transient imines which are then captured with phosphites or phosphine oxides. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective α'-phosphonylation. Amine α-arylation and α'-phosphonylation can be combined, generating a difunctionalized product in a single operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nuñez Bahena E, Hosseini K, Curto SG, Schafer LL. Understanding mechanism driven regioselectivity in zirconium-catalysed hydroaminoalkylation: homoallylic amines from conjugated dienes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10571-10576. [PMID: 38994433 PMCID: PMC11234830 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The unexpected 4,1-hydroaminoalkylation of dienes provides selective access to linear homoallylic amines by zirconium catalysis. This switch from the traditional branched preferred regioselectivity to selective linear product formation using this early transition metal can be attributed to π-allyl intermediates. The reactivity of these isolated intermediates on a sterically accessible and coordinatively flexible chelating bis(ureate) Zr(iv) complex confirmed reversible C-C bond formation in hydroaminoalkylation catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Nuñez Bahena
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Kimia Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Sheila Galván Curto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Liu C, Abdukerem D, Mao Z, Zhu W, Xia K, Abdukader A. Synthesis of α/β-Aromatic Peroxy Thiols Mediated by Iodine Source. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3049-3057. [PMID: 38332634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Peroxygenated compounds have wide applications in various fields, including chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, medicine, and materials science. However, there is still a need for more efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis methods for such compounds. Herein, we investigated the two-step, one-pot, regioselective synthesis of α/β-aromatic peroxy thiols. We explored various substrates and solvents for the reaction and identified the optimal reaction conditions. We successfully obtained several peroxy thiols in moderate to good yields via the selective generation of effective intermediates of iodoalkyl peroxides at room temperature without the need for metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Dilshat Abdukerem
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Zechuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Ablimit Abdukader
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green and Synthesis Technology Key Laboratory of Oil and Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang T, Jiang S, Qian MY, Zhou QL, Xiao LJ. Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3458-3470. [PMID: 38270100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ligand modulation of transition-metal catalysts to achieve optimal reactivity and selectivity in alkene hydrofunctionalization is a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Hydroaminoalkylation, an atom-economical approach for alkylating amines using alkenes, is particularly significant for amine synthesis in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. However, the existing methods usually require specific substrate combinations to achieve precise regio- and stereoselectivity, which limits their practical utility. Protocols allowing for regiodivergent hydroaminoalkylation from the same starting materials, controlling both regiochemical and stereochemical outcomes, are currently absent. Herein, we report a ligand-controlled, regiodivergent nickel-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes with N-sulfonyl amines. The reaction initiates with amine dehydrogenation and involves aza-nickelacycle intermediates. Tritert-butylphosphine promotes branched regioselectivity and syn diastereoselectivity, whereas ethyldiphenylphosphine enables linear selectivity, yielding regioisomers with inverse orientation. Systematic evaluation of diverse monodentate phosphine ligands reveals distinct regioselectivity cliffs, and % Vbur (min), a ligand steric descriptor, was established as a predictive parameter correlating ligand structure to regioselectivity. Computational investigations supported experimental findings, offering mechanistic insights into the origins of regioselectivity. Our method provides an efficient and predictable route for amine synthesis, demonstrating broad substrate scope, excellent tolerance toward various functional groups, and practical advantages. These include the use of readily available starting materials and cost-effective nickel(II) salts as precatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Ying Qian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dutta S, Kim JH, Bhatt K, Rickertsen DRL, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Alicyclic-Amine-Derived Imine-BF 3 Complexes: Easy-to-Make Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Valuable α-Functionalized Azacycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313247. [PMID: 37909921 PMCID: PMC10835740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to access α-functionalized alicyclic amines via their corresponding imine-BF3 complexes is reported. Isolable imine-BF3 complexes, readily prepared via dehydrohalogenation of N-bromoamines in a base-promoted/18-crown-6 catalyzed process followed by addition of boron trifluoride etherate, undergo reactions with a wide range of organometallic nucleophiles to afford α-functionalized azacycles. Organozinc and organomagnesium nucleophiles add at ambient temperatures, obviating the need for cryogenic conditions. In situ preparation of imine-BF3 complexes provides access to α-functionalized morpholines and piperazines directly from their parent amines in a single operation. α-Functionalized morpholines can be elaborated further, for instance by installing a second substituent in the α'-position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Williams WL, Gutiérrez-Valencia NE, Doyle AG. Branched-Selective Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 2-Alkyl Aziridines and (Hetero)aryl Iodides Using Ti/Ni Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24175-24183. [PMID: 37888947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The arylation of 2-alkyl aziridines by nucleophilic ring-opening or transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling enables facile access to biologically relevant β-phenethylamine derivatives. However, both approaches largely favor C-C bond formation at the less-substituted carbon of the aziridine, thus enabling access to only linear products. Consequently, despite the attractive bond disconnection that it poses, the synthesis of branched arylated products from 2-alkyl aziridines has remained inaccessible. Herein, we address this long-standing challenge and report the first branched-selective cross-coupling of 2-alkyl aziridines with aryl iodides. This unique selectivity is enabled by a Ti/Ni dual-catalytic system. We demonstrate the robustness of the method by a twofold approach: an additive screening campaign to probe functional group tolerance and a feature-driven substrate scope to study the effect of the local steric and electronic profile of each coupling partner on reactivity. Furthermore, the diversity of this feature-driven substrate scope enabled the generation of predictive reactivity models that guided mechanistic understanding. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the branched selectivity arises from a TiIII-induced radical ring-opening of the aziridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neyci E Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thoben N, Kaper T, de Graaff S, Gerhards L, Schmidtmann M, Klüner T, Beckhaus R, Doye S. Density Functional Theory Calculations for Multiple Conformers Explaining the Regio- and Stereoselectivity of Ti-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation Reactions. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300370. [PMID: 37326019 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for multiple conformers of the insertion reactions of a methylenecyclopropane into the Ti-C bond of two differently α-substituted titanaaziridines explain the experimentally observed differences in regioselectivity between catalytic hydroaminoalkylation reactions of methylenecyclopropanes with α-phenyl-substituted secondary amines and corresponding stoichiometric reactions of a methylenecyclopropane with titanaaziridines, which can only be achieved with α-unsubstituted titanaaziridines. In addition, the lack of reactivity of α-phenyl-substituted titanaaziridines as well as the diastereoselectivity of the catalytic and stoichiometric reactions can be understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Thoben
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kaper
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Simon de Graaff
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institut für Physik, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dutta S, Bhatt K, Cuffel F, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Imidazoles via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2023; 55:2343-2352. [PMID: 38314182 PMCID: PMC10836336 DOI: 10.1055/a-2022-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to their corresponding ring-fused imidazoles in a simple procedure consisting of oxidative imine formation followed by a van Leusen reaction. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective ring-fusion at the α'-position. This method was utilized in a synthesis of fadrozole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fabian Cuffel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hao H, Manßen M, Schafer LL. Tantalum ureate complexes for photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4928-4934. [PMID: 37181785 PMCID: PMC10171191 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a tantalum ureate pre-catalyst, photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes with unprotected amines at room temperature is demonstrated. The combination of Ta(CH2SiMe3)3Cl2 and a ureate ligand with a saturated cyclic backbone resulted in this unique reactivity. Preliminary investigations of the reaction mechanism suggest that both the thermal and photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation reactions begin with N-H bond activation and subsequent metallaaziridine formation. However, a select tantalum ureate complex, through ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT), results in photocatalyzed homolytic metal-carbon bond cleavage and subsequent addition to unactivated alkene to afford the desired carbon-carbon bond formation. Origins of ligand effects on promoting homolytic metal-carbon bond cleavage are explored computationally to support enhanced ligand design efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Manfred Manßen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crochet E, Anthore-Dalion L, Cantat T. Alkyl Formates as Transfer Hydroalkylation Reagents and Their Use in the Catalytic Conversion of Imines to Alkylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214069. [PMID: 36259458 PMCID: PMC10100357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Easily accessible via a simple esterification of alcohols with formic acid, alkyl formates are used as a novel class of transfer hydroalkylation reagents, CO2 acting as a traceless linker. As a proof-of-concept, their reactivity in the transfer hydroalkylation of imines is investigated, using a ruthenium-based catalyst and LiI as promoter to cleave the C-O σ-bond of the formate scaffold. Providing tertiary amines, the reaction displays a divergent regioselectivity compared to previously reported transfer hydroalkylation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Crochet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu X, Wang H, Tan CH, Ye X. Applications of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum Complexes in Organic and Inorganic Synthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:74-91. [PMID: 37035284 PMCID: PMC10080730 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic catalysis is a powerful strategy in chemical synthesis, especially with the cheap and low toxic metals based on green chemistry principle. Thus, the selection of the metal is particularly important to plan relevant and applicable processes. The group VB metals have been the subject of exciting and significant advances in both organic and inorganic synthesis. In this Review, we have summarized some reports from recent decades, which are about the development of group VB metals utilized in various types of reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, alkylation, dealkylation, polymerization, aromatization, protein synthesis, and practical water splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xinyi Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Early transition metal complexes for direct C H bond functionalization of heteroatom-containing organic compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Nuñez Bahena E, Schafer LL. From Stoichiometric to Catalytic E–H Functionalization by Non-Metallocene Zirconium Complexes─Recent Advances and Mechanistic Insights. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Nuñez Bahena
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Griffin SE, Adamczyk OV, Schafer LL. Vanadium pyridonates: dimerization, redox behaviour, and metal-ligand cooperativity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14654-14663. [PMID: 36093858 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of vanadium pyridonate complexes are described. Vanadium(III) pyridonate complexes were accessed through protonolysis and reduction of a tetrakis(amido)vanadium(IV) starting material. Bis(pyridonate) vanadium(IV) precursors could be isolated depending on the amount of proteoligand added. The targeted vanadium(III) species tend to form dimers, but monomeric complexes can be achieved in the presence of neutral donors such as amines or pyridine derivatives or through the use of sterically demanding proligands. The reduction process is proposed to involve dimeric intermediates and be mediated by the amine released from protonolysis, thereby forming the corresponding imine as a byproduct. Isolated amine complexes of vanadium(III) are presented. In contrast, bis(amidate)vanadium(IV) complexes were not found to undergo a similar reduction. This work informs on design principles for the synthesis and application of new vanadium pyridonate catalysts for transformations involving dimerization and PCET for changes in oxidation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| | - Olivia V Adamczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu F, Valles DA, Chen W, Daniel SD, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Regioselective α-Cyanation of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6364-6368. [PMID: 36036764 PMCID: PMC9548390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to α-aminonitriles via addition of TMSCN to their corresponding imines, intermediates that are produced in situ via the oxidation of amine-derived lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective α'-cyanation even if the C-H bonds at that site are less activated. Amine α-arylation can be combined with α'-cyanation to generate difunctionalized products in a single operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Yu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaper T, Elma A, Thye H, Knupe-Wolfgang P, Zimmering R, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Titanium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Allenes and Methylenecyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaper
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Aylişa Elma
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Hermann Thye
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Paula Knupe-Wolfgang
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - René Zimmering
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Sven Doye
- Universitaet Oldenburg Institut fuer Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 26129 Oldenburg GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DiPucchio RC, Rosca SC, Schafer LL. Hydroaminoalkylation for the Catalytic Addition of Amines to Alkenes or Alkynes: Diverse Mechanisms Enable Diverse Substrate Scope. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11459-11481. [PMID: 35731810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydroaminoalkylation is a powerful, atom-economic catalytic reaction for the reaction of amines with alkenes and alkynes. This C-H functionalization reaction allows for the atom-economic alkylation of amines using simple alkenes or alkynes as the alkylating agents. This transformation has significant potential for transformative approaches in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries in the preparation of selectively substituted amines and N-heterocycles and shows promise in materials science for the synthesis of functional and responsive aminated materials. Different early transition-metal, late transition-metal, and photoredox catalysts mediate hydroaminoalkylation by distinct mechanistic pathways. These mechanistic insights have resulted in the development of new catalysts and reaction conditions to realize hydroaminoalkylation with a broad range of substrates: activated and unactivated, terminal and internal, C-C double and triple bonds with aryl or alkyl primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, including N-heterocyclic amines. By deploying select catalysts with specific substrate combinations, control over regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity has been realized. Key barriers to widespread adoption of this reaction include air and moisture sensitivity for early transition-metal catalysts as well as a heavy dependence on amine protecting or directing groups for late transition-metal or photocatalytic routes. Advances in improved catalyst robustness, substrate scope, and regio-/stereoselective reactions with early- and late transition-metal catalysts, as well as photoredox catalysis, are highlighted, and opportunities for further catalyst and reaction development are included. This perspective shows that hydroaminoalkylation has the potential to be a disruptive and transformative strategy for the synthesis of selectively substituted amines and N-heterocycles from simple amines and alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Rosca
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zheng J, Tang N, Xie H, Breit B. Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Decarboxylative Hydroaminoalkylation of Dienol Ethers Enabled by Dual Palladium/Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200105. [PMID: 35170841 PMCID: PMC9314026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of alkenes have emerged as a powerful method for the construction of alkyl amines. Although there are some studies aiming at stereoselective photocatalytic HAA reactions, the alkenes are limited to electrophilic alkenes. Herein, we report a highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective HAA of electron-rich dienol ethers and α-amino radicals derived from α-amino acids using a unified photoredox and palladium catalytic system. This decarboxylative 1,2-Markovnikov addition enables the construction of vicinal amino tertiary ethers with high levels of regio- (up to >19 : 1 rr), diastereo- (up to >19 : 1 dr), and enantioselectivity control (up to >99 % ee). Mechanistic studies support a reversible hydropalladation as a key step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Nana Tang
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Hui Xie
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bahena EN, Patrick BO, Schafer LL. Reversible C–H Activation in Zirconaaziridine Species: Characterization and Bonding of a Bridging (Amino)alkylidene Complex Active in Alkyne Hydroaminoalkylation. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Nuñez Bahena
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saadati F, Griffin SE, Schafer LL. Guanidinate Early-Transition-Metal Complexes: Efficient and Selective Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Saadati
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan M9PX+FX7, Iran
| | - Samuel E. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng J, Tang N, Xie H, Breit B. Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Decarboxylative Hydro‐aminoalkylation of Dienol Ethers Enabled by Dual Palladium/Pho‐toredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Nana Tang
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Hui Xie
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Paul A, Vasseur C, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Isoindolines via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1224-1227. [PMID: 35100511 PMCID: PMC9039734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively unstable cyclic imines, generated in situ from their corresponding alicyclic amines via oxidation of their lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants, engage aryllithium compounds containing a leaving group on an ortho-methylene functionality to provide polycyclic isoindolines in a single operation. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, and piperazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Camille Vasseur
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kehner R, Hewitt MC, Bayeh-Romero L. Expanding Zirconocene Hydride Catalysis: In Situ Generation and Turnover of ZrH Catalysts Enabling Catalytic Carbonyl Reductions. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1758-1763. [PMID: 35685613 PMCID: PMC9169672 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide use and popularity of metal hydride catalysis, methods utilizing zirconium hydride catalysts remain underexplored. Here, we report the development of a mild method for the in situ preparation and use of zirconium hydride catalysts. This robust method requires only 2.5-5 mol % of zirconocene dichloride in combination with a hydrosilane as the stoichiometric reductant and does not require careful air- or moisture-free techniques. A key finding of this study concerns an amine-mediated ligand exchange en route to the active zirconocene hydride catalyst. A mechanistic investigation supports the intermediacy of an oxo-bridged dimer precatalyst. The application of this method to the reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing substrates, including ketones, aldehydes, enones, ynones, and lactones, is demonstrated with up to 92% yield and exhibits broad functional group tolerability. These findings open up alternative avenues for the catalytic application of chlorozirconocenes, potentially serving as the foundation for broader applications of zirconium hydride catalysis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu Z, Chen H, Gan X, Wang L, Lin P, Li J, Huang X, Tian R, Liu X, Gao W, Tang B. Consecutive 2-azidoallylation/click cycloaddition of active methylene for synthesis of functionalized hepta-1,6-dienes with a bis-1,2,3-triazole scaffold. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A tandem 2-azidoallylation/click cycloaddition reaction to access novel hepta-1,6-diene skelecton can be successfully accomplished with methylene compounds, phenolic substituted vinyl azide and alkynes in one pot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Gan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Lianxiao Wang
- No.1 Middle School of Qihe Shandong, Dezhou, 253000, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Rongbiao Tian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kaper T, Geik D, Fornfeist F, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Stereoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Allylic Amines by Titanium-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkynes with Tertiary Amines. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103931. [PMID: 34936144 PMCID: PMC9303398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation reactions of symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes with tertiary amines take place in the presence of catalytic amounts of TiBn4, Ph3C[B(C6F5)4], and a sterically demanding aminopyridinato ligand precursor. The resulting products, synthetically and pharmaceutically useful tertiary β,γ‐disubstituted allylic amines, are formed in convincing yields and with excellent stereoselectivity. Particularly promising for future applications is the fact that even the industrial side product trimethylamine can be used as a substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaper
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Dennis Geik
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Felix Fornfeist
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Sven Doye
- Universitaet Oldenburg, Institut fuer Chemie, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang H, Jiang T, Zhang J, Huang H. Catalytic Reactions Directed by a Structurally Well-Defined Aminomethyl Cyclopalladated Complex. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4305-4318. [PMID: 34761901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of N-containing moieties into feedstock molecules to build nitrogenated functional molecules has always been widely studied by the organic chemistry community. Progress in this field paves new roads to the synthesis of N-containing molecules, which are of significant importance in biological activities and play vital roles in pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the field of transition metal-catalyzed C-N bond-forming reactions, typified by alkene hydroamination and the aza-Wacker reaction. However, the poisoning effect of electron-donating amine substrates on late transition metal catalysts presents a key impediment to these reactions, thus limiting the scope of amine substrates to electron-deficient amide derivatives. To address this problem, our group developed a palladium-aminomethyl complex with a three-membered palladacycle structure that allowed for the incorporation of electron-rich amine building blocks via C-C bond instead of C-N bond construction. This Account details the discovery of the well-defined aminomethyl cyclopalladated complex and recapitulates its applications for the catalysis of a series of aminomethylation reactions. We highlight how the understanding of the fundamental structural properties of the defined complex guided us toward tuning the reactivity of nucleophiles to initiate aminomethylation in different modes. Moreover, principles of designing and establishing further cascade reactions are also described.Aminomethyl cyclopalladated complexes can be prepared via the oxidative addition of aminals or N,O-acetals to Pd0 species. Thorough structural investigations by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the cyclopalladated complex suggest the presence of both aminomethylene-PdII (3-membered-ring) and Pd0-iminium (π-ligated) resonance forms, which indicates that both the palladium center and the methylene site are electrophilic. This is further verified by analysis of charge distribution. Two general types of reactions can be established, differing by the selective affinity of the nucleophiles to the two electrophilic positions, which is relevant to the "hardness suitability" of the nucleophiles with each electrophilic site. Softer nucleophiles such as alkenes prefer to attack the palladium center to initiate the reaction, mainly via migratory insertion into the Pd-C bond on the 3-membered ring with high strain. Through tandem β-hydride or reductive elimination, the Heck-type aminomethylation of styrenes, the aminomethylalkoxylation of electron-rich olefins, and even the aminomethylamination of allenes, dienes, enynes, and carbenoids with full atom-economy have been realized in line with this reaction mode. In contrast, harder nucleophiles tend to attack the harder electrophilic methylene site, leading to the aminomethylation of electron-deficient dienes. For secondary amines, a "C-N bond metathesis" process would be furnished through a reductive elimination, 1,3-proton transfer, and oxidative addition sequence. More intriguingly, when using appropriate "dinucleophile" substrates such as electron-rich amine-tethered dienes, sequential C-N bond metathesis and intramolecular insertion would occur to furnish Pd-catalyzed annulation reactions, which exhibits both the hard and soft nucleophile reactivities mentioned above. These transformations provide convenient methods for the preparation of N-containing molecules, such as amines, diamines, amino acetals, and multiple types of N-heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Scott SS, Roşca SC, Gilmour DJ, Brant P, Schafer LL. Commodity Polymers to Functional Aminated Materials: Single-Step and Atom-Economic Synthesis by Hydroaminoalkylation. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1266-1272. [PMID: 35549039 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) is demonstrated to be a promising postpolymerization route to catalytically prepare amine-functionalized atactic polypropylene. Using a recently reported tantalum catalyst supported by a N,O-chelating cyclic ureate ligand, vinyl-terminated polypropylene (VTPP) is transformed into both aryl and alkyl secondary amine-terminated polyolefins. Early transition-metal-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation avoids protection/deprotection protocols typically required for secondary amine synthesis. This single-step reaction can be performed at multigram scale with minimal solvent and is atom economic, thereby allowing for optimized product isolation. Materials are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. The utility of the reactive and unprotected amine terminus is highlighted by the installation of a fluorescent end group and the assembly of a graft copolymer by condensation of the secondary amine terminus with carboxylic acid moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Roşca
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Damon J Gilmour
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Patrick Brant
- a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Askey H, Grayson JD, Tibbetts JD, Turner-Dore JC, Holmes JM, Kociok-Kohn G, Wrigley GL, Cresswell AJ. Photocatalytic Hydroaminoalkylation of Styrenes with Unprotected Primary Alkylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15936-15945. [PMID: 34543004 PMCID: PMC8499025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic, intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of styrenes provides a powerful disconnection for pharmacologically relevant γ-arylamines, but current methods cannot utilize unprotected primary alkylamines as feedstocks. Metal-catalyzed HAA protocols are also highly sensitive to α-substitution on the amine partner, and no catalytic solutions exist for α-tertiary γ-arylamine synthesis via this approach. We report a solution to these problems using organophotoredox catalysis, enabling a direct, modular, and sustainable preparation of α-(di)substituted γ-arylamines, including challenging electron-neutral and moderately electron-rich aryl groups. A broad range of functionalities are tolerated, and the reactions can be run on multigram scale in continuous flow. The method is applied to a concise, protecting-group-free synthesis of the blockbuster drug Fingolimod, as well as a phosphonate mimic of its in vivo active form (by iterative α-C-H functionalization of ethanolamine). The reaction can also be sequenced with an intramolecular N-arylation to provide a general and modular access to valuable (spirocyclic) 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridines. Mechanistic and kinetic studies support an irreversible hydrogen atom transfer activation of the alkylamine by the azidyl radical and some contribution from a radical chain. The reaction is photon-limited and exhibits a zero-order dependence on amine, azide, and photocatalyst, with a first-order dependence on styrene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah
E. Askey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - James D. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Joshua D. Tibbetts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Jake M. Holmes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Kohn
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Oncology
R&D, Research & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Valles DA, Dutta S, Paul A, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α,α'-C-H Bond Difunctionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2021; 23:6367-6371. [PMID: 34323490 PMCID: PMC8609614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple one-pot procedure enables the sequential, regioselective, and diastereoselective introduction of the same or two different substituents to the α- and α'-positions of unprotected azacycles. Aryl, alkyl, and alkenyl substituents are introduced via their corresponding organolithium compounds. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes, and piperazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
DiPucchio RC, Lenzen KE, Daneshmand P, Ezhova MB, Schafer LL. Direct, Catalytic α-Alkylation of N-Heterocycles by Hydroaminoalkylation: Substrate Effects for Regiodivergent Product Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11243-11250. [PMID: 34278789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prevalent in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, yet remain challenging to catalytically alkylate. Most strategies for C-H activation of these challenging substrates use protected amines or high loadings of precious metal catalysts. We report an early transition-metal system for the broad, robust, and direct alkylation of unprotected amine heterocycles with simple alkenes. Short reaction times are achieved using an in situ generated tantalum catalyst that avoids the use of bases, excess substrate, or additives. In most cases, this catalyst system is selective for the branched reaction product, including examples of products that are generated with excellent diastereoselectivity. Alkene electronic properties can be exploited for substrate-modified regioselectivity to access the alternative linear amine alkylation product with a group 5 catalyst. This method allows for the facile isolation of unprotected N-heterocyclic products, as useful substrates for further reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Karst E Lenzen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Pargol Daneshmand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Maria B Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Allylic amines are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and exist in bioactive compounds, but their synthesis via hydroaminoalkylation of alkynes with amines has been a formidable challenge. Here, we report a late transition metal Ni-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of alkynes with N-sulfonyl amines, providing a series of allylic amines in up to 94% yield. Double ligands of N-heterocyclic carbene (IPr) and tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) effectively promote the reaction.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen W, Seidel D. α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines via Transient Imines: Preparation of Polycyclic Lactams. Org Lett 2021; 23:3729-3734. [PMID: 33881883 PMCID: PMC8175037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic lactams are prepared in a single operation from o-toluamides and cyclic amines in a process that involves transient cyclic imines, species that are conveniently obtained in situ from the corresponding lithium amides and simple ketone oxidants. Imines thus generated, such as 1-pyrroline and 1-piperideine, engage lithiated o-toluamides in a facile annulation process. Undesired side reactions such as imine deprotonation and o-toluamide dimerization are suppressed through the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang J, Zhang S, Zou H. Acid- and Base-Switched Palladium-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Alkylation and Alkenylation of Neopentylamine. Org Lett 2021; 23:3466-3471. [PMID: 33881892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H and the reaction selectivity are among the core pursuits for transition-metal catalytic system development. Herein, we report Pd-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H-selective alkylation and alkenylation with removable 7-azaindole as a directing group. Acid and base were found to be the decisive regulators for the selective alkylation and alkenylation, respectively, on the same single substrate under otherwise the same reaction conditions. Various acrylates were compatible for the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. The alkenylation protocol could be further extended to acrylates with natural product units and α,β-unsaturated ketones. The preliminary synthetic manipulation of the alkylation and alkenylation products demonstrates the potential of this strategy for structurally diverse aliphatic chain extension and functionalization. Mechanistic experimental studies showed that the acidic and basic catalytic transformations shared the same six-membered dimer palladacycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Santana CG, Krische MJ. From Hydrogenation to Transfer Hydrogenation to Hydrogen Auto-Transfer in Enantioselective Metal-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Past, Present, and Future. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5572-5585. [PMID: 34306816 PMCID: PMC8302072 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atom-efficient processes that occur via addition, redistribution or removal of hydrogen underlie many large volume industrial processes and pervade all segments of chemical industry. Although carbonyl addition is one of the oldest and most broadly utilized methods for C-C bond formation, the delivery of non-stabilized carbanions to carbonyl compounds has relied on premetalated reagents or metallic/organometallic reductants, which pose issues of safety and challenges vis-à-vis large volume implementation. Catalytic carbonyl reductive couplings promoted via hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation and hydrogen auto-transfer allow abundant unsaturated hydrocarbons to serve as substitutes to organometallic reagents, enabling C-C bond formation in the absence of stoichiometric metals. This perspective (a) highlights past milestones in catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrogen auto-transfer, (b) summarizes current methods for catalytic enantioselective carbonyl reductive couplings, and (c) describes future opportunities based on the patterns of reactivity that animate transformations of this type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Geik D, Rosien M, Bielefeld J, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Titanium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes with Tertiary Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Geik
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Michael Rosien
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Bielefeld
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Geik D, Rosien M, Bielefeld J, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Titanium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes with Tertiary Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9936-9940. [PMID: 33621392 PMCID: PMC8251730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first cationic titanium catalyst system for the intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation of alkenes with various tertiary alkylamines is presented. Corresponding reactions which involve the addition of the α-C-H bond of a tertiary amine across the C-C double bond of an alkene take place at temperatures close to room temperature with excellent regioselectivity to deliver the branched products exclusively. Interestingly, for selected amines, α-C-H bond activation occurs not only at N-methyl but also at N-methylene groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Geik
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Michael Rosien
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Jens Bielefeld
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kaper T, Fischer M, Thye H, Geik D, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R, Doye S. Intermolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkynes. Chemistry 2021; 27:6899-6903. [PMID: 33481309 PMCID: PMC8248392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation reactions of alkynes with secondary amines, which selectively give access to allylic amines with E configuration of the alkene unit, are achieved in the presence of titanium catalysts. Successful reactions of symmetrically substituted diaryl- and dialkylalkynes as well as a terminal alkyne take place with N-benzylanilines, N-alkylanilines, and N-alkylbenzylamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaper
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Malte Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 29A18059RostockGermany
| | - Hermann Thye
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Dennis Geik
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Ruediger Beckhaus
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Su J, Luo Y, Xu X. Benzylic C-H addition of aromatic amines to alkenes using a scandium catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3688-3691. [PMID: 33725041 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and selective benzylic C(sp3)-H addition of o-CH3-substituted tertiary aromatic amines to alkenes has been achieved using an anilido-oxazoline ligand supported scandium catalyst, which provides an atom-economic method for the synthesis of a new family of alkylated tertiary anilines. A wide range of amine and alkene substrates are compatible with the catalyst system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Su
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Manßen M, Deng D, Zheng CHM, DiPucchio RC, Chen D, Schafer LL. Ureate Titanium Catalysts for Hydroaminoalkylation: Using Ligand Design to Increase Reactivity and Utility. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Danfeng Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cameron H. M. Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Koperniku A, Schafer LL. Zirconium Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation for the Synthesis of α‐Arylated Amines and N‐Heterocycles. Chemistry 2021; 27:6334-6339. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Koperniku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of British Columbia 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Current address: Stanford University School of Medicine Medicine 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 3140 94305-5174 Palo Alto USA
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Warsitz M, Rohjans SH, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Hydroaminoalkylation/Buchwald‐Hartwig Amination Sequences for the Synthesis of Novel Thieno‐ or Benzothieno‐Annulated Tetrahydropyridines, Tetrahydroazasilines, and Tetrahydroazasilepines. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Warsitz
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Stefan H. Rohjans
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fang R, Zhou L, Kirillov AM, Yang L. DFT Study on Zr-Catalyzed Alkene Hydroaminoalkylation: Origin of Regioselectivity, Diastereoselectivity, and Influence of Substrate. Org Lett 2021; 23:583-587. [PMID: 33404246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A DFT study was carried out to investigate a zirconium-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of alkenes with N-silylated benzylamine. A global reactivity index (GRI) analysis showed that that substrates act as electrophiles while the active zirconaaziridine behaves as a nucleophile. Furthermore, the distortion/interaction analysis unveiled the role of the distortion and interaction energies in controlling the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity when different alkene substrates are used. These results provide an in-depth analysis on how the substrate type influences the product selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Fang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Alexander M Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Institute of Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Lizi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen Y, Xia L, Chang Y, Ma W, Wang B. Application of N-Alkyl Amines as Versatile Building Blocks in Oxidative Coupling Reactions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Dhawa U, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Green strategies for transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation in molecular syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable strategies for the activation of inert C–H bonds towards improved resource-economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frerichs N, Lukas L, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R. Tris(dicyclohexylamido) Group 4 Metal Allyl and Phenylacetylide Complexes – Synthesis and Characterization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Frerichs
- Institut für Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Lenard Lukas
- Institut für Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bahena EN, Griffin SE, Schafer LL. Zirconium-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of Allylic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20566-20571. [PMID: 33249842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A zirconium-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of alkynes to access α,β,γ-substituted allylic amines in an atom-economic fashion is reported. The reaction is compatible with N-(trimethylsilyl)benzylamine and a variety of N-benzylaniline substrates, with the latter giving the allylic amine as the sole organic product. Various internal alkynes with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents were tolerated. Model intermediates of the reaction were synthesized and structurally characterized. Stoichiometric studies on key intermediates revealed that the open coordination sphere at zirconium, imparted by the tethered bis(ureate) ligand, is crucial for the coordination of neutral donors. These complexes may serve as models for the inner-sphere protonolysis reactions required for catalytic turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Nuñez Bahena
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Samuel E Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Warsitz M, Doye S. Linear Hydroaminoalkylation Products from Alkyl-Substituted Alkenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:15121-15125. [PMID: 32643801 PMCID: PMC7756280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective conversion of alkyl-substituted alkenes into linear hydroaminoalkylation products represents a strongly desirable synthetic transformation. In particular, such conversions of N-methylamine derivatives are of great scientific interest, because they would give direct access to important amines with unbranched alkyl chains. Herein, we present a new one-pot procedure that includes an initial alkene hydroaminoalkylation with an α-silylated amine substrate and a subsequent protodesilylation reaction that delivers linear hydroaminoalkylation products with high selectivity from simple alkyl-substituted alkenes. For that purpose, new titanium catalysts have been developed, which are able to activate the α-C-H bond of more challenging α-silylated amine substrates. In addition, a direct relationship between the ligand structure of the new catalysts and the obtained regioselectivity is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Warsitz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für ChemieUniversität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126129OldenburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Warsitz M, Doye S. Two‐Step Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐quinolines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Warsitz
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl‐von‐Ossietzky‐Straße 9‐11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl‐von‐Ossietzky‐Straße 9‐11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|