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Jaramillo-Fierro X, Cuenca MF. Novel Semiconductor Cu(C 3H 3N 3S 3) 3/ZnTiO 3/TiO 2 for the Photoinactivation of E. coli and S. aureus under Solar Light. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:173. [PMID: 36616082 PMCID: PMC9824406 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of semiconductors for bacterial photoinactivation is a promising approach that has attracted great interest in wastewater remediation. The photoinactivator Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO was synthesized by the solvothermal method from the coordination complex Cu(C3H3N3S3)3 (Cu-TTC) and the hybrid semiconductor ZnTiO3/TiO2 (ZTO/TO). In this study, the effect of photocatalyst composition/concentration as well as radiation intensity on the photoinactivation of the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in aqueous solutions was investigated. The results revealed that 25 mg/mL of photoinactivator, in a Cu-TTC:ZTO/TO molar ratio of 1:2 (w/w%) presents a higher rate of bacterial photoinactivation under simulated solar light (λ = 300-800 nm) in comparison to the individual components. The evidence of this study suggests that the presence of the Cu(C3H3N3S3)3 coordination complex in the ZnTiO3/TiO2 hybrid semiconductor would contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are essential to initiate the bacterial photoinactivation process. Finally, the results obtained allow us to predict that the Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO photocatalyst could be used for effective bacterial inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus in aqueous systems under simulated solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - María Fernanda Cuenca
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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Yang M, Zhang Y, Liang M, Sun Y, Duan D, Tian F. First principle studies of TiO 2-ZnO alloys under high pressure. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:024003. [PMID: 36322990 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9f9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ZnO-TiO2composite system has been applied as a photocatalyst in the treatment of organic waste and domestic wastewater due to its high separation rate of photogenerated carriers and wide light response range. Using the first-principles approach based on density functional theory, we investigated the crystal structures and the electronic properties of ZnO-TiO2alloys under high pressure and predicted three stable high-pressure phases (CmcmZnTiO3,ImmaZn2TiO4andCmZnTi3O7). Calculations of the phonon spectra and elastic constants showed that the predicted structures are dynamically and mechanically stable. In terms of electronic properties, it was found that the three crystal structures were all semiconductors. With the increase of pressure, the band gap ofCmZnTi3O7showed an increasing trend, while the band gap ofCmcmZnTiO3andImmaZn2TiO4gradually decreased. The calculated band structures showed that the band gap first increases nonlinearly and then decreases as the Zn concentration increases. Pressure can regulate the band gap of the above crystals, making them promising for applications in photocatalysis and microwave devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fubo Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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3
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Jaramillo-Fierro X, Cuenca G, Ramón J. The Effect of La 3+ on the Methylene Blue Dye Removal Capacity of the La/ZnTiO 3 Photocatalyst, a DFT Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3137. [PMID: 36144925 PMCID: PMC9505429 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, lanthanum can bond with surface oxygens of ZnTiO3 to form La-O-Ti bonds, resulting in the change of both the band structure and the electron state of the surface. To verify this statement, DFT calculations were performed using a model with a dispersed lanthanum atom on the surface (101) of ZnTiO3. The negative heat segmentation values obtained suggest that the incorporation of La on the surface of ZnTiO3 is thermodynamically stable. The bandgap energy value of La/ZnTiO3 (2.92 eV) was lower than that of ZnTiO3 (3.16 eV). TDOS showed that the conduction band (CB) and the valence band (VB) energy levels of La/ZnTiO3 are denser than those of ZnTiO3 due to the participation of hybrid levels composed mainly of O2p and La5d orbitals. From the PDOSs, Bader's charge analysis, and ELF function, it was established that the La-O bond is polar covalent. MB adsorption on La/ZnTiO3 (-200 kJ/mol) was more favorable than on ZnTiO3 (-85 kJ/mol). From the evidence of this study, it is proposed that the MB molecule first is adsorbed on the surface of La/ZnTiO3, and then the electrons in the VB of La/ZnTiO3 are photoexcited to hybrid levels, and finally, the MB molecule oxidizes into smaller molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Guisella Cuenca
- Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - John Ramón
- Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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[Cu(C3H3N3S3)3] Adsorption onto ZnTiO3/TiO2 for Coordination-Complex Sensitized Photochemical Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093252. [PMID: 35591585 PMCID: PMC9100386 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the design of highly efficient materials for photochemical applications remains a challenge. In this study, an efficient semiconductor was prepared, based on a coordination complex (Cu-TTC) of Cu(I) and trithiocyanuric acid on ZnTiO3/TiO2 (ZTO/TO). The Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO composite was prepared by the solvothermal method at room temperature. The structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics, as well as the photocatalytic performance of the composite, were experimentally and computationally studied. The results show that the Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO composite efficiently extended its photoresponse in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electrochemistry of the proposed tautomeric architecture (s-Cu-TTC) clearly reveals the presence of metal–ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and π → π* excitations. The maximum methylene blue (MB) dye photodegradation efficiency of 95% in aqueous solutions was achieved under the illumination of simulated solar light. Finally, computational calculations based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method were performed to determine the electronic properties of the s-Cu-TTC tautomeric structure and clarify the adsorption mechanism of this complex on the surface (101) of both ZnTiO3 and TiO2 oxides. The results obtained allow us to suggest that the Cu-TTC complex is an effective charge carrier and that the Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO composite can be used efficiently for photochemical applications.
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Jaramillo-Fierro X, Capa LF, Medina F, González S. DFT Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption on ZnTiO 3 and TiO 2 Surfaces (101). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133780. [PMID: 34206305 PMCID: PMC8270277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative materials with high dye adsorption capacity, such as methylene blue (MB), remains the focus of current studies. This computational study focuses on oxides ZnTiO3 and TiO2 (anatase phase) and on their adsorptive properties. Computational calculations based on DFT methods were performed using the Viena Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) code to study the electronic properties of these oxides. The bandgap energy values calculated by the Hubbard U (GGA + U) method for ZnTiO3 and TiO2 were 3.17 and 3.21 eV, respectively, which are consistent with the experimental data. The most favorable orientation of the MB adsorbed on the surface (101) of both oxides is semi-perpendicular. Stronger adsorption was observed on the ZnTiO3 surface (−282.05 kJ/mol) than on TiO2 (–10.95 kJ/mol). Anchoring of the MB molecule on both surfaces was carried out by means of two protons in a bidentate chelating (BC) adsorption model. The high adsorption energy of the MB dye on the ZnTiO3 surface shows the potential value of using this mixed oxide as a dye adsorbent for several technological and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro
- Departamento d’Enginyería Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans, 2643007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, 1101608 Loja, Ecuador;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +593-7-3701444
| | - Luis Fernando Capa
- Maestría en Química Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, 1101608 Loja, Ecuador;
| | - Francesc Medina
- Departamento d’Enginyería Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans, 2643007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Silvia González
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, 1101608 Loja, Ecuador;
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Electrospun-based TiO2 nanofibers for organic pollutant photodegradation: a comprehensive review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used as a photocatalyst in the removal of organic pollutants. However, weaknesses of TiO2 such as fast charge recombination and low visible light usage limit its industrial application. Furthermore, photocatalysts that are lost during the treatment of pollutants create the problem of secondary pollutants. Electrospun-based TiO2 fiber is a promising alternative to immobilize TiO2 and to improve its performance in photodegradation. Some strategies have been employed in fabricating the photocatalytic fibers by producing hollow fibers, porous fibers, composite TiO2 with magnetic materials, graphene oxide, as well as doping TiO2 with metal. The modification of TiO2 can improve the absorption of TiO2 to the visible light area, act as an electron acceptor, provide large surface area, and promote the phase transformation of TiO2. The improvement of TiO2 properties can enhance carrier transfer rate which reduces the recombination and promotes the generation of radicals that potentially degrade organic pollutants. The recyclability of fibers, calcination effect, photocatalytic reactors used, operation parameters involved in photodegradation as well as the commercialization potential of TiO2 fibers are also discussed in this review.
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Ali W, Ullah H, Zada A, Muhammad W, Ali S, Shaheen S, Alamgir MK, Ansar MZ, Khan ZU, Bilal H, Yap PS. Synthesis of TiO 2 modified self-assembled honeycomb ZnO/SnO 2 nanocomposites for exceptional photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and bisphenol A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141291. [PMID: 32763611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have successfully synthesized honeycomb-like self-assembled structure of TiO2 modified ZnO/SnO2 nanostructure via co-precipitation method with exceptional high degradation activities for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and bisphenol A (BPA) pollutants. The as-prepared samples were calcined in tube furnace at high elevated temperature (700, 800 and 900 °C) for 1 h. Among the TiO2 modified samples, ZST10-700 showed higher charge separation as demonstrated from surface photovoltage spectroscopy, photoluminance and electrochemical curve. Surface morphology, crystallinity, optical property and different functional groups in the samples were determined with SEM, EDX, XRD, UV-Vis DRS and FTIR, respectively. Interestingly, 72% and 58% photocatalytic degradation efficiencies were achieved with optimized ZST10-700 for 2,4-DCP and BPA, respectively. In comparison, the pure ZS-700 only showed 36% and 29% photocatalytic degradation efficiencies, respectively. The improved photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of the optimized ZST10-700 are mainly due to improved charge separation and prolonged charge lifetime. It was further verified that by increasing calcination temperature, the photocatalytic activity decreased, and this is attributed to the formation of photo-inactive phases like Zn2SnO4 and ZnTiO3. We believe that this work will provide an effective strategy to construct ternary heterojunction for the elimination of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Hameed Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Zada
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Wisal Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Physics Departments, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sharafat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shabana Shaheen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | | | - Muhammad Zaka Ansar
- National Institute of Vacuum Science and Technology, NCP Complex, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheen Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hazrat Bilal
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Pant B, Ojha GP, Kuk YS, Kwon OH, Park YW, Park M. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-TiO 2/Carbon Fiber Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1960. [PMID: 33019690 PMCID: PMC7600166 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we prepared a novel photocatalytic ZnO-TiO2 loaded carbon nanofibers composites (ZnO-TiO2-CNFs) via electrospinning technique followed by a hydrothermal process. At first, the electrospun TiO2 NP-embedded carbon nanofibers (TiO2-CNFs) were achieved using electrospinning and a carbonization process. Next, the ZnO particles were grown into the TiO2-CNFs via hydrothermal treatment. The morphology, structure, and chemical compositions were studied using state-of-the-art techniques. The photocatalytic performance of the ZnO-TiO2-CNFs composite was studied using degrading methylene blue (MB) under UV-light irradiation for three successive cycles. It was noticed that the ZnO-TiO2-CNFs nanocomposite showed better MB removal properties than that of other formulations, which might be due to the synergistic effects of carbon nanofibers and utilized metal oxides (ZnO and TiO2). The adsorption characteristic of carbon fibers and matched band potentials of ZnO and TiO2 combinedly help to boost the overall photocatalytic performance of the ZnO-TiO2-CNFs composite. The obtained results from this study indicated that it can be an economical and environmentally friendly photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishweshwar Pant
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 55338, Korea; (B.P.); (G.P.O.)
| | - Gunendra Prasad Ojha
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 55338, Korea; (B.P.); (G.P.O.)
| | - Yun-Su Kuk
- Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology (KCTECH), Jeonju 54853, Korea;
| | - Oh Hoon Kwon
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan 54588, Korea; (O.H.K.); (Y.W.P.)
| | - Yong Wan Park
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan 54588, Korea; (O.H.K.); (Y.W.P.)
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 55338, Korea; (B.P.); (G.P.O.)
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Fakharian‐Qomi MJ, Sadeghzadeh‐Attar A. Template Based Synthesis of Plasmonic Ag‐modified TiO
2
/SnO
2
Nanotubes with Enhanced Photostability for Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalytic H
2
Evolution and RhB Degradation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fakharian‐Qomi
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering University of Kashan, P.O. Box. 87317-53153, Ghotb Ravandi Blvd. Kashan Iran
| | - Abbas Sadeghzadeh‐Attar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering University of Kashan, P.O. Box. 87317-53153, Ghotb Ravandi Blvd. Kashan Iran
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10
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Chen F, Yu C, Wei L, Fan Q, Ma F, Zeng J, Yi J, Yang K, Ji H. Fabrication and characterization of ZnTiO 3/Zn 2Ti 3O 8/ZnO ternary photocatalyst for synergetic removal of aqueous organic pollutants and Cr( VI) ions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136026. [PMID: 31841856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient photocatalysts have great development prospects in wastewater treatment, especially in the degradation of organic pollutants and reduction of inorganic heavy metal ions. Herein, a Z-scheme ZnTiO3/Zn2Ti3O8/ZnO ternary photocatalyst was prepared by the solvothermal-calcination method and the influence of the content of tetrabutyl titanate precursor and different reaction temperature on the crystal phase structures, photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic activities of the samples were investigated. Due to its unique Z-scheme structure and suitable band gap position, which is favorable for the efficient migration and separation of photo-generated electrons and holes and the improvement of photocatalytic redox reaction capability, the samples show excellent performance for the degradation of organic pollutants and reduction of heavy metal Cr(VI) ions. Based on a series of characterization analyses, a possible Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism is proposed. This work provides a simple preparation method for fabrication of multivariate heterojunction photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants and removal of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Changlin Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Longfu Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Qizhe Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Julan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China
| | - Junhui Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
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