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Pavlovic L, Mendelsohn LN, Zhong H, Chirik PJ, Hopmann KH. Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Enamides: Insights into Mechanisms and Solvent Effects. Organometallics 2022; 41:1872-1882. [PMID: 35915664 PMCID: PMC9335863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic details of the (PhBPE)Co-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides are investigated using computational and experimental approaches. Four mechanistic possibilities are compared: a direct Co(0)/Co(II) redox path, a metathesis pathway, a nonredox Co(II) mechanism featuring an aza-metallacycle, and a possible enamide-imine tautomerization pathway. The results indicate that the operative mechanism may depend on the type of enamide. Explicit solvent is found to be crucial for the stabilization of transition states and for a proper estimation of the enantiomeric excess. The combined results highlight the complexity of base-metal-catalyzed hydrogenations but do also provide guiding principles for a mechanistic understanding of these systems, where protic substrates can be expected to open up nonredox hydrogenation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Pavlovic
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lauren N. Mendelsohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Li Y, Zhu J. Mechanistic Insight into the Ni-Catalyzed Kumada Cross-Coupling: Alkylmagnesium Halide Promotes C-F Bond Activation and Electron-Deficient Metal Center Slows Down β-H Elimination. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8902-8909. [PMID: 35762620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ni-catalyzed Kumada-Tamao-Corriu (KTC) cross-coupling between aryl fluorides and alkyl Grignard reagents has been used to achieve a highly selective Csp2-Csp3 bond construction via the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond activation. However, the detailed mechanism of this groundbreaking KTC reaction remains unclear. Herein, we perform a series of analyses by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in order to understand the reaction mechanisms for the selective activation of a highly inert C-F bond by Ni catalysts with bidentate phosphorus ligands. An alternative mechanism for Ni/Mg bimetallic cooperation C-F bond cleavage instead of a traditional oxidative addition was proposed. The push-pull interaction in the transition state provided by the Ni center and the Lewis acid of the Mg cation smoothly breaks the C-F bond, supported by the significantly decreased activation energy from 30.9 to 4.6 kcal mol-1 and principal interacting orbital analysis. Owing to the elevated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and the electron-deficient metal center caused by the bidentate phosphorus ligand, the β-H elimination could be impeded, increasing the selectivity of KTC cross-coupling. Our DFT results rationally explain the experimental observations, which will be helpful for further development of KTC cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Huang R, Cai J, Yao L, Bai Y, Guo K, Zhao L. Mechanistic study of cobalt(I)-catalyzed asymmetric coupling of ethylene and enynes to functionalized cyclobutanes. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:440-447. [PMID: 34951487 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to gain insight into the reaction mechanism of the Co(I)-catalyzed asymmetric [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of enyne 1a with ethylene 2 to give the functionalized cyclobutene E-4a possessing a chiral, all-carbon quaternary center in the ring framework (Science, 361, 68-72). This study reveals that the whole catalysis can be characterized via three stages: (i) oxidative dimerization followed by reductive elimination gives the intermediate IM3, (ii) the alkenyl-Co(III) metallacycloheptene IM6 formation with the addition of another equivalent ethylene via an oxidative dimerization process, (iii) β-Hydrogen elimination and reductive elimination from IM6 to result in the final product E-4a and regenerate the active speices IM1 for the next catalytic cycle. Each stage is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible for experimental realization under mild conditions, and the formation of the alkenyl-Co(III) metallacycloheptene IM6, with a barrier of 27.2 kcal mol-1 (i.e., IM2 → TS4), should be the rate-determining step (RDS) during the whole catalysis. In addition, the origins of enantioselectivity and regioselectivity of the product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiali Cai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuna Bai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Xue Y. Insight into the Mechanism and Regioselectivity of Pd(OAc) 2-Catalyzed C-O Bond Activation via a β-O Elimination Approach: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9267-9278. [PMID: 34661409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The density functional theory investigations were carried out to elucidate the mechanism and the origin of regioselectivity for the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed carbon-oxygen bond activation in the reaction between 4-phenoxy-N-(quinolin-8-yl) butanamide and N-methylindole. The reaction proceeded through four main stages in succession: C-H activation, β-O elimination, nucleo-palladation of the new C-C bond formation, and proto-depalladation steps. A total of six pathways were considered since there were two possible forms of C-O bond breaking in the β-O elimination step and six reaction channels of nucleophilic attack in the crucial nucleo-palladation step. The computational results indicate that the common first step (C-H bond activation step) occurs via a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism. The nucleo-palladation was the rate-determining step for all six reaction pathways. The results also show that the most favorable pathway for the whole reaction is the one (denoted as path b1) in which phenol was removed in the second stage and the hydrogen atom of N-methylindole attacked the oxygen atom of acetate group of the intermediate in the third stage. According to the analyses of noncovalent interaction (NCI) and the reduced density gradient (RDG), the most favored pathway benefits from the strong attractive interaction and weak repulsive interaction in its key transition state. Furthermore, structural, natural bond orbital charge, and energy analyses of the transition states reveal the origin of the regioselectivity. This is a good explanation of the experimental phenomenon and benefits future design of a new strategy for a similar reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Yang
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Du C, Zhou X, Li W, Wen X, Ke Z, Zhao C. Unusual mechanism of paramagnetic nickel-catalysed α-alkylation of amides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6923-6932. [PMID: 33928994 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nickel transition-metal catalysts are important materials which are widely used in (de)hydrogenation reactions. Typical NiII catalysts adopt a square planar geometry and a low-spin state owing to their d8 electronic configuration. Here, we describe a mechanistic investigation of a novel octahedral NiII catalyst with a paramagnetic nature catalysing the α-alkylation of amides. Both non-bifunctional and bifunctional pathways were considered. In addition, we clarified the superiority of the high-spin state by comparing the geometries, valence electronic configurations, and rate-limiting energy barriers of the high- and low-spin states. Our results indicate that the novel octahedral nickel catalyst favours the bifunctional pathway and tends to maintain a high-spin state throughout the reaction due to the N-arm ligand. This computational study suggests that the spin state has the potential to influence the catalyst structure and reaction mechanism. Furthermore, these findings present novel insights for the design of NiII catalysts with high-spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Weikang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuling Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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6
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Jing Y, Liu J, Ye Z, Su J, Liu Y, Ke Z. The cooperative role of innocent ligand in N-heterocyclic carbene manganese catalyzed carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The concept of Lewis acidic π* cooperation was proposed for innocent CO ligand in NHC–Mn catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation by systematic DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zongren Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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7
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Transition metal center effect on the mechanism of homogenous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Our planet urgently needs sustainable solutions to alleviate the anthropogenic global warming and climate change. Homogeneous catalysis has the potential to play a fundamental role in this process, providing novel, efficient, and at the same time eco-friendly routes for both chemicals and energy production. In particular, pincer-type ligation shows promising properties in terms of long-term stability and selectivity, as well as allowing for mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loading. Indeed, pincer complexes have been applied to a plethora of sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen release, CO2 capture and conversion, N2 fixation, and biomass valorization for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels. In this work, we show the main advances of the last five years in the use of pincer transition metal complexes in key catalytic processes aiming for a more sustainable chemical and energy production.
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Zhou L, Liu D, Lan H, Wang X, Zhao C, Ke Z, Hou C. The origin of different driving forces between O–H/N–H functional groups in metal ligand cooperation: mechanistic insight into Mn( i) catalysed transfer hydrogenation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin of different catalytic activity between two structurally similar Lewis basic bifunctional catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Datai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Haiyi Lan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Xiujian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Cheng Hou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- P. R. China
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10
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Xue Y. The mechanism and diastereoselectivity in the formation of trifluoromethyl-containing spiro[pyrrolidin-3,2′-oxindole] by a catalyst-free and mutually activated [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction: a theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and diastereoselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between (Z)-1-methyl-3-imino-indolin-2-one and 5-nitro-2-vinylpyridine with no catalyst in acetonitrile have been investigated by the DFT method and SMD solvation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhou W, Wei Z, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Junge K, Junge H, Beller M. Cobalt-Catalyzed Aqueous Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid. Chemistry 2019; 25:8459-8464. [PMID: 30938464 PMCID: PMC6618042 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the known liquid organic hydrogen carriers, formic acid attracts increasing interest in the context of safe and reversible storage of hydrogen. Here, the first molecularly defined cobalt pincer complex is disclosed for the dehydrogenation of formic acid in aqueous medium under mild conditions. Crucial for catalytic activity is the use of the specific complex 3. Compared to related ruthenium and manganese complexes 7 and 8, this optimal cobalt complex showed improved performance. DFT computations support an innocent non-classical bifunctional outer-sphere mechanism on the triplet state potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Zhihong Wei
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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12
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Bottaro F, Madsen R. In Situ Generated Cobalt Catalyst for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols and Amines into Imines. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bottaro
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Shu S, Huang M, Jiang J, Qu LB, Liu Y, Ke Z. Catalyzed or non-catalyzed: chemoselectivity of Ru-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols and amines via metal–ligand bond cooperation and (de)aromatization. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic origin of the chemoselectivity for Ru-catalyzed acceptorless coupling of amines and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Meijie Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Jingxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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