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Wagner LS, Prymak O, Schaller T, Beuck C, Loza K, Niemeyer F, Gumbiowski N, Kostka K, Bayer P, Heggen M, Oliveira CLP, Epple M. The Molecular Footprint of Peptides on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) Is Governed by Steric Demand. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4266-4281. [PMID: 38640461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were functionalized with peptides of two to seven amino acids that contained one cysteine molecule as anchor via a thiol-gold bond and a number of alanine residues as nonbinding amino acid. The cysteine was located either in the center of the molecule or at the end (C-terminus). For comparison, gold nanoparticles were also functionalized with cysteine alone. The particles were characterized by UV spectroscopy, differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This confirmed the uniform metal core (2 nm diameter). The hydrodynamic diameter was probed by 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy and showed an increase in thickness of the hydrated peptide layer with increasing peptide size (up to 1.4 nm for heptapeptides; 0.20 nm per amino acid in the peptide). 1H NMR spectroscopy of water-dispersed nanoparticles showed the integrity of the peptides and the effect of the metal core on the peptide. Notably, the NMR signals were very broad near the metal surface and became increasingly narrow in a distance. In particular, the methyl groups of alanine can be used as probe for the resolution of the NMR spectra. The number of peptide ligands on each nanoparticle was determined using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. It decreased with increasing peptide length from about 100 for a dipeptide to about 12 for a heptapeptide, resulting in an increase of the molecular footprint from about 0.1 to 1.1 nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Sofie Wagner
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Nina Gumbiowski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
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Boselli L, Castagnola V, Armirotti A, Benfenati F, Pompa PP. Biomolecular Corona of Gold Nanoparticles: The Urgent Need for Strong Roots to Grow Strong Branches. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306474. [PMID: 38085683 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are largely employed in diagnostics/biosensors and are among the most investigated nanomaterials in biology/medicine. However, few GNP-based nanoformulations have received FDA approval to date, and promising in vitro studies have failed to translate to in vivo efficacy. One key factor is that biological fluids contain high concentrations of proteins, lipids, sugars, and metabolites, which can adsorb/interact with the GNP's surface, forming a layer called biomolecular corona (BMC). The BMC can mask prepared functionalities and target moieties, creating new surface chemistry and determining GNPs' biological fate. Here, the current knowledge is summarized on GNP-BMCs, analyzing the factors driving these interactions and the biological consequences. A partial fingerprint of GNP-BMC analyzing common patterns of composition in the literature is extrapolated. However, a red flag is also risen concerning the current lack of data availability and regulated form of knowledge on BMC. Nanomedicine is still in its infancy, and relying on recently developed analytical and informatic tools offers an unprecedented opportunity to make a leap forward. However, a restart through robust shared protocols and data sharing is necessary to obtain "stronger roots". This will create a path to exploiting BMC for human benefit, promoting the clinical translation of biomedical nanotools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Boselli
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova, 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova, 16132, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova, 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova, 16132, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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3
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Epple M, Rotello VM, Dawson K. The Why and How of Ultrasmall Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3369-3378. [PMID: 37966025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusIn this Account, we describe our research into ultrasmall nanoparticles, including their unique properties, and outline some of the new opportunities they offer. We will summarize our perspective on the current state of the field and highlight what we see as key questions that remain to be solved. First, there are several nanostructure size-scale regimes, with qualitatively distinct functional biological attributes. Broadly generalized, larger particles (e.g., larger than 300 nm) tend to be more efficiently swept away by the first line of the immune system (for example macrophages). In the "middle-sized" regime (20-300 nm), nanoparticle surfaces and shapes can be recognized by energy-dependent cellular reorganizations, then organized locally in a spatial and temporally coherent way. That energy is gated and made available by specific cellular recognition processes. The relationship between particle surface design, endogenously derived nonspecific biomolecular corona, and architectural features recognized by the cell is complex and only purposefully and very precisely designed nanoparticle architectures are able to navigate to specific targets. At sufficiently small sizes (<10 nm including the ligand shell, associated with a core diameter of a few nm at most) we enter the "quasi-molecular regime" in which the endogenous biomolecular environment exchanges so rapidly with the ultrasmall particle surface that larger scale cellular and immune recognition events are often greatly simplified. As an example, ultrasmall particles can penetrate cellular and biological barriers within tissue architectures via passive diffusion, in much the same way as small molecule drugs do. An intriguing question arises: what happens at the interface of cellular recognition and ultrasmall quasi-molecular size regimes? Succinctly put, ultrasmall conjugates can evade defense mechanisms driven by larger scale cellular nanoscale recognition, enabling them to flexibly exploit molecular interaction motifs to interact with specific targets. Numerous advances in control of architecture that take advantage of these phenomena have taken place or are underway. For instance, syntheses can now be sufficiently controlled that it is possible to make nanoparticles of a few hundreds of atoms or metalloid clusters of several tens of atoms that can be characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. While the synthesis of atomically precise clusters in organic solvents presents challenges, water-based syntheses of ultrasmall nanoparticles can be upscaled and lead to well-defined particle populations. The surface of ultrasmall nanoparticles can be covalently modified with a wide variety of ligands to control the interactions of these particles with biosystems, as well as drugs and fluorophores. And, in contrast to larger particles, many advanced molecular analytical and separation tools can be applied to understand their structure. For example, NMR spectroscopy allows us to obtain a detailed image of the particle surface and the attached ligands. These are considerable advantages that allow further elaboration of the level of architectural control and characterization of the ultrasmall structures required to access novel functional regimes and outcomes. The ultrasmall nanoparticle regime has a unique status and provides a potentially very interesting direction for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Charles A. Goessmann Professor of Chemistry and University Distinguished Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Kenneth Dawson
- UCD School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Sang D, Luo X, Liu J. Biological Interaction and Imaging of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38047998 PMCID: PMC10695915 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), serving as a bridge between small molecules and traditional inorganic nanoparticles, create significant opportunities to address many challenges in the health field. This review discusses the recent advances in the biological interactions and imaging of ultrasmall AuNPs. The challenges and the future development directions of the ultrasmall AuNPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmiao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Bain D, Russier-Antoine I, Yuan H, Kolay S, Maclot S, Moulin C, Salmon E, Brevet PF, Pniakowska A, Olesiak-Bańska J, Antoine R. Solvent-Induced Aggregation of Self-Assembled Copper-Cysteine Nanoparticles Reacted with Glutathione: Enhancing Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16554-16561. [PMID: 37947385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-thiolate self-assembly nanostructures are a unique class of nanomaterials because of their interesting properties such as hierarchical structures, luminescence, and large nonlinear optical efficiency. Herein, we synthesized biomolecule cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) capped sub-100 nm self-assembly nanoparticles (Cu-Cys-GSH NPs) with red fluorescence. The as-synthesized NPs show high emission enhancement in the presence of ethanol, caused by the aggregation-induced emission. We correlated the structure and optical properties of Cu-Cys-GSH NPs by measuring the mass, morphology, and surface charge as well as their two-photon excited fluorescence cross-section (σ2PEPL), two-photon absorption cross-section (σTPA) and first hyperpolarizability (β) of Cu-Cys-GSH NPs in water and water-ethanol using near-infrared wavelength. We found a high β value as (77 ± 10) × 10-28 esu (in water) compared to the reference medium water. The estimated values of σ2PEPL and σTPA are found to be (13 ± 2) GM and (1.4 ± 0.2) × 104 GM, respectively. We hope our investigations of linear and nonlinear optical properties of copper-thiolate self-assemblies in water and its solvent-induced aggregates will open up new possibilities in designing self-assembled systems for many applications including sensing, drug delivery, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Bain
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Isabelle Russier-Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Hao Yuan
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Sarita Kolay
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sylvain Maclot
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Christophe Moulin
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Estelle Salmon
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Anna Pniakowska
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Joanna Olesiak-Bańska
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon F-69622, France
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Nonappa. Precision nanoengineering for functional self-assemblies across length scales. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13800-13819. [PMID: 37902292 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
As nanotechnology continues to push the boundaries across disciplines, there is an increasing need for engineering nanomaterials with atomic-level precision for self-assembly across length scales, i.e., from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Although molecular self-assembly allows atomic precision, extending it beyond certain length scales presents a challenge. Therefore, the attention has turned to size and shape-controlled metal nanoparticles as building blocks for multifunctional colloidal self-assemblies. However, traditionally, metal nanoparticles suffer from polydispersity, uncontrolled aggregation, and inhomogeneous ligand distribution, resulting in heterogeneous end products. In this feature article, I will discuss how virus capsids provide clues for designing subunit-based, precise, efficient, and error-free self-assembly of colloidal molecules. The atomically precise nanoscale proteinic subunits of capsids display rigidity (conformational and structural) and patchy distribution of interacting sites. Recent experimental evidence suggests that atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters display an anisotropic distribution of ligands and patchy ligand bundles. This enables symmetry breaking, consequently offering a facile route for two-dimensional colloidal crystals, bilayers, and elastic monolayer membranes. Furthermore, inter-nanocluster interactions mediated via the ligand functional groups are versatile, offering routes for discrete supracolloidal capsids, composite cages, toroids, and macroscopic hierarchically porous frameworks. Therefore, engineered nanoparticles with atomically precise structures have the potential to overcome the limitations of molecular self-assembly and large colloidal particles. Self-assembly allows the emergence of new optical properties, mechanical strength, photothermal stability, catalytic efficiency, quantum yield, and biological properties. The self-assembled structures allow reproducible optoelectronic properties, mechanical performance, and accurate sensing. More importantly, the intrinsic properties of individual nanoclusters are retained across length scales. The atomically precise nanoparticles offer enormous potential for next-generation functional materials, optoelectronics, precision sensors, and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonappa
- Facutly of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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7
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Sharma S, Das S, Kaushik K, Yadav A, Patra A, Nandi CK. Unveiling the Long-Lived Emission of Copper Nanoclusters Embedded in a Protein Scaffold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8979-8987. [PMID: 37773588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein-conjugated coinage metal nanoclusters have become promising materials for optoelectronics and biomedical applications. However, the origin of the photoluminescence, especially the long-lived excited state emission in these metal nanoclusters, is still elusive. Here, we unveiled the underlying mechanism of long-lived emission in albumin protein-conjugated copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) using steady state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Our findings reveal room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in protein-conjugated Cu NCs. Time-resolved area-normalized spectra distinguished short- and long-lived components, where the former arises from the singlet state and the latter from the triplet state, thus resulting in RTP. The similarity of the emission spectra at room (298 K) and cryogenic (77 K) temperature ascertains the RTP phenomenon by harvesting the higher-lying triplet states. Time-gated bioimaging of A549 cells using the long-lived emission not only supports RTP emission in the cellular environment but also provides exciting avenues in long-term bioimaging using bovine serum albumin-conjugated Cu NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP 175075, India
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC), IIT, Mandi, HP 175075, India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, MP 462066, India
| | - Kush Kaushik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP 175075, India
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC), IIT, Mandi, HP 175075, India
| | - Aditya Yadav
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP 175075, India
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC), IIT, Mandi, HP 175075, India
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, MP 462066, India
| | - Chayan Kanti Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, HP 175075, India
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC), IIT, Mandi, HP 175075, India
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Bélteki R, Kuklis L, Gombár G, Ungor D, Csapó E. The Role of the Amino Acid Molecular Characteristics on the Formation of Fluorescent Gold- and Silver-Based Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300720. [PMID: 37258456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Role of amino acids like L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-glutamine (Gln) and L-arginine (Arg) is described and interpreted in terms of their potential for preparation of fluorescent molecular-like gold and silver nanostructures. We are among the first to demonstrate the effect of syntheses conditions as well as the molecular characteristics of Phe, Gln and Arg amino acids on the structure of the formed products. Comprehensive optical characterizations (lifetime, quantum yield (QY%)) of the blue-emitting products were also carried out. It was confirmed that for all Au-containing samples and for Gln-Ag system the characteristic fluorescence originates from few-atomic metallic nanoclusters (NCs) where the reduction of metal ions was promoted by citrate in some cases. Relatively high QY% (∼18 %) was obtained for Arg-stabilized Au NCs due to the existence of an electrostatic interaction between the electron rich, positively charged guanidium side chain of Arg and the negatively charged carboxylate group of citrate on the metallic surface. Size and structural analysis of the products were evaluated by infrared measurements and dynamic light scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bélteki
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Loretta Kuklis
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gombár
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ditta Ungor
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Csapó
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. sqr. 1, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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Lin Y, Yong S, Scholtz CR, Du C, Sun S, Steinkruger JD, Zhou X, Zhou C, Yang S. Exploration of surface chemistry effects on the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of dual-ligand luminescent gold nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Devi A, Seksaria H, Bain D, Kolay S, Rashi, De Sarkar A, Patra A. Experimental and computational insights into luminescence in atomically precise bimetallic Au 6-nCu n(MPA) 5 ( n = 0-2) clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9513-9521. [PMID: 36939011 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as a new class of luminescent materials for potential applications in sensing, bio-imaging, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, we have synthesized gold-copper bimetallic nanoclusters (AuCu NCs) using a one-step co-reduction method and tuned the emission wavelength from 520 nm to 620 nm by changing the [Cu2+]/[Au3+] molar ratio. The quantum yield (QY) increases from 6% to 13% upon incorporation of the Cu atom in the Au NCs. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis reveals that the composition of the Au NCs is Au6(MPA)5, and the bimetallic nanocluster is Au4Cu2(MPA)5, where 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) is used as the capping ligand. Furthermore, we investigated the optimized structures of the as-synthesized NCs using density functional theory (DFT) along with analysis of the preferable adsorption sites using Fukui functions. We report the HOMO-LUMO gap, which is consistent with the experimentally observed red shift in the UV-Vis absorption features of the Au NCs upon copper doping. XPS studies suggest the formation of intermixing of states between the 5d orbitals of Au and the 3d orbitals of Cu in the AuCu NCs after incorporating Cu atoms into the Au NCs, which is corroborated by the DFT calculations on electronic charge transfer from the Cu to the Au atom in the NCs. The coupling between Au(I) and Cu(I) facilitates the formation of a low-lying mixed Au(I)-Cu(I) energy state. This study elaborates on the impact of Cu doping on the excited-state relaxation dynamics of AuCu NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Devi
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Harshita Seksaria
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Dipankar Bain
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Sarita Kolay
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rashi
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Abir De Sarkar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Amitava Patra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India. .,School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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11
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Zeng C, Mu Y, Cao W, Zhuang Q, Wang Y. Water-Soluble Photoluminescent Adenosine-Functionalized Gold Nanoclusters as Highly Sensitive and Selective Receptors for Riboflavin Detection in Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1671-1679. [PMID: 36594807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple, selective, and sensitive detection of cerebral riboflavin is of great significance due to the vital roles of riboflavin in physiological and pathological processes. In the work, water-soluble photoluminescent adenosine-functionalized gold nanoclusters (Ade-AuNCs) are exploited as highly sensitive and selective receptors for cerebral riboflavin detection. The Ade-AuNCs are prepared under aqueous conditions by the one-step "synthesis-functionalization integration" strategy, using chloroauric acid as gold precursors and adenosine as outer-shell ligands. During the Ade-AuNCs synthesis process, adenosine and ascorbic acid are demonstrated to respectively serve as a stabilizer and a reductant, and citrate buffer plays multiple roles including a pH regulator, reductant, and complexing agent. The added riboflavin causes photoluminescence quenching of Ade-AuNCs, and the quenching photoluminescence is applied for well quantifying riboflavin in the range of 0.005-0.1 nM with a detection limit of 0.002 nM. The detailed analytical characterizations reveal that the photoluminescence quenching results from the static photoinduced electron transfer process from the surface functional Ade-AuNCs to riboflavin and the strong affinity between Ade-AuNCs and riboflavin. Moreover, the Ade-AuNC-based sensor exhibits a high selectivity for riboflavin over metal ions, anions, amino acids, and biological substances that possibly exist in the rat brain. Finally, by coupling the microdialysis technique, the proposed sensor is successfully applied to detect riboflavin in living rat brain microdialysates with a basal value of 13.1 ± 2.5 nM (n = 3), and the results are comparable well with those from a reference high-performance liquid chromatography method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, China
| | - Yaxin Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, China
| | - Wanxin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China
| | - Qianfen Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, China
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Perez Schmidt P, Pagano K, Lenardi C, Penconi M, Ferrando RM, Evangelisti C, Lay L, Ragona L, Marelli M, Polito L. Photo-Induced Microfluidic Production of Ultrasmall Glyco Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210140. [PMID: 36321387 PMCID: PMC10100350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-small gold nanoparticles (UAuNPs) are extremely interesting for applications in nanomedicine thanks to their good stability, biocompatibility, long circulation time and efficient clearance pathways. UAuNPs engineered with glycans (Glyco-UAuNPs) emerged as excellent platforms for many applications since the multiple copies of glycans can mimic the multivalent effect of glycoside clusters. Herein, we unravel a straightforward photo-induced synthesis of Glyco-UAuNPs based on a reliable and robust microfluidic approach. The synthesis occurs at room temperature avoiding the use of any further chemical reductant, templating agents or co-solvents. Exploiting 1 H NMR spectroscopy, we showed that the amount of thiol-ligand exposed on the UAuNPs is linearly correlated to the ligand concentration in the initial mixture. The results pave the way towards the development of a programmable synthetic approach, enabling an accurate design of the engineered UAuNPs or smart hybrid nano-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Perez Schmidt
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA), Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione UNIMI, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Penconi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
| | - Ruth Mateu Ferrando
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Evangelisti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organo Metallic Compounds, ICCOM-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via A. Corti 12, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", SCITEC-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
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13
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Perez Schmidt P, Pagano K, Lenardi C, Penconi M, Ferrando RM, Evangelisti C, Lay L, Ragona L, Marelli M, Polito L. Photo‐Induced Microfluidic Production of Ultrasmall Glyco Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Perez Schmidt
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milano Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via A. Corti 12 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMAINA) Department of Physics Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano Italy
- Fondazione UNIMI Viale Ortles 22/4 20139 Milano Italy
| | - Marta Penconi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milano Italy
| | - Ruth Mateu Ferrando
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Claudio Evangelisti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organo Metallic Compounds ICCOM-CNR Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via A. Corti 12 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milano Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milano Italy
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14
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Bakir EM, El Semary NA. Spectrofluorometric method for detection glycogen using chemically gold nanoparticles: Cyanobacteria as biological model. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121584. [PMID: 35944347 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for simple spectrofluorimetric method for detection of glycogen molecule based on binding to nanogold. Here we propose such a quantification method for glycogen using cyanobacteria as a biological model. Biologically, two strains of cyanobacteria were selected based on their previously tested nanogold biosynthetic abilities. Chemically, spherical gold nanoparticles were prepared and tested for binding to the glycogen molecule. Experimental analyses were conducted to determine the morphological and optical properties of the Au-glycogen hydrocolloids. Results: The plasmon band of biosynthesized AuNPs-glycogen was centered at 520-540 nm with size diameter was 41.7 ± 0.2 nm. The vibrational bands of glycogen were observed at 1,000 to 1,200 cm-1. The Au3+/Au0 redox coupling cycle was observed. The luminescence of AuNPs showed more stability by the addition of gradual concentrations of glycogen molecules. The detection (LOD) and quantitation limits (LOQ) were observed to be 0.89 and 2.95 µmol L-1 respectively (R2 = 0.99). The good chemical stability of this colloidal system and the glycogen molecule studied via density functional theory (DFT). The HOMO level of glycogen unit was closed near to LUMO level of Au3+. Conclusion: The associations formed between the gold nanoparticles and glycogen resulted in good chemical stability. This indicates that the quantification method proposed can be stably applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam M Bakir
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Al-Abassia11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nermin A El Semary
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
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15
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Tang B, Xia W, Cai W, Liu J. Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles with Controllable Hydrophobic Interactions. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8109-8114. [PMID: 36214567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The construction of luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with highly redshifted emission in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) and good biocompatibility is still challenging. Herein, using an amphiphilic block copolymer (ABC) template with controllable hydrophobic interactions in the diverse forms of unimers and micelles, we report a facile strategy for redshifting the emission and enhancing the biological interactions of luminescent AuNPs. While the uniform clusters of NIR-II AuNPs are formed in situ inside the hydrophobic cores of ABC micelles with strong interparticle hydrophobic interactions and enhanced emission at 1080 nm with a high quantum yield (QY) of 1.6%, the rigid NIR-II AuNPs are generated with strong intraparticle hydrophobic interactions as ABC unimers on the surface, leading to a redshifted emission of 1280 nm with a QY of 0.25% and enhancing the affinities toward injured intestinal mucosa in colitis imaging. These findings open new possibilities for the design of highly redshifted luminescent AuNPs with enhanced biological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wenle Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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16
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Bhowmik S, Paria S, Tater I, Maity P. Synthesis of Orange-Red Emissive Au-SG and AuAg-SG Nanoclusters and Their Turn-OFF vs. Turn-ON Metal Ion Sensing. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2271-2280. [PMID: 36068419 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of luminescent metal cluster for selective sensing of specific analyte with detail mechanistic understanding is very important for real world applications as well as for developing new emissive materials. In the present work, we have synthesized L-glutathione stabilized gold (Au-SG) and gold-silver bimetallic (AuAg-SG) clusters under identical experimental conditions with orange red emissive characteristics for both. Detail photo physical analysis reveals that both clusters are phosphorescent in nature with moderate quantum yield of 7% and 19% for Au-SG and AuAg-SG respectively and their excited state lifetime values are in the range of 1-2 μs. While Au-SG cluster showed luminescence quenching response (turn-off) in presence of Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions, AuAg-SG cluster showed turn-off response for Cu2+, Fe3+ and Hg2+, but luminescent enhancement (turn-on) response for Cd2+ ions. The highest detection limit obtained for Cu2+ ion by AuAg-SG cluster is 20 nM while for Cd2+ ion it is 75 nM. From Time Correlated Single Photo Counting (TCSPC) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements we postulated that except Cd2+, all other metal ions cause aggregation of clusters through ligation with SG ligands while Cd2+ ion does not induce any cluster aggregation but binds to cluster surface atoms. The near constant life time values of both clusters during gradual addition of respective metal ions confirms static quenching/enhancement process through formation of stable ground state adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bhowmik
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University - Gandhinagar, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, 382007, India.,School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University - Tripura, Radhanagar, Agartala, 799001, India
| | - Shashikana Paria
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University - Gandhinagar, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, 382007, India
| | - Ishika Tater
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University - Gandhinagar, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, 382007, India
| | - Prasenjit Maity
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University - Gandhinagar, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, 382007, India. .,School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University - Tripura, Radhanagar, Agartala, 799001, India.
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17
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Deniz F, Ertekin K, Ulucan U. Quantification of airborne concentrations of micro-scale and submicron phosphors in the manufacturing environment by spectrofluorometric method. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Chiechio RM, Ducarre S, Moulin G, Dupont A, Marets C, Even-Hernandez P, Artzner F, Musumeci P, Franzò G, Ravel C, LoFaro MJ, Marchi V. Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters Interacting with Synthetic and Biological Vesicles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6935-6943. [PMID: 35876058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to their high electron density and ultrasmall size, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have unique luminescence and photoelectrochemical properties that make them very attractive for various biomedical fields. These applications require a clear understanding of their interaction with biological membranes. Here we demonstrate the ability of the AuNCs as markers for lipidic bilayer structures such as synthetic liposomes and biological extracellular vesicles (EVs). The AuNCs can selectively interact with liposomes or EVs through an attractive electrostatic interaction as demonstrated by zetametry and fluorescence microscopy. According to the ratio of nanoclusters to vesicles, the lipidic membranes can be fluorescently labeled without altering their thickness until charge reversion, the AuNCs being located at the level of the phosphate headgroups. In presence of an excess of AuNCs, the vesicles tend to adhere and aggregate. The strong adsorption of AuNCs results in the formation of a lamellar phase as demonstrated by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Chiechio
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Solène Ducarre
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Moulin
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Dupont
- CNRS, Inserm, BIOSIT - UMS 3480, Univ Rennes, US_S 018, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Célia Marets
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Even-Hernandez
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Franck Artzner
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Paolo Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Célia Ravel
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 35000 Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maria José LoFaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- IMM-CNR, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valérie Marchi
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Gombár G, Ungor D, Samu GF, Dömötör O, Csapó E. Synthesis and characterization of novel blue-emitting nicotinamide-gold nanoclusters with “chain-breaker” antioxidant property. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Lee G, Park J, Jang SH, Lee SY, Seong J, Jung JW, Kim K, Hwang TG, Choi J. Synthesis and Characterization of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. Molecules 2022; 27:2984. [PMID: 35566334 PMCID: PMC9103447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional fluorescent dyes have the property of decreasing fluorescence due to aggregation-caused quenching effects at high concentrations, whereas aggregation-induced emission dyes have the property of increasing fluorescence as they aggregate with each other. In this study, diketopyrrolopyrrole-based long-wavelength aggregation-induced emission dyes were used to prepare biocompatible nanoparticles suitable for bioimaging. Aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles with the best morphology and photoluminescence intensity were obtained through a fast, simple preparation method using an ultrasonicator. The optimally prepared nanoparticles from 3,6-bis(4-((E)-4-(bis(40-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)-[1,10-biphenyl]-4-yl)amino)styryl)phenyl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DP-R2) with two functional groups having aggregation-induced emission properties and additional donating groups at the end of the triphenylamine groups were considered to have the greatest potential as a fluorescent probe for bioimaging. Furthermore, it was found that the tendency for aggregation-induced emission, which was apparent for the dye itself, became much more marked after the dyes were incorporated within nanoparticles. While the photoluminescence intensities of the dyes were observed to decrease rapidly over time, the prepared nanoparticles encapsulated within the biocompatible polymers maintained their initial optical properties very well. Lastly, when the cell viability test was conducted, excellent biocompatibility was demonstrated for each of the prepared nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonho Lee
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Jongwook Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Seong Hyun Jang
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Laboratory of Organic Photo-Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology BK21 Four, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Jihyun Seong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Jae Woong Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology BK21 Four, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Tae Gyu Hwang
- Research Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea
| | - Jun Choi
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
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Roy D, Pal A, Pal T. Electrochemical aspects of coinage metal nanoparticles for catalysis and spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12116-12135. [PMID: 35481094 PMCID: PMC9021847 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00403h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down scaling bulk materials can cause colloidal systems to evolve into microscopically dispersed insoluble particles. Herein, we describe the interesting applications of coinage metal nanoparticles (MNPs) as colloid dispersions especially gold and silver. The rich plasmon bands of gold and silver in the visible range are elaborated using the plasmon resonance and redox potential values of grown metal microelectrode (GME). The gradation of their standard reduction potential values (E 0), as evaluated from the Gibbs free energy change for bulk metal, is ascribed to the variation in their size. Also, the effect of nucleophiles in the electrolytic cell with metal nanoparticles (MNPs) is described. The nucleophile-guided reduction potential value is considered, which is applicable even for bulk noble metals. Typically, a low value (as low as E 0 = +0.40 V) causes the oxidation of metals at the O2 (air)/H2O interface. Under this condition, the oxidation of noble metal particles and dissolution of the noble metal in water are demonstrated. Thus, metal dissolution as a function of the size of metal nanoparticles becomes eventful and demonstrable with the addition of a surfactant to the solution. Interestingly, the reversal of the nobility of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) microelectrodes at the water/electrode interface is confirmed from the evolution of normal and inverted 'core-shell' structures, exploiting visible spectrophotometry and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis. Subsequently, the effect of the size, shape, and facet- and support-selective catalysis of gold nanoparticles (NPs) and the effect of incident photons on current conversion without an applied potential are briefly discussed. Finally, the synergistic effect of the emissive behaviour of gold and silver clusters is productively exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Anjali Pal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Tarasankar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Kingsway Campus South Africa
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22
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Luo X, Liu J. Ultrasmall Luminescent Metal Nanoparticles: Surface Engineering Strategies for Biological Targeting and Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103971. [PMID: 34796699 PMCID: PMC8787435 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, ultrasmall luminescent metal nanoparticles (ULMNPs, d < 3 nm) have achieved rapid progress in addressing many challenges in the healthcare field because of their excellent physicochemical properties and biological behaviors. With the sharp shrinking size of large plasmonic metal nanoparticles (PMNPs), the contributions from the surface characteristics increase significantly, which brings both opportunities and challenges in the application-driven surface engineering of ULMNPs toward advanced biological applications. Here, the systematic advancements in the biological applications of ULMNPs from bioimaging to theranostics are summarized with emphasis on the versatile surface engineering strategies in the regulation of biological targeting and imaging performance. The efforts in the surface functionalization strategies of ULMNPs for enhanced disease targeting abilities are first discussed. Thereafter, self-assembly strategies of ULMNPs for fabricating multifunctional nanostructures for multimodal imaging and nanomedicine are discussed. Further, surface engineering strategies of ratiometric ULMNPs to enhance the imaging stability to address the imaging challenges in complicated bioenvironments are summarized. Finally, the phototoxicity of ULMNPs and future perspectives are also reviewed, which are expected to provide a fundamental understanding of the physicochemical properties and biological behaviors of ULMNPs to accelerate their future clinical applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
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23
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Ma H, Wang J, Zhang XD. Near-infrared II emissive metal clusters: From atom physics to biomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Selective sensing of thiols by aryl iodide stabilized fluorescent gold cluster through turn-off excimer emission caused by ligand displacement. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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27
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Siddiqui MF, Jeon S, Kim MM. Rapid and sensitive detection of melanin using glutathione conjugated gold nanocluster based fluorescence quenching assay. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 247:119086. [PMID: 33128947 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a rapid, facile, and highly sensitive assay based on glutathione conjugated gold nanocluster (GSH-AuNCs) is developed for the detection of melanin. The analysis of melanin which is linked to several diseases is crucial. The current methods for melanin estimation are complex and long, thus demands an alternative technology. In general, melanin exhibits photoactive properties, thus, it might have fluorescence quenching properties through the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. To verify our assumption, we have developed the fluorescence quenching assay based on gold nanocluster and melanin interaction. As a result, under the optimized condition, the developed quenching assay demonstrated the high selectivity and sensitivity toward melanin with a limit of detection and correlation coefficient of 0.060 μg/mL and 0.993, respectively. Moreover, the whole process represented the rapid assay time of 30 min to complete. To validate the performance of our assay on real samples, B16F1 cells lysate, and hair samples were tested that provided satisfactory results. Therefore, we believe that our assay due to good sensitivity and short assay time could be beneficial for the clinical diagnosis of melanin in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan Siddiqui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Jeon
- Department of Biology & Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Moo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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4-Iodophenylboronic Acid Stabilized Gold Cluster as a New Fluorescent Chemosensor for Saccharides Based on Excimer Emission Quenching. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:447-454. [PMID: 33417107 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
4-iodophenylboronic acid (IPBA) ligated luminescent gold cluster was synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of IBPA and polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilized gold cluster (Au:PVP) in water at room temperature through chemisorption of iodine on gold nano surface. Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) analysis revealed that the size of these Au-clusters (1.4±0.2 nm) remain unchanged without any noticeable aggregation during synthesis. Owing to the formation of excimer between aryl moieties grafted over Au surface, the cluster exhibit strong emission peak at 335 nm. This luminescent gold cluster is used for sensing different saccharides in water at physiological pH through quenching of excimer emission peak. This strong excimer emission is significantly quenched in presence of saccharides through interaction with boronic acid moieties. The selectivity for different saccharides follows the order: fructose > galactose > maltose > glucose ~ ribose > sorbitol with hight affinity for fructose (KSV = 1.54 × 104 M-1) with Limit of Detection (LOD) of 100 μM.
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Wang Y, Han Y, Tan X, Dai Y, Xia F, Zhang X. Cyclodextrin capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP@CDs): from synthesis to applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2584-2593. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of AuNP@CDs is summarized according to the type and order of bonding. The applications of AuNP@CDs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Yufen Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Xiaoling Tan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Yu Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Fan Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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Thakarda J, Agrawal B, Anil D, Jana A, Maity P. Detection of Trace-Level Nitroaromatic Explosives by 1-Pyreneiodide-Ligated Luminescent Gold Nanostructures and Their Forensic Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15442-15449. [PMID: 33289565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By attaching the1-pyreneiodide ancillary ligand to the surface of polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized gold (Au:PVP) cluster or the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-stabilized gold (Au:CTAB) nanorod, a new class of luminescent mixed ligand-stabilized gold nanostructures is synthesized. This postsynthetic surface modification method followed by us is a comparatively easier and hassle-free technique to acquire surface-active luminescent "functional nanomaterials". Careful analyses of transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the sizes of these Au-clusters or Au-nanorods remain unchanged without any noticeable aggregation in the medium. Owing to the formation of an excimer within the neighboring pyrenes mounted on the surface of core nanostructures (i.e., Au:PVP nanocluster and Au:CTAB nanorod), the resulting pyrene-grafted nanocomposites exhibit strong emission characteristics. The strong excimer emission is significantly quenched in the presence of electron-deficient chemical inputs, and this phenomenon can be used for analytical purposes. Using these luminescent Au-nanomaterials, we demonstrate a selective detection and sensing of trace-level nitroaromatic explosives (e.g., trinitrotoluene, trinitrophenol (TNP), dinitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, etc.). It was observed that the Py-Au:PVP nanocluster is equally effective for explosive detection in both solution and solid phases with the limit of detection up to 10 nanomolar. A high Stern-Volmer constant of up to 3.88 × 106 M-1 was seen in the case of TNP in anhydrous methanol at 298 K. The deactivation pathway operating within the Py-Au:PVP nanocluster and the analytes is thought to be a result of a predominating static quenching process, where a nonfluorescent D-A supramolecular adduct is formed in the medium. Py-Au:PVP has also been successfully used to develop latent fingerprints from nonporous surfaces under an exposure of 365 nm UV light. The results suggest that these new composite materials could behave as potential "functional nanomaterials", which might be a promising alternative for on-the-spot detection of explosive traces as well as for easy visualization of latent fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydev Thakarda
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | - Bhavesh Agrawal
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | - Devisree Anil
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
| | - Atanu Jana
- Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), NH 207, Nagadenehalli, Doddaballapur Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka 561203, India
| | - Prasenjit Maity
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
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31
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Wey K, Epple M. Ultrasmall gold and silver/gold nanoparticles (2 nm) as autofluorescent labels for poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (140 nm). JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:117. [PMID: 33247365 PMCID: PMC7695662 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall metallic nanoparticles show an efficient autofluorescence after excitation in the UV region, combined with a low degree of fluorescent bleaching. Thus, they can be used as fluorescent labels for polymer nanoparticles which are frequently used for drug delivery. A versatile water-in-oil-in-water emulsion-evaporation method was developed to load poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles with autofluorescent ultrasmall gold and silver/gold nanoparticles (diameter 2 nm). The metallic nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid with sodium borohydride and colloidally stabilised with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. They were characterised by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, showing a large Stokes shift of about 370 nm with excitation maxima at 250/270 nm and emission maxima at 620/640 nm for gold and silver/gold nanoparticles, respectively. The labelled PLGA nanoparticles (140 nm) were characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Their uptake by HeLa cells was followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The metallic nanoparticles remained inside the PLGA particle after cellular uptake, demonstrating the efficient encapsulation and the applicability to label the polymer nanoparticle. In terms of fluorescence, the metallic nanoparticles were comparable to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Wey
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany.
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32
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Huang HY, Ca KB, Io CC, Chen PW, Soebroto RJ, Shen JL, Yeh JM, Yuan CT. Electronically Coupled Gold Nanoclusters Render Deep-Red Emission with High Quantum Yields. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9344-9350. [PMID: 33090790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic coupling can be used to tailor electronic states and optical properties of the luminophores. Therefore, electronically coupled systems would provide unique properties, which cannot be achieved by individual constituents. Here, electronically coupled gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were prepared on the basis of organosilane grafting and a sol-gel-derived porous silica template. After prolonged drying, the formed AuNCs@silica composites exhibited red-shifted, line-width-narrowed, deep-red emission with high quantum yields (QYs) of ∼66% due to electronic-coupling-enhanced radiative rates and covalent-bonding-suppressed nonradiative relaxation. Meanwhile, the absorption maximum was slightly blue-shifted, leading to a large Stokes shift. All experimental findings revealed the formation of electronically coupled AuNC aggregates confined inside the nanopores and bonded to silica matrix. The mechanism is distinctly different from conventional aggregation-enhanced emission. Our work would provide great potential to engineer photophysical properties by controlling the packing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ying Huang
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Bin Ca
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Cho Io
- Master Program in Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chen
- Physics Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ruth Jeane Soebroto
- Master Program in Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Shen
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ming Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tsu Yuan
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Master Program in Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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33
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Growth regulation of luminescent gold nanoparticles directed from amphiphilic block copolymers: highly-controlled nanoassemblies toward tailored in-vivo transport. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cao Z, Chen J, Tran J, Chen X, Bacacao B, Bekale LA, Santa Maria PL. Antimicrobial Gold Nanoclusters Eradicate Escherichia coli Biofilms and Are Nontoxic by Oral Administration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5275-5286. [PMID: 35021702 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Jessica Tran
- The Protein and Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Facility, Beckman Center Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive West, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Brian Bacacao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Laurent A. Bekale
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Peter L. Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
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35
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Porret E, Le Guével X, Coll JL. Gold nanoclusters for biomedical applications: toward in vivo studies. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2216-2232. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In parallel with the rapidly growing and widespread use of nanomedicine in the clinic, we are also witnessing the development of so-called theranostic agents that combine diagnostic and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Porret
- Université Grenoble Alpes – INSERM U1209 – CNRS UMR 5309
- 38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Xavier Le Guével
- Université Grenoble Alpes – INSERM U1209 – CNRS UMR 5309
- 38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Université Grenoble Alpes – INSERM U1209 – CNRS UMR 5309
- 38000 Grenoble
- France
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36
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Zhong W, Wen M, Xu J, Wang H, Tan LL, Shang L. Simultaneous regulation of optical properties and cellular behaviors of gold nanoclusters by pre-engineering the biotemplates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11414-11417. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon pre-engineering the surface charged groups of biotemplates, both optical properties and cellular behaviors of fluorescent gold nanoclusters can be simultaneously modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Center for Nano Energy Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU)
- Xi'an
| | - Mengyao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Center for Nano Energy Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU)
- Xi'an
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Center for Nano Energy Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU)
- Xi'an
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine
- The Third Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510630
- China
| | - Li-Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Center for Nano Energy Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU)
- Xi'an
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Center for Nano Energy Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU)
- Xi'an
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37
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Maity S, Bain D, Patra A. An overview on the current understanding of the photophysical properties of metal nanoclusters and their potential applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22685-22723. [PMID: 31774095 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photophysics of atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) is an emerging area of research due to their potential applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, sensing, bio-imaging and catalysis. An overview of the recent advances in the photophysical properties of MNCs is presented in this review. To begin with, we illustrate general synthesis methodologies of MNCs using direct reduction, chemical etching, ligand exchange, metal exchange and intercluster reaction. Due to strong quantum confinement, the NCs possess unique electronic properties such as discrete optical absorption, intense photoluminescence (PL), molecular-like electron dynamics and non-linear optical behavior. Discussions have also been carried out to unveil the influence of the core size, nature of ligands, heteroatom doping, and surrounding environments on the optical absorption and photophysical properties of metal clusters. Recent findings reveal that the excited-state dynamics, nonlinear optical properties and aggregation induced emission of metal clusters offer exciting opportunities for potential applications. We discuss briefly about their versatile applications in optoelectronics, sensing, catalysis and bio-imaging. Finally, the future perspective of this research field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Maity
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Dipankar Bain
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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38
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Chopade P, Mitta SB, Vellampatti S, Dugasani SR, Park SH. DNA Multilayers with Mono-, Hetero-, and Mixed-Type Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Broadband Absorption and Energy Storage. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5015-5023. [PMID: 33455249 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA incorporated with functional materials has led to development of hybrids with different functionalities. Among the functional materials, metal nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, and Cu (also known as plasmonic nanoparticles [PNPs]), which can exhibit surface plasmon resonance, are good candidates to fabricate useful optoelectronic devices and sensors. Here, we constructed PNP-assorted DNA (PNP-DNA) layers with mono-, hetero-, and mixed-type PNPs formed by successive spin-coating to obtain the required number of layers. Further, structural analysis of PNP-DNA was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical evaluation was carried out by Raman, UV-visible, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies followed by measurement of capacitance. Cross-sectional SEM images of DNA single, DNA triple, and PNP-DNA triple layers indicated their thicknesses (i.e., 90, 280, and 395 nm, respectively), while the base pair distance of double helixes (∼0.4 nm) for the PNP-DNA multilayers was measured by XRD. The presence of Ag, Au, and Cu PNPs was confirmed by existence of spin-orbit coupling in the corresponding XPS spectra. The addition of PNPs in DNA multilayers caused significant enhancement in the intensities of Raman bands (especially in the range of 1200-1850 cm-1) due to Raman resonance. UV-vis absorption and PL demonstrated stacking-order-dependent and layer-dependent light absorption and energy transfer (observed as quenching of fluorescence between PNPs and DNA), respectively. We observed n-type semiconducting behavior with a relatively higher dielectric constant for a PNP-assorted DNA single layer at a low frequency of 5 kHz. The dielectric constants of all samples decreased exponentially with increased frequency. Upon addition of PNPs, enhancement in the dielectric constant as well as capacitance was noted. Consequently, the simple fabrication method used in this study can be adopted to construct various nanomaterial-assorted DNA multilayers whose specific functionalities may be controlled with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh Chopade
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekhar Babu Mitta
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Srivithya Vellampatti
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sreekantha Reddy Dugasani
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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39
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van der Meer SB, Loza K, Wey K, Heggen M, Beuck C, Bayer P, Epple M. Click Chemistry on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) for Covalent Ligand Attachment Followed by NMR Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7191-7204. [PMID: 31039607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (core diameter 2 nm) were surface-conjugated with azide groups by attaching the azide-functionalized tripeptide lysine(N3)-cysteine-asparagine with ∼117 molecules on each nanoparticle. A covalent surface modification with alkyne-containing molecules was then possible by copper-catalyzed click chemistry. The successful clicking to the nanoparticle surface was demonstrated with 13C-labeled propargyl alcohol. All steps of the nanoparticle surface conjugation were verified by extensive NMR spectroscopy on dispersed nanoparticles. The particle diameter and the dispersion state were assessed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), and 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy. The clicking of fluorescein (FAM-alkyne) gave strongly fluorescing ultrasmall nanoparticles that were traced inside eukaryotic cells. The uptake of these nanoparticles after 24 h by HeLa cells was very efficient and showed that the nanoparticles even penetrated the nuclear membrane to a very high degree (in contrast to dissolved FAM-alkyne alone that did not enter the cell). About 8 fluorescein molecules were clicked to each nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Beatrice van der Meer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Karolin Wey
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
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40
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Li Q, Zhou M, So WY, Huang J, Li M, Kauffman DR, Cotlet M, Higaki T, Peteanu LA, Shao Z, Jin R. A Mono-cuboctahedral Series of Gold Nanoclusters: Photoluminescence Origin, Large Enhancement, Wide Tunability, and Structure-Property Correlation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5314-5325. [PMID: 30860834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) from thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters (Au NCs, <2 nm) has long been controversial, and the exact mechanism for the enhancement of quantum yield (QY) in many works remains elusive. Meanwhile, based upon the sole steady-state PL analysis, it is still a major challenge for researchers to map out a definitive relationship between the atomic structure and the PL property and understand how the Au(0) kernel and Au(I)-S surface contribute to the PL of Au NCs. Herein, we provide a paradigm study to address the above critical issues. By using a correlated series of "mono-cuboctahedral kernel" Au NCs and combined analyses of steady-state, temperature-dependence, femtosecond transient absorption, and Stark spectroscopy measurements, we have explicitly mapped out a kernel-origin mechanism and clearly elucidate the surface-structure effect, which establishes a definitive atomic-level structure-emission relationship. A ∼100-fold enhancement of QY is realized via suppression of two effects: (i) the ultrafast kernel relaxation and (ii) the surface vibrations. The new insights into the PL origin, QY enhancement, wavelength tunability, and structure-property relationship constitute a major step toward the fundamental understanding and structural-tailoring-based modulation and enhancement of PL from Au NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Woong Young So
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Jingchun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Douglas R Kauffman
- National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Department of Energy , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15236 , United States
| | - Mircea Cotlet
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Linda A Peteanu
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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Yu M, Xu J, Zheng J. Renal Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles: From the Bench to the Clinic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4112-4128. [PMID: 30182529 PMCID: PMC6943938 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With more and more engineered nanoparticles (NPs) being translated to the clinic, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently issued the latest draft guidance on nanomaterial-containing drug products with an emphasis on understanding their in vivo transport and nano-bio interactions. Following these guidelines, NPs can be designed to target and treat diseases more efficiently than small molecules, have minimum accumulation in normal tissues, and induce minimum toxicity. In this Minireview, we integrate this guidance with our ten-year studies on developing renal clearable luminescent gold NPs. These gold NPs resist serum protein adsorption, escape liver uptake, target cancerous tissues, and report kidney dysfunction at early stages. At the same time, off-target gold NPs can be eliminated by the kidneys with minimum accumulation in the body. Additionally, we identify challenges to the translation of renal clearable gold NPs from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
- ClearNano, Inc., Venture Development Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 17217 Waterview Parkway, Suite 1.202, Dallas, TX 75252 (USA)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
- ClearNano, Inc., Venture Development Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 17217 Waterview Parkway, Suite 1.202, Dallas, TX 75252 (USA)
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Yu M, Xu J, Zheng J. Renal Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles: From the Bench to the Clinic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Dallas 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
- ClearNano, Inc., Venture Development CenterThe University of Texas at Dallas 17217 Waterview Parkway, Suite 1.202 Dallas TX 75252 USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Dallas 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Dallas 800 W. Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
- ClearNano, Inc., Venture Development CenterThe University of Texas at Dallas 17217 Waterview Parkway, Suite 1.202 Dallas TX 75252 USA
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Bain D, Maity S, Patra A. Opportunities and challenges in energy and electron transfer of nanocluster based hybrid materials and their sensing applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5863-5881. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This feature article highlights the recent advances of luminescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) for their potential applications in healthcare and energy-related materials because of their high photosensitivity, thermal stability, low toxicity, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Bain
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Subarna Maity
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
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Kang X, Zhu M. Tailoring the photoluminescence of atomically precise nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2422-2457. [PMID: 30838373 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00800k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their atomically precise structures and intriguing chemical/physical properties, metal nanoclusters are an emerging class of modular nanomaterials. Photo-luminescence (PL) is one of their most fascinating properties, due to the plethora of promising PL-based applications, such as chemical sensing, bio-imaging, cell labeling, phototherapy, drug delivery, and so on. However, the PL of most current nanoclusters is still unsatisfactory-the PL quantum yield (QY) is relatively low (generally lower than 20%), the emission lifetimes are generally in the nanosecond range, and the emitted color is always red (emission wavelengths of above 630 nm). To address these shortcomings, several strategies have been adopted, and are reviewed herein: capped-ligand engineering, metallic kernel alloying, aggregation-induced emission, self-assembly of nanocluster building blocks into cluster-based networks, and adjustments on external environment factors. We further review promising applications of these fluorescent nanoclusters, with particular focus on their potential to impact the fields of chemical sensing, bio-imaging, and bio-labeling. Finally, scope for improvements and future perspectives of these novel nanomaterials are highlighted as well. Our intended audience is the broader scientific community interested in the fluorescence of metal nanoclusters, and our review hopefully opens up new horizons for these scientists to manipulate PL properties of nanoclusters. This review is based on publications available up to December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Son J, Yi G, Yoo J, Park C, Koo H, Choi HS. Light-responsive nanomedicine for biophotonic imaging and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:133-147. [PMID: 30321619 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) play a key role in nanomedicine in multimodal imaging, drug delivery and targeted therapy of human diseases. Consequently, due to the attractive properties of NPs including high stability, high payload, multifunctionality, design flexibility, and efficient delivery to target tissues, nanomedicine employs various types of NPs to enhance targeting and treatment efficacy. In this review, we primarily focus on light-responsive materials, such as fluorophores, photosensitizers, semiconducting polymers, carbon structures, gold particles, quantum dots, and upconversion crystals, for their biomedical applications. Armed with these nanomaterials, NPs represent a growing potential in biophotonic imaging (luminescence, photoacoustic, surface enhanced Raman scattering, and optical coherence tomography) as well as targeted therapy (photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and light-responsive drug release).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Son
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Gawon Yi
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Yoo
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Park
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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