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McNaughter PD, Moore J, Yeates SG, Lewis DJ. Semiconductor Deposition via Laser Printing of a Bespoke Toner Containing Metal Xanthate Complexes. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2024; 2:1225-1233. [PMID: 38808267 PMCID: PMC11129185 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A methodology to use laser printing, a form of electrophotography, to print metal chalcogenide complexes on paper, is described. After fusing the toner to paper, a heating step is used to cause the printed metal xanthate complexes to thermolyze within the toner and form three target metal chalcogenides: CuS, SnS, and ZnS. To achieve this, we synthesize a poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate) thermopolymer that emulates the thermal properties of a commercial toner and is also solution processable with the metal xanthate complexes used: [Zn(S2COEt)2], [Cu(S2COEt)·(PPh3)2], and [Sn(S2COEt)2]. We demonstrate through energy dispersive X-ray mapping that the toner is deposited following printing and that thermolysis of the metal xanthate complexes occurs in the fused toner, demonstrating the first example of laser printing of inorganic complexes and, in turn, semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. McNaughter
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Joshua Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Yeates
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - David J. Lewis
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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2
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Alderhami SA, Ahumada-Lazo R, Buckingham MA, Binks DJ, O'Brien P, Collison D, Lewis DJ. Synthesis and characterisation of Ga- and In-doped CdS by solventless thermolysis of single source precursors. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3072-3084. [PMID: 36779844 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile and low temperature synthesis of Ga- and In-doped CdS nanoparticles from molecular precursors. Diethyldithiocarbamate complexes of Cd(II), Ga(III), and In(III), were synthesised and decomposed in tandem through solventless thermolysis, producing Ga- or In-doped CdS. The resultant MxCd1-xS1+0.5x (where M = Ga/In at x values of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1) particulate powder was analysed by powder X-ray diffraction, which showed that both Ga (through all doping levels) and In (at doping levels <8 mol%) were successfully incorporated into the hexagonal CdS lattice without any impurities. Raman spectroscopy also showed no significant change from CdS. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and elemental dispersion through the doped CdS materials, showing homogenous incorporation of dopant. The optical and luminescent properties of the doped MxCd1-xS1+0.5x materials were examined by UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies respectively. All materials were found to exhibit excitonic emission, corresponding to band gap energies between 2.7 and 2.9 eV and surface defect induced emission which is more prominent for Ga than for In doping. Additionally, moderate doping slows down charge carrier recombination by increasing the lifetimes of excitonic and surface state emissions, but particularly for the latter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alderhami
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Al Makhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruben Ahumada-Lazo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico, 64849
| | - Mark A Buckingham
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David J Binks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paul O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David Collison
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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3
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Makin F, Alam F, Buckingham MA, Lewis DJ. Synthesis of ternary copper antimony sulfide via solventless thermolysis or aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition using metal dithiocarbamates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5627. [PMID: 35379851 PMCID: PMC8979952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper antimony sulfide (Cu-Sb-S) has recently been proposed as an attractive alternative photovoltaic material due to the earth-abundant and non-toxic nature of the elements, high absorption coefficients and band gaps commensurate with efficient harvesting of solar photonic flux across multiple phases of Cu-Sb-S. These materials are therefore highly desirable and sustainable and scalable deposition techniques to produce them are of interest. In this paper, we demonstrate two facile, low-temperature and inexpensive techniques (solventless thermolysis and aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD)) for the preparation of binary digenite (Cu1.8S), chalcocite (Cu2S) and stibnite (Sb2S3) and several phases of ternary copper-antimony-sulfide (Cu2xSb2(1-x)Sy, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1). It was found that by utilising these different techniques and varying the ratio of Cu:Sb, pure phases of ternary chalcostibite (CuSbS2), fematinite (Cu3SbS4) and tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13) can be achieved. Two single-source precursors were investigated for this purpose, namely the diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) complexes of copper and antimony Cu(DTC)2 and Sb(DTC)3. These were decomposed both individually (to produce binary materials) and combined (to produce ternary materials) at different ratios. From the solventless thermolysis and AACVD methods, either particulate or thin film material was formed, respectively. These materials were then characterised by powder XRD, SEM, EDX and Raman spectroscopies to determine the crystalline phase, material morphology and uniformity of elemental composition. This analysis demonstrated that as the Cu-content increases, the phase of the ternary material changes from chalcostibite (CuSbS2) and fematinite (Cu3SbS4) at a low Cu:Sb ratio to tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13) at a high Cu:Sb ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadiyah Makin
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Alam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mark A Buckingham
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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4
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Sarker JC, Hogarth G. Dithiocarbamate Complexes as Single Source Precursors to Nanoscale Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Metal Sulfides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6057-6123. [PMID: 33847480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanodimensional metal sulfides are a developing class of low-cost materials with potential applications in areas as wide-ranging as energy storage, electrocatalysis, and imaging. An attractive synthetic strategy, which allows careful control over stoichiometry, is the single source precursor (SSP) approach in which well-defined molecular species containing preformed metal-sulfur bonds are heated to decomposition, either in the vapor or solution phase, resulting in facile loss of organics and formation of nanodimensional metal sulfides. By careful control of the precursor, the decomposition environment and addition of surfactants, this approach affords a range of nanocrystalline materials from a library of precursors. Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are monoanionic chelating ligands that have been known for over a century and find applications in agriculture, medicine, and materials science. They are easily prepared from nontoxic secondary and primary amines and form stable complexes with all elements. Since pioneering work in the late 1980s, the use of DTC complexes as SSPs to a wide range of binary, ternary, and multinary sulfides has been extensively documented. This review maps these developments, from the formation of thin films, often comprised of embedded nanocrystals, to quantum dots coated with organic ligands or shelled by other metal sulfides that show high photoluminescence quantum yields, and a range of other nanomaterials in which both the phase and morphology of the nanocrystals can be engineered, allowing fine-tuning of technologically important physical properties, thus opening up a myriad of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagodish C Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Graeme Hogarth
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
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Liebing P, Schmeide M, Kühling M, Witzorke J. The Alkali Metal Salts of Methyl Xanthic Acid. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil Liebing
- Chemisches Institut der Otto‐von‐Guericke‐Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marten Schmeide
- Chemisches Institut der Otto‐von‐Guericke‐Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marcel Kühling
- Chemisches Institut der Otto‐von‐Guericke‐Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Juliane Witzorke
- Chemisches Institut der Otto‐von‐Guericke‐Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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Guschlbauer J, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Homoleptic Group 13 Trimethylsilylchalcogenolato Metalates [M(ESiMe 3) 4] - (M = Ga, In; E = S, Se): Metastable Precursors for Low-Temperature Syntheses of Chalcogenide-Based Materials. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15385-15392. [PMID: 31687815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We communicate the synthesis and full characterization of so far unknown tetrakis(trimethylsilylsulfido) and -(trimethylsilylselenido) gallates and indates in form of their organic salts Cat+[M(ESiMe3)4]- (M = Ga, In; E = S, Se; Cat = dimethylpyrrolidinium (DMPyr+), Ph4P+, (dppe)2Cu+, (dmpe)2Cu+). These thermally metastable silylchalcogenolatometalates can act as modular precursors for an ionic-liquid- or organic-solution-based low-temperature synthesis of multinary metal chalcogenide materials such as the CIGS species Cu(InxGa1-x)(SySe1-y)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Guschlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science Center , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science Center , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science Center , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
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7
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Alderhami SA, Collison D, Lewis DJ, McNaughter PD, O'Brien P, Spencer BF, Vitorica-Yrezabal I, Whitehead G. Accessing γ-Ga 2S 3 by solventless thermolysis of gallium xanthates: a low-temperature limit for crystalline products. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15605-15612. [PMID: 31389451 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02061f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl-xanthato gallium(iii) complexes of the form [Ga(S2COR)3], where R = Me (1), Et (2), iPr (3), nPr (4), nBu (5), sBu (6) and iBu (7), have been synthesized and fully characterised. The crystal structures for 1 and 3-7 have been solved and examined to elucidate if these structures are related to their decomposition. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to gain insight into the decomposition temperatures for each complex. Unlike previously explored metal xanthate complexes which break down at low temperatures (<250 °C), to form crystalline metal chalcogenides, powder X-ray diffraction measurements suggest that when R ≥ Et these complexes did not produce crystalline gallium sulfides until heated to 500 °C, where γ-Ga2S3 was the sole product formed. In the case of R = Me, Chugaev elimination did not occur and amorphous GaxSy products were formed. We conclude therefore that the low-temperature synthesis route offered by the thermal decomposition of metal xanthate precursors, which has been reported for many metal sulfide systems prior to this, may not be appropriate in the case of gallium sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alderhami
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Al Makhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Collison
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Paul D McNaughter
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ben F Spencer
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - George Whitehead
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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8
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Dzhardimalieva GI, Uflyand IE. Chalcogen-containing metal chelates as single-source precursors of nanostructured materials: recent advances and future development. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1612884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers, The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
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9
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Perner V, Rath T, Pirolt F, Glatter O, Wewerka K, Letofsky-Papst I, Zach P, Hobisch M, Kunert B, Trimmel G. Hot injection synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals using metal xanthates and their application in hybrid solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium sulfide nanocrystals with sizes of 3–4 nm were synthesized from metal xanthates in a hot injection reaction. After ligand exchange, their performance as acceptors in polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Perner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Franz Pirolt
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Otto Glatter
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Peter Zach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Mathias Hobisch
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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Nakata N, Kato S, Niyomura O, Ebihara M. Group 13 metal carbochalcogenoato complexes: Synthesis, X-ray structure analysis, and reactions. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - Shinzi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Engineering; Chubu University; Kasugai Aichi Japan
| | - Osamu Niyomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Engineering; Chubu University; Kasugai Aichi Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
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Multi-layered nanoscale cellulose/CuInS 2 sandwich type thin films. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 203:219-227. [PMID: 30318207 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A generic procedure for the manufacturing of cellulose-metal sulfide multilayered sandwich type thin films is demonstrated at the example of copper indium sulfide. These multilayers were created by alternate spin coating steps of precursors, followed by their conversion using either acidic vapors, or heat treatment. As precursors, cellulose xanthate, a widely available cellulose derivative employed in viscose fiber manufacturing and commercial copper and indium xanthates were used. After conversion of the single layers into cellulose and copper indium sulfide, the film properties (structure, thickness, photoelectric activity) of the single and multilayer systems consisting of alternate layers of cellulose and copper indium sulfide were studied. For the proof of concept, up to five layers were built up, showing a clear separation of the cellulose and the metal sulfide layers as demonstrated using cross sectional analysis using ion slope beam cutting and SEM imaging. Finally, the conversion of xanthates was performed using UV light and a mask, allowing for the creation of 2D patterns.
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