1
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Li T, Li H, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen S, Wang J, Qiu H. Preparation and evaluation of two chiral stationary phases based on imidazolyl-functionalized bromoethoxy pillar[5]arene-bonded silica. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464799. [PMID: 38458140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Chiral pillar[5]arene-based mesoporous silica, an emerging class of chiral structure, possesses excellent characteristics such as abundant chiral active sites, encapsulated cavity and excellent chiral modification, which make them a promising candidate as new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in enantioseparation. In this study, two imidazole-containing (S)-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanamine and (S)-Histidinol were respectively modified to bromoethoxy pillar[5]arene-bonded silica to construct new chiral stationary phases (sPIE-BP5-Sil and sHol-BP5-Sil) for the separation and analysis of enantiomers. The separation conditions such as mobile phase composition, flow rate and temperature were optimized. Under optimal conditions, both sPIE-BP5-Sil and sHol-BP5-Sil showed good separation performance for different types of enantiomers. Interestingly, sPIE-BP5-Sil and sHol-BP5-Sil showed better enantioselectivity for chiral aromatic compounds and chiral aliphatic compounds, respectively. This enantioseparation result was closely related to the presence of additional aromatic rings and abundant hydroxyl groups in the side chains of the two chiral groups. In addition, the enantioseparation process was further studied by molecular docking simulation. Therefore, this work provided a new strategy for the preparation and application of imidazolyl-derived pillar[5]arene-based chiral stationary phases, which can be efficiently used for screening and separating enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongliang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Chen W, Qiu X, Chen Y, Ke J, Ji Y, Chen J. Supramolecular Interaction Modulation in Thermosensitive Composites: Enantiomeric Recognition and Chiral Site Regeneration. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5580-5588. [PMID: 38532617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy was implemented to modulate the supramolecular interaction between enantiomers and chiral recognition sites (CRSs), effectively resolving the issue of CRS saturation. Randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin (Rm-β-CD) was used as the CRS (host molecule), and polymerized ionic liquids [poly([vbim]TFSI)] were used as the supramolecular modulator (guest molecule), which self-assembled to generate thermosensitive supramolecular host/guest complexes. The enantiomeric binding capacity and enantioselectivity of chiral separation systems centered on supramolecular host-guest complexes are characterized by a high degree of temperature dependence. Poly([vbim]TFSI) bonded to Rm-β-CD at temperatures between 17 °C ± 3 and 50 °C ± 3 °C, and the binding free energy difference (|ΔΔG|) between the (S)- and (R)-enantiomer was 0.55. Conversely, poly([vbim]TFSI detached from Rm-β-CD at temperatures >50 °C ± 3 °C or <17 °C ± 3 °C, and |ΔΔG| between (S)- and (R)-enantiomer was 0.03. The |ΔΔG| value of the (R)-enantiomer can reach 0.86 in two temperature intervals. Therefore, the binding of poly([vbim]TFSI) to Rm-β-CD afforded the favorable separation of four racemic sample mixtures: mandelic acid (e.e.% = 61.3%), ibuprofen (e.e.% = 21.6%), warfarin (e.e.% = 14.9%), and naproxen (e.e% = 18.2%). The detachment of poly([vbim]TFSI) from Rm-β-CD released the enantiomer bound to CRSs. The decomplexation of mandelic acid reached 75.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbei Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian Ke
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
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3
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Nguyen BT, Choi YJ, Kim KH, Song GY, Kim HM, Kang JS. Chiral separation and molecular modeling study of decursinol and its derivatives using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464165. [PMID: 37419019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based bioactive substances have long been used to treat inflammatory ailments, owing to their low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. To enhance plant treatment by eliminating undesirable isomers, optimizing the chiral separation techniques in pharmaceutical and clinical studies is important. This study reported a simple and effective method for chiral separation of decursinol and its derivatives, which are pyranocoumarin compounds with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Baseline separation (Rs >1.5) was achieved using five different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) that differed in chiral origin, chiral selector chemistry, and preparation technique. To separate all six enantiomers simultaneously, n-hexane and three alcohol modifiers (ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol) were used as mobile phases in the normal-phase mode. The chiral separation ability of each column with various mobile phase compositions was compared and discussed. As a result, amylose-based CSPs with linear alcohol modifiers demonstrated superior resolution. Three cases of elution order reversal caused by modifications of CSPs and alcohol modifiers were observed and thoroughly analyzed. To elucidate the chiral recognition mechanism and enantiomeric elution order (EEO) reversal phenomenon, detailed molecular docking simulations were conducted. The R- and S-enantiomers of decursinol, epoxide, and CGK012 exhibited binding energies of -6.6, -6.3, -6.2, -6.3, -7.3, and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The magnitude of the difference in binding energies was consistent with the elution order and enantioselectivity (α) of the analytes. The molecular simulation results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and hydrophobic interactions have a significant impact on chiral recognition mechanisms. Overall, this study presented a novel and logical approach of optimizing chiral separation techniques in the pharmaceutical and clinical industries. Our findings could be further applied for screening and optimizing enantiomeric separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tan Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-Disubstituted Hydantoins by HPLC and SFC on Immobilized Polysaccharides-Based Chiral Stationary Phases. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins 5a–i was investigated on three immobilized polysaccharide-based columns (CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SB, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using n-hexane/2-PrOH (90/10, v/v) or 100% dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as mobile phases, respectively, and by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using CO2/alcohol (MeOH, EtOH, 2-PrOH; 80/20, v/v) as a mobile phase. The chromatographic parameters, such as separation and resolution factors, have indicated that Amylose-SA is more suitable for enantioseparation of the most analyzed syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins than Celullose-SB and Cellulose-SC in both HPLC and SFC modalities. All three tested columns showed better enantiorecognition ability toward anti-hydantoins compared to syn-hydantoins, both in HPLC and SFC modes. We have demonstrated that environmentally friendly solvent DMC can be efficiently used as the mobile phase in HPLC mode for enantioseparation of hydantoins on the immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases.
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6
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Ao Q, Zhao H, Tong T, Peng Y, He Z. Enantioseparation of basic drugs by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography system using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive. Chirality 2022; 34:1128-1139. [PMID: 35574700 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method was developed for enantioseparation of basic drugs, using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as chiral mobile phase additive, rather than involving costly chiral column in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Four of the six basic drug enantiomers investigated were successfully separated. The highest resolution reaches 2.15 for threo-(1S,2S)-2-amino-l-p-nitrophenyl-1,3-propanediol. The effects of the organic modifier, pH value, concentration of chiral additive, column temperature, and flow rate of mobile phase on the enantioseparation of analytes were researched. The apparent formation constants of inclusion and the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to explain the mechanism of chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhong Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang He
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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De Gauquier P, Vanommeslaeghe K, Heyden YV, Mangelings D. Modelling approaches for chiral chromatography on polysaccharide-based and macrocyclic antibiotic chiral selectors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1198:338861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Dal Bosco C, Bonoli F, Gentili A, Fanali C, D’Orazio G. Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237094. [PMID: 34885676 PMCID: PMC8659161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chromatographic application in chiral separation by using the nano-LC technique is here reported. The chiral recognition of 12 antifungal drugs was obtained through a 75 µm I.D. fused-silica capillary, which was packed with a CSP-cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate (CDCPC), by means of a lab-made slurry packing procedure. The mobile phase composition and the experimental conditions were optimized in order to find the optimum chiral separation for some selected racemic mixtures of imidazole and triazole derivatives. Some important parameters, such as retention faction, enantioresolution, peak efficiency, and peak shape, were investigated as a function of the mobile phase (pH, water content, type and concentration of both the buffer and the organic modifier, and solvent dilution composition). Within one run lasting 25 min, at a flow rate of approximately 400 nL min-1, eight couples of enantiomers were baseline-resolved and four of them were separated in less than 25 min. The method was then applied to milk samples, which were pretreated using a classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique preceded by protein precipitation. Finally, the DLLME-nano-LC-UV method was validated in a matrix following the main FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Flavia Bonoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0690672256
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9
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Bao W, Zhang C, Yang M, Nan D, Liu T, Guo X, Fang L. Preparation and modeling study of novel carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin silica hybrid monolithic column for enantioseparations in capillary electrochromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Kang JS, Kim N, Kim T, Seo M, Kim BS. Circularly Polarized Light-Driven Supramolecular Chirality. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100649. [PMID: 34708479 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of asymmetry into a supramolecular system via external chiral stimuli can contribute to the understanding of the intriguing homochirality found in nature. Circularly polarized light (CPL) is regarded as a chiral physical force with right- or left-handedness. It can induce and modulate supramolecular chirality due to preferential interaction with one enantiomer. Herein, this review focuses on the photon-to-matter chirality transfer mechanisms at the supramolecular level. Thus, asymmetric photochemical reactions are reviewed, and the creation of a chiral bias upon CPL irradiation is discussed. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms for the amplification and propagation of the bias into the supramolecular level are outlined based on the nature of the photochromic building block. Representative examples, including azobenzene derivatives, polydiacetylene, bicyclic ketone, polyfluorenes, Cn -symmetric molecules, and inorganic nanomaterials, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Su Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li M, Jiang Z, Guo X, Di X, Yu J. Enantioseparation and modelling study of six proton pump inhibitors on a novel 3, 5-dichloro-phenylcarbamated β-cyclodextrin chemically bonded chiral stationary phase by high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Li M, Guo X, Di X, Jiang Z. Enantioseparation on a new synthetic β-cyclodextrin chemically bonded chiral stationary phase and molecular docking study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3933-3944. [PMID: 33903946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel β-cyclodextrin derivative chemically bonded chiral stationary phase (EDACD) was synthesized by the reaction of mono-6-ethylenediamine-β-cyclodextrin with the active alkyl isocyanate, anchoring to silica gel. After the successful analysis and characterization using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, the enantioselective performance of the as-prepared EDACD column was evaluated by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and flavonoids under the reversed-phase HPLC condition. The factors that affected enantioseparation including mobile phase compositions and buffers were investigated in more detail. As a result, EDACD showed a satisfactory enantioselectivity for the tested drugs. With the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 20-mM ammonium formate adjusted to pH 4.0 using formic acid (85:15, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1, the enantiomers of ibuprofen, carprofen, naproxen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, eriocitrin, naringin, and narirutin were separated with the best resolutions of 1.53, 1.64, 3.72, 2.40, 0.50, 0.61, 0.58, and 0.52. To adjust the proportion of acetonitrile to 80% (by volume), the enantiomers of pranoprofen and flurbiprofen were completely resolved with the best resolutions of 1.60 and 1.59. Additionally, by the study of the molecular docking, hydrogen bonding and inclusion complexation were believed to play an important role in chiral recognition. As a new material, EDACD will have a wider application in the analysis of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Jiang W, Liu H, Sun B. Chiral Recognition for Chromatography and Membrane-Based Separations: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:1145. [PMID: 33669919 PMCID: PMC7924630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of global industry and increasingly frequent product circulation, the separation and detection of chiral drugs/pesticides are becoming increasingly important. The chiral nature of substances can result in harm to the human body, and the selective endocrine-disrupting effect of drug enantiomers is caused by differential enantiospecific binding to receptors. This review is devoted to the specific recognition and resolution of chiral molecules by chromatography and membrane-based enantioseparation techniques. Chromatographic enantiomer separations with chiral stationary phase (CSP)-based columns and membrane-based enantiomer filtration are detailed. In addition, the unique properties of these chiral resolution methods have been summarized for practical applications in the chemistry, environment, biology, medicine, and food industries. We further discussed the recognition mechanism in analytical enantioseparations and analyzed recent developments and future prospects of chromatographic and membrane-based enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.J.); (B.S.)
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14
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Zaid MEA, Belboukhari N, Sekkoum K, Ibtissam B, Enein HYA. Synthesis and Chiral Separation of Some 4-thioflavones. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:856-862. [PMID: 33558896 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A thionation reaction was performed on some chiral flavanones using Lawesson's reagent (LR) and leads to the formation of new chiral thiocarbonyl flavanes. LR in this thionation reaction with Hesperetin and Naringenin gives new flavan-4-thiones with yields ranged between 41 and 52%. Based on the Wittig reaction principle, LR is currently the most widely used reagent for this type of reaction. Enantiomeric separation by high-performance liquid chromatography methods was then set-up using three different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Chiral separations were successfully accomplished with high resolution (1.22 ≤ Rs ≤ 5.23). The chiral discrimination mechanism(s) between the analytes under study, mobile phase, and the CSPs were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Amin Zaid
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exacts Sciences, University T.M. Béchar, Rue de l'indépendance; Boîte Postale 417 Béchar, 08000 Bechar, Algeria
| | - Nasser Belboukhari
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exacts Sciences, University T.M. Béchar, Rue de l'indépendance; Boîte Postale 417 Béchar, 08000 Bechar, Algeria
| | - Khaled Sekkoum
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exacts Sciences, University T.M. Béchar, Rue de l'indépendance; Boîte Postale 417 Béchar, 08000 Bechar, Algeria
| | - Bousmaha Ibtissam
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exacts Sciences, University T.M. Béchar, Rue de l'indépendance; Boîte Postale 417 Béchar, 08000 Bechar, Algeria
| | - Hassan Y Aboul Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, 33 El Buhouth St, Ad Doqi, Dokki, Cairo Governorate, Giza 12622, Egypt
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15
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Immobilization of Chondroitin Sulfate A onto Monolithic Epoxy Silica Column as a New Chiral Stationary Phase for High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Enantioseparation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020098. [PMID: 33513944 PMCID: PMC7911330 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate A was covalently immobilized onto a monolithic silica epoxy column involving a Schiff base formation in the presence of ethylenediamine as a spacer and evaluated in terms of its selectivity in enantioseparation. The obtained column was utilized as a chiral stationary phase in enantioseparation of amlodipine and verapamil using a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 and UV detection. Sample dilution by organic solvents (preferably 25% v/v acetonitrile-aqueous solution) was applied to achieve baseline enantioresolution (Rs > 3.0) of the individual drug models within 7 min, an excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999) and an interday repeatability of 1.1% to 1.8% RSD. The performance of the immobilized column for quantification of racemate in commercial tablets showed a recovery of 86–98% from tablet matrices. Computational modeling by molecular docking was employed to investigate the feasible complexes between enantiomers and the chiral selector.
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16
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Supercritical fluid chromatography versus liquid chromatography for the enantiomeric separation of itraconazole. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Lun J, Zhao P, Jiang Z, Song Y, Guo X. Enantioselective LC-MS/MS method for the determination of cloperastine enantiomers in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Chirality 2020; 32:1129-1138. [PMID: 32567749 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cloperastine is a central antitussive used to reduce the frequency and intensity of coughing on a short-term basis. In this study, a reliable chiral LC-MS/MS technology has been developed for the quantification of cloperastine enantiomers in the rat plasma. Carbinoxamine was selected as the internal standard. The enantioseparation of cloperastine was performed on a Chiralpak IA column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water-ammonium hydroxide (80:20:0.1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Cloperastine enantiomers were detected by mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with a positive electrospray ionization source. The method was validated over the linear concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 ng/mL (5.0 × 10-4 ng to 0.10 ng) for both enantiomers. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for each analyte was determined as 0.05 ng/mL. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intraday and interday precision was less than 13.9%, and the relative error (RE) of accuracy ranged from -5.4% to 6.1%, which were within the acceptance criteria. Finally, an application to the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cloperastine in rats was successfully realized in our assay. The developed method on a commercially available Chiralpak IA column under isocratic mobile phase is advantageous to analyze cloperastine enantiomers in plasma samples collected for enantioselective metabolism or drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lun
- Department School of Pharmacy, Institution Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department School of Pharmacy, Institution Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department School of Pharmacy, Institution Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongbo Song
- Department School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Institution Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department School of Pharmacy, Institution Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Raikar P, Gurupadayya B, Mandal SP, Narhari R, Subramanyam S, Srinivasu G, Rajan S, Saikumar M, Koganti S. Bioanalytical chiral chromatographic technique and docking studies for enantioselective separation of meclizine hydrochloride: Application to pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. Chirality 2020; 32:1091-1106. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Raikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
| | - Subhankar P. Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
| | - Rishitha Narhari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
| | | | | | - Surulivel Rajan
- Department of Pharmacy PracticeManipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manipal India
| | - Matcha Saikumar
- Department of Pharmacy PracticeManipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manipal India
| | - Sairam Koganti
- Speciality Analytical Instrumentation LaboratoryAlphamed Formulation Pvt. Limited Hyderabad India
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19
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Liu Y, Cai L, Lun J, Zhao M, Guo X. Enantiomeric separation and molecular docking study of seven imidazole antifungal drugs on a cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chiral separation and molecular docking study of seven imidazole antifungal drugs were performed on a cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (Chiralcel OD-RH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Liangzhao Cai
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Lun
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
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20
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Sugi KS, Bhat S, Nag A, Ganesan P, Mahendranath A, Pradeep T. Ligand structure and charge state-dependent separation of monolayer protected Au25 clusters using non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC. Analyst 2020; 145:1337-1345. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a systematic flow rate dependent study of three different aliphatic ligand protected Au25 clusters, with three commercially available reversed-phase HPLC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korath Shivan Sugi
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Shridevi Bhat
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Abhijit Nag
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Paramasivam Ganesan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Ananthu Mahendranath
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
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21
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Qian H, Shen X, Huang H, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Wang Z. Helical poly(phenyl isocyanide)s grafted selectively on C-6 of cellulose for improved chiral recognition ability. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 231:115737. [PMID: 31888853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose graft copolymers are an effective way to endow new properties to cellulose substrate, as well the rigidity, regularity, and helicity of the cellulose backbone could induce the self-assembly of supramolecular structures. In this work, right-handed helical poly(phenyl isocyanide)s (PPIn) were grafted selectively onto C-6-cellulose. Alkyne-terminated PPIn was synthesized by living polymerization of right-handed phenyl isocyanide monomer using an alkyne-terminated palladium(II) complex as an initiator/catalyst, and were grafted onto the C-6 of the cellulose backbone (Cell-6-g-PPIn) at various chain lengths using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" chemistry. We confirmed the successful grafting by liquid 1H NMR and 13C NMR, as well as solid 13C NMR, FTIR, and GPC. After grafting onto cellulose, the right-handed chirality of PPIn was significantly increased by 111.2%. Additionally, the Cell-6-g-PPIn exhibited better chiral recognition of L-Phe-DNSP than PPIn alone. Therefore, the helical cellulose backbone has enhanced effect on preferred helix of PPIn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- School of Physics and Materials Science & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, No.43663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, 230009, China.
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
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22
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Scriba GK. Chiral recognition in separation sciences. Part I: Polysaccharide and cyclodextrin selectors. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Zhu B, Xue M, Liu B, Li Q, Guo X. Enantioselective separation of eight antihistamines with α1-acid glycoprotein-based chiral stationary phase by HPLC: Development and validation for the enantiomeric quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography: Trends from 2017 to 2018. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Hofstetter RK, Potlitz F, Schulig L, Kim S, Hasan M, Link A. Subcritical Fluid Chromatography at Sub-Ambient Temperatures for the Chiral Resolution of Ketamine Metabolites with Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1927. [PMID: 31109124 PMCID: PMC6572699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral metabolites of ketamine exerting rapid-onset yet sustained antidepressant effects may be marketed directly in the future, but require chemo- and enantio-selective chromatographic methods for quality assurance and control. The chromatographic behavior of S-/R-ketamine, S-/R-norketamine, S-/R-dehydronorketamine, and (2R,6R)-/(2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was investigated computationally and experimentally with the aim of identifying problematic pairs of enantiomers and parameters for chiral resolution. Retention on three different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (Lux Amylose-2, i-Amylose-3, and i-Cellulose-5) provided new information on the significance of halogen atoms as halogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors for enantioselectivity, which could be corroborated in silico by molecular docking studies. Modifiers inversely affected enantioselectivity and retention. Methanol yielded lower run times but superior chiral resolution compared to 2-propanol. Lower temperatures than those conventionally screened did not impair phase homogeneity but improved enantioresolution, at no cost to reproducibility. Thus, sub-ambient temperature subcritical fluid chromatography (SubFC), essentially low-temperature HPLC with subcritical CO2, was applied. The optimization of the SubFC method facilitated the chiral separation of ketamine and its metabolites, which was applied in combination with direct injection and online supercritical fluid extraction to determine the purity of pharmaceutical ketamine formulations for proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Hofstetter
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Felix Potlitz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Trauma, Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Andreas Link
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Chirality is a natural attribute nature of living matter and plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism, evolution and functional activities of living organisms. Asymmetric conformation represents the chiral structure of biomacromolecules in living organisms on earth, such as the L-amino acids of proteins and enzymes, and the D-sugars of DNA or RNA, which exist preferentially as one enantiomer. Circularly polarized light (CPL), observed in the formation regions of the Orion constellation, has long been proposed as one of the origins of single chirality. Herein, the CPL triggered asymmetric polymerization, photo-modulation of chirality based on polymers are described. The mechanisms between CPL and polymers (including polydiacetylene, azobenzene polymers, chiral coordination polymers, and polyfluorene) are described in detail. This minireview provides a promising flexible asymmetric synthesis method for the fabrication of chiral polymer via CPL irradiation, with the hope of obtaining a better understanding of the origin of homochirality on earth.
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27
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Peluso P, Dessì A, Dallocchio R, Mamane V, Cossu S. Recent studies of docking and molecular dynamics simulation for liquid-phase enantioseparations. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1881-1896. [PMID: 30710444 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase enantioseparations have been fruitfully applied in several fields of science. Various applications along with technical and theoretical advancements contributed to increase significantly the knowledge in this area. Nowadays, chromatographic techniques, in particular HPLC on chiral stationary phase, are considered as mature technologies. In the last thirty years, CE has been also recognized as one of the most versatile technique for analytical scale separation of enantiomers. Despite the huge number of papers published in these fields, understanding mechanistic details of the stereoselective interaction between selector and selectand is still an open issue, in particular for high-molecular weight chiral selectors like polysaccharide derivatives. With the ever growing improvement of computer facilities, hardware and software, computational techniques have become a basic tool in enantioseparation science. In this field, molecular docking and dynamics simulations proved to be extremely adaptable to model and visualize at molecular level the spatial proximity of interacting molecules in order to predict retention, selectivity, enantiomer elution order, and profile noncovalent interaction patterns underlying the recognition process. On this basis, topics and trends in using docking and molecular dynamics as theoretical complement of experimental LC and CE chiral separations are described herein. The basic concepts of these computational strategies and seminal studies performed over time are presented, with a specific focus on literature published between 2015 and November 2018. A systematic compilation of all published literature has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR - Sede Secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR - Sede Secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR - Sede Secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Sergio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi DSMN, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Mestre Venezia, Veneto, Italy
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