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Kalavathi A, Satheeshkumar K, Dharaniprabha V, Vennila KN, Elango KP. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies on the Selective Detection of Cyanide Ions by a Turn-On Fluorescent Chemo-Dosimeter and its Application in Living Cell Imaging. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03509-4. [PMID: 38008863 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
A new chemo-dosimeter AK4 containing quinoline fluorophore has rationally been designed, synthesised and characterized using 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectral techniques. The probe senses explicitly CN- ion through a dramatic enhancement in fluorescence over other commonly coexistent anions in H2O:DMSO (9:1 v/v) medium over a broad pH range (4-10). 1H NMR titration revealed the deprotonation followed by nucleophilic addition reaction of CN-, which was supported by 13C NMR and mass spectral examinations. The Job's continuous variation method indicated the formation of a 1:1 adduct between AK4 and CN- with a binding constant of 1.62 × 104 M-1. A limit of detection (LOD) towards CN- of 0.69 µM has been determined, which is much lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of CN- in drinking water (1.9 µM). The changes in the optical properties of AK4 upon reaction with CN- were delineated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Moreover, fluorescence microscopic studies established that AK4 could be an effective probe for imaging intracellular CN- in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalavathi
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - V Dharaniprabha
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - K N Vennila
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - Kuppanagounder P Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India.
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2
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Kalavathi A, Satheeshkumar K, Dharaniprabha V, Vennila KN, Elango KP. Multi-Spectroscopic and TD-DFT Studies on Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Detection of Cyanide in an Aqueous Solution. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03473-z. [PMID: 37889454 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Different spectroscopic techniques and Density Functional Theory (DFT)/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the dual channel CN- detection behaviour of the developed chemo-dosimeter (AK3). The CN- with AK3 reaction triggered a colour change from pale yellow to colourless and enhanced fluorescence. UV-Vis, fluorescence, 1H & 13C NMR and mass techniques coupled with theoretical calculations (Mulliken charges, dihedral angles) revealed that the CN- sensing process mechanism involves deprotonation of the N-H group followed by nucleophilic addition reaction. Detailed TD-DFT calculations showed that the relaxation of excited electrons from LUMO and to two different ground states is responsible for the weak/moderate fluorescence of AK3. Nucleophilic addition of CN- to the C-atom of the CH = CH bridge terminated the π-conjugation between donor and acceptor regions, reduced the coplanarity, decreased the ICT transition and consequently enhanced the fluorescence of the probe. The practical utility of the probe was demonstrated by detecting cyanide in food materials and determining CN- in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalavathi
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - V Dharaniprabha
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - K N Vennila
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India
| | - Kuppanagounder P Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), Gandhigram, 624302, India.
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3
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Kitaw SL, Birhan YS, Tsai HC. Plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering nano-substrates for detection of anionic environmental contaminants: Current progress and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115247. [PMID: 36640935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique of vibrational spectroscopy based on the inelastic scattering of incident photons by molecular species. It has unique properties such as ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, non-destructivity, speed, and fingerprinting properties for analytical and sensing applications. This enables SERS to be widely used in real-world sample analysis and basic plasmonic mechanistic studies. However, the desirable properties of SERS are compromised by the high cost and low reproducibility of the signals. The development of multifunctional, stable and reusable nano-engineered SERS substrates is a viable solution to circumvent these drawbacks. Recently, plasmonic SERS active nano-substrates with various morphologies have attracted the attention of researchers due to promising properties such as the formation of dense hot spots, additional stability, tunable and controlled morphology, and surface functionalization. This comprehensive review focused on the current advances in the field of SERS active nanosubstrates suitable for the detection and quantification of anionic environmental pollutants. The common fabrication methods, including the techniques for morphological adjustments and surface modification, substrate categories, and the design of nanotechnologically fabricated plasmonic SERS substrates for anion detection are systematically presented. Here, the need for the design, synthesis, and functionalization of SERS nano-substrates for anions of great environmental importance is explained in detail. In addition, the broad categories of SERS nano-substrates, namely colloid-based SERS substrates and solid-support SERS substrates are discussed. Moreover, a brief discussion of SERS detection of certain anionic pollutants in the environment is presented. Finally, the prospects in the fabrication and commercialization of pilot-scale handheld SERS sensors and the construction of smart nanosubstrates integrated with novel amplifying materials for the detection of anions of environmental and health concern are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Leshe Kitaw
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan, ROC.
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4
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Sarmiento JT, Portilla J. Current Advances in Diazoles-based Chemosensors for CN- and FDetection. Curr Org Synth 2023; 20:77-95. [PMID: 35184705 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220218095741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular probes have recently intensified because they are valuable tools in studying species of interest for human health, the environment, and industry. Among these species, cyanide (CN-) and fluoride (F-) stand out as hazardous and toxic ions in trace amounts. Thus, there is a significant interest in probes design for their detection with diverse diazoles (pyrazole and imidazole) used for this purpose. These diazole derivatives are known as functional molecules because of their known synthetic versatility and applicability, as they exhibit essential photophysical properties with helpful recognition centers. This review provides an overview of the recent progress (2017-2021) in diazole-based sensors for CN- and F- detection, using the azolic ring as a signaling or recognition unit. The discussion focuses on the mechanism of the action described for recognizing the anion, the structure of the probes with the best synthetic simplicity, detection limits (LODs), application, and selectivity. In this context, the analysis involves probes for cyanide sensing first, then probes for fluoride sensing, and ultimately, dual probes that allow both species recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeymy T Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, D.C, Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, D.C, Colombia
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5
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Enbanathan S, Munusamy S, Jothi D, Manojkumar S, Manickam S, Iyer SK. Zinc ion detection using a benzothiazole-based highly selective fluorescence "turn-on" chemosensor and its real-time application. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27839-27845. [PMID: 36320258 PMCID: PMC9520313 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new photochromic fluorescence chemosensor was devised and effectively synthesized using benzothiazole and imidazopyridine derivatives. A "turn-on" fluorescence sensor BIPP for Zn2+ detection was developed and has a quick response, excellent sensitivity, and remarkable selectivity over other metal ions. When Zn2+ was added to the BIPP solution, a new strong fluorescence emission peak at 542 nm formed with a considerable increase in intensity. The fluorescence color of the BIPP solution changed from blue to bright green. The binding ratio 8 : 2 was found between BIPP and Zn2+ by the results of Job's plot, HRMS and 1H-NMR. The detection limit (LOD) of BIPP towards Zn2+ was determined to be 2.36 × 10-8, which is remarkably low. The ability to detect Zn2+ in real water samples demonstrates that BIPP may also be used in environmental systems. Additionally, BIPP can be used to measure Zn2+ levels in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Enbanathan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences and Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Sathishkumar Munusamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Dhanapal Jothi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences and Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Selin Manojkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences and Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Saravanakumar Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai-602 105 Tamil Nadu India
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6
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Veena K, Chandrasekhar S, Raghu M, Yogesh Kumar K, Pradeep Kumar C, Alswieleh AM, Anusuya Devi V, Prashanth M, Jeon BH. Facile green synthesis of samarium sesquioxide nanoparticle as a quencher for biologically active imidazole analogues: Computational and experimental insights. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Pavankumar BB, Ranjan P, Jha PC, Sivaramakrishna A. New Oxoquinoline‐Imidazole Based Fluorescence Signaling Switches for the Determination of Zn
2+
/F
−
(OFF‐ON), and Fe
3+
/Picric Acid (ON‐OFF): Applications in Anticancer Activity. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Pavankumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Prabodh Ranjan
- School of Applied Material Sciences Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Prakash C. Jha
- School of Applied Material Sciences Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Akella Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu India
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8
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Yu B, Yuan R, He T, Liang L, Huang K. A Benzothidiazole-Based Reversible Fluorescent Probe with Excellent Performances in Selectively and Sensitively Sensing of Hg 2+ in Water. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2077-2086. [PMID: 35907171 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of mercury ion selective fluorescent probe is significant because it is one of toxic heavy metals and poses great risks and hazards to human health. Herein, we develop a mercury ion-selective fluorescent probe, namely IB, based on imidazole decorated benzothiadiazole that obtained by a facile palladium catalytic C-N coupling reaction. IB exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity towards mercury ion in water with nearly 32-fold fluorescent enhancement. The detection limit is calculated to be 0.93 nmol/L. In addition, the sensing of mercury ion can be conducted in a wide pH scope ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. Subsequently, the mercury ion elicits fluorescence of IB solution can be quenched by the addition of cyanide anions, showing "off-on-off" fluorescence transformation with at least 5 cycles, demonstrating the reversible sensing ability of IB. Furthermore, an INHIBIT logical detector has been developed using mercury ion and cyanide anions as inputs and fluorescence of IB as output. Significantly, IB can be utilized for mercury ion detection in real water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, 621000, Mianyang, China
| | - Ruimin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, 637002, Nanchong, China
| | - Tianzhi He
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, 621000, Mianyang, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, 621000, Mianyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control of Sichuan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, 637002, Nanchong, China.
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9
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Jian J, Barkhatova D, Hammink R, Tinnemans P, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Mecinović J. Through-Space Stabilization of an Imidazolium Cation by Aromatic Rings. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7875-7883. [PMID: 35653132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole-based compounds are widely found in natural products, synthetic molecules, and biomolecules. Noncovalent interactions between the imidazole ring and other functional groups play an important role in determining the function of diverse molecules. However, there is a limited understanding of the underlying noncovalent interactions between imidazoles and aromatic systems. In this work, we report physical-organic chemistry studies on 2-(2,6-diarylphenyl)-1H-imidazoles and their protonated forms to investigate the noncovalent interactions between the central imidazole ring and two flanking aromatic rings possessing substituents at the para/meta position. Hammett analysis revealed that pKa values and proton affinities correlate well with Hammett σ values of para-substituents at the flanking rings. Additional quantitative Kohn-Sham molecular orbital and energy decomposition analyses reveal that through-space π-π interactions and NH-π interactions contribute to the intramolecular stabilization of the imidazolium cation. The results are important because they clearly demonstrate that the imidazolium cation forms energetically favorable noncovalent interactions with aromatic rings via the through-space effect, a knowledge that can be used in rational drug and catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Darina Barkhatova
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Roel Hammink
- Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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10
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Kavitha V, Viswanathamurthi P, Haribabu J, Echeverria C. A new subtle and integrated detector to sense Hg2+ions: A vision towards its applicability on water samples and live cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Singha J, Patra D, Kumar P, Shunmugam R. Highly Efficient Multi‐Tasking Porphyrin‐Based Chemosensor for Mercury Ions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirlata Singha
- Polymer Research Center Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur India
| | - Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Center Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Center Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Center Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur India
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12
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Dual anion colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of arsenite and cyanide ions involving MLCT and CHEF pathways. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Wang J, Ding X, Lan Z, Liu G, Hou S, Hou S. Imidazole Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Optical Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ding
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhenni Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Shili Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Colloidal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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14
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Taşdemir V. Synthesis of imidazo-1,4-oxazinone derivatives and investigation of reaction mechanism. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1639-1649. [PMID: 34849073 PMCID: PMC8596553 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2106-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, nine different C-2 aroyl imidazole derivatives were synthesized in a one pot reaction with two steps, and the reduction reactions of these derivatives with NaBH4 were carried out under mild conditions. Substitution reaction of obtained imidazo methanol derivatives with chloroacetylchloride reagent and ring reaction of substitution products were investigated. It was determined that 1,4-imidazoxazinone derivative was obtained as a result of the cyclization reaction. The intermediate products obtained during the cyclization reaction were isolated, and the path of the reaction under different conditions was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Taşdemir
- Muradiye Vocational School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van Turkey
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15
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Ríos MC, Bravo NF, Sánchez CC, Portilla J. Chemosensors based on N-heterocyclic dyes: advances in sensing highly toxic ions such as CN - and Hg 2. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34206-34234. [PMID: 35497277 PMCID: PMC9042589 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CN- and Hg2+ ions are harmful to both the environment and human health, even at trace levels. Thus, alternative methods for their detection and quantification are highly desirable given that the traditional monitoring systems are expensive and require qualified personnel. Optical chemosensors (probes) have revolutionized the sensing of different species due to their high specificity and sensitivity, corresponding with their modular design. They have also been used in aqueous media and different pH ranges, facilitating their applications in various samples. The design of molecular probes is based on organic dyes, where the key species are N-heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) due to their proven photophysical properties, biocompatibility, and synthetic versatility, which favor diverse applications. Accordingly, this review aims to provide an overview of the reports from 2016 to 2021, in which fluorescent probes based on five- and six-membered N-heterocycles are used for the detection of CN- and Hg2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Camila Ríos
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Néstor-Fabián Bravo
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Christian-Camilo Sánchez
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
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16
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Krishnan U, Iyer SK. A Pyrazolo Imine-based Colorimetric and Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor Probe for Determination of Hg 2+ Ion and its Application in Test Paper Strips. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:843-855. [PMID: 34634146 DOI: 10.1111/php.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized diethylamino substituted pyrazolo imine (3) fluorescent probe for recognition of Hg2+ ion.The sensor probe 3 can detect Hg2+ by colorimetric method, and there is a 10-fold enhancement in fluorescence response. When the fluorescent probe bound with Hg2+ ion, turn-on fluorescence was observed via the coordination. Probe 3 has an excellent selectivity toward Hg2+ in the CH3 CN/H2 O (8:2, v/v) solution with low limit of detection and high binding association constant of 551 parts per billion (ppb) and 6.6067 × 106 m-1 for 3+Hg2+ , respectively. Furthermore, the formation of 3+Hg2+ complex with 1:1 binding mode was evidenced by Job's plot, 1 H NMR spectroscopy and Mass analysis. In addition, probe 3 is a feasible option to detect Hg2+ in various sources of water samples. Bio-imaging experiments have demonstrated that probe 3 can be used to monitor Hg2+ in Escherichia coli bacterial cell. The sensor 3 was also used for paper strip application to detect Hg2+ ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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17
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Yi RH, Liu GY, Luo YT, Wang WY, Tsai HY, Lin CH, Shen HL, Chang CH, Lu CW. Dicyano-Imidazole: A Facile Generation of Pure Blue TADF Materials for OLEDs. Chemistry 2021; 27:12998-13008. [PMID: 34288149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of dicyano-imidazole-based molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties were synthesized to obtain pure blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The targeted molecules used dicyano-imidazole with a short-conjugated system as the electron acceptor to strong intermolecular π-π interactions, and provide a relatively shallow energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The cyano group was selected to improve imidazole as an electron acceptor due to its prominent electron-transporting characteristics. Four different electron donors, that is, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMAC), 10H-spiro(acridine-9,9'-fluoren) (SPAC), and 9,9-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DPAC), were used to alternate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level to tune the emission color further. The crowded molecular structure in space makes the electron donor and acceptor almost orthogonal, reducing the energy gap (ΔEST ) between the first excited singlet (S1 ) and the triplet (T1 ) states and introducing significant TADF property. The efficiencies of the blue-emissive devices with imM-SPAC and imM-DMAC obtained in this work are the highest among the reported imidazole-based TADF-OLEDs, which are 13.8 % and 13.4 %, respectively. Both of Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates are close to the saturated blue region at (0.17, 0.18) and (0.16, 0.19), respectively. Combining these tailor-made TADF compounds with specific device architectures, electroluminescent (EL) emission from sky-blue to deep-blue could be achieved, proving their great potential in EL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Huei Yi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Teng Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
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18
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Anand T, Sankar M. A dual colorimetric chemosensor for Hg(ii) and cyanide ions in aqueous media based on a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-antipyrine conjugate with INHIBIT logic gate behaviour. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4526-4533. [PMID: 32929433 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized nitrobenzoxadiazole-antipyrine conjugate 1 from chloro substituted nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) with 4-aminoantipyrine by an elegant method which provides good yield and it is characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The sensing ability of compound 1 is analyzed with the addition of different metal ions and anions in an aqueous methanol medium. It shows rapid colorimetric response for Hg2+ and CN- ions over a wide range of competitive metal ions and anions. On addition of Hg2+/CN- ions, 1 shows a distinct color change from pale yellow to pink and orange red, respectively, thus permitting chemosensor 1 to be used for 'naked eye' detection of Hg2+ and CN- ions. The change in spectral features and color of 1 with the addition of Hg2+ and CN- ions is mainly due to the formation of a charge-transfer complex (12-Hg2+) and cyanide ion induced deprotonation of 1. The interaction between the Hg2+/CN- ion and 1 is characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectral titrations. In addition, sensor 1 is reversible and reusable and it can be developed as an INHIBIT type logic gate. Compound 1 detects Hg2+ and CN- ions upto 2.57 × 10-8 M and 1.67 × 10-7 M, respectively. Further, compound 1 pre-coated test strips detect Hg2+ and CN- ions and they provide a simple and convenient method for determination of Hg2+/CN- ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
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19
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Liu H, Wang S, Gao H, Shen Z. Reversible Reaction‐Based Fluorescent Probes for Dynamic Sensing and Bioimaging. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210046 Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Sisi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210046 Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210046 Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210046 Nanjing P. R. China
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20
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Bhaskar R, Vijayakumar V, Srinivasadesikan V, Lee SL, Sarveswari S. Rationally designed imidazole derivative as colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for selective, qualitative and quantitative cyanide ion detection in real time samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118212. [PMID: 32224435 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new imidazole derivative of 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone and fluorene-2-carboxaldehyde was designed as a sensor B2 to selectively detect the cyanide (CN-) ion through colorimetric and/or fluorometric methods. The photochemical characterizations of sensor B2 were tested using absorption and emission spectral studies in CH3CN-H2O (8:2) semi-aqueous medium. An excited state proton transfer process (ESIPT) was proved by theoretical and spectral studies. The colorimetric and fluorescence detection limit of CN- ion was found to be 5.3 × 10-6 M and 4.11 × 10-8 M, respectively. 1H NMR titration, electrochemical and DFT studies were supported the removal of -NH proton from B2. In order to utilize this sensor in real-time applications, we developed a test cassette which is coated with sensor B2 detected the presence of CN- ion in the food sample with endogenous cyanide ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhaskar
- Centre for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vijayakumar
- Centre for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasadesikan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, 522 213 Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shyi-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - S Sarveswari
- Centre for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Chen C, Ji J, Wang CJ, Jia AQ, Zhang QF. Coordination modes of salicylaldehyde derivatives in the ruthenium(II) nitrosyl and bis(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) complexes. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1767289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Ji
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Jiu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Quan Jia
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, P. R. China
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22
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Mondal A, Hazra A, Chakrabarty J, Bose K JC, Banerjee P. Tandem Detection of Sub-Nano Molar Level CN - and Hg 2+ in Aqueous Medium by a Suitable Molecular Sensor: A Viable Solution for Detection of CN - and Development of the RGB-Based Sensory Device. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6576-6587. [PMID: 32258893 PMCID: PMC7114731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An inimitable urea-based multichannel chemosensor, DTPH [1,5-bis-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbonohydrazide], was examined to be highly proficient to recognize CN- based on the H-bonding interaction between sensor -NH moiety and CN- in aqueous medium with explicit selectivity. In the absorption spectral titration of DTPH, a new peak at higher wavelength was emerged in titrimetric analytical studies of CN- with the zero-order reaction kinetics affirming the substantial sensor-analyte interaction. The isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiment further affirmed that the sensing process was highly spontaneous with the Gibbs free energy of -26 × 104 cal/mol. The binding approach between DTPH and CN- was also validated by more than a few experimental studies by means of several spectroscopic tools along with the theoretical calculations. A very low detection limit of the chemosensor toward CN- (0.15 ppm) further instigated to design an RGB-based sensory device based on the colorimetric upshots of the chemosensor in order to develop a distinct perception regarding the presence of innocuous or precarious level of the CN- in a contaminated solution. Moreover, the reversibility of the sensor in the presence of CN- and Hg2+ originated a logic gate mimic ensemble. Additionally, the real-field along with the in vitro CN- detection efficiency of the photostable DTPH was also accomplished by using various biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mondal
- CSIR-Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, M. G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West
Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Hazra
- CSIR-Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Postal Staff
College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Jitamanyu Chakrabarty
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, M. G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West
Bengal, India
| | - Jagadeesh C. Bose K
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Priyabrata Banerjee
- CSIR-Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Postal Staff
College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
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23
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Tigreros A, Castillo JC, Portilla J. Cyanide chemosensors based on 3-dicyanovinylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Effects of peripheral 4-anisyl group substitution on the photophysical properties. Talanta 2020; 215:120905. [PMID: 32312450 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel dual-mode colorimetric/fluorometric probes based on 3-dicyanovinylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines for cyanide (CN-) sensing have been developed (DPPa-c). These probes displayed high selectivity and sensitivity toward CN- over other interfering anions, with a detection limit (LOD) as low as 610/170 nmol L-1 (absorption/emission) for some of the prepared probes. After a reaction with CN-, low-fluorescent DPPa-c showed a significant decrease of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) bands at approximately 390 nm (color changes from yellow to colorless) and exhibited up to an 82-fold fluorescence enhancement at approximately 465 nm (strong blue-light emission). The successive introduction of 4-anisyl (4-MeOPh) groups on periphery of the heterocyclic core had a dramatic influence on both the photophysical properties and CN- detection capability. The number of channels for CN- quantification in the absorption spectra increased from 1 in DPPa to 3 in DPPc. Moreover, the fluorescence emission LOD decreased from 300 nmol L-1 in DPPa to 170 nmol L-1 in DPPc. Finally, the selectivity toward CN- demonstrated a notable improvement when the probe had three 4-anisyl groups in its periphery (i.e., DPPc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Tigreros
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia; Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia.
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24
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Nadamani MP, Mahmoodi NO, Mamaghani M, Zanjanchi MA, Nahzomi HT. Photochromic Properties of Novel One‐pot Multicomponent Synthesized Tetraarylimidazoles. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Pasandideh Nadamani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Guilan, PO Box 41335–1914 Rasht Iran Fax: +981333233262
| | - Nosrat O. Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Guilan, PO Box 41335–1914 Rasht Iran Fax: +981333233262
| | - Manouchehr Mamaghani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Guilan, PO Box 41335–1914 Rasht Iran Fax: +981333233262
| | - Mohammad Ali Zanjanchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Guilan, PO Box 41335–1914 Rasht Iran Fax: +981333233262
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25
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Solid state structure and photophysical properties of monoanionic 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole as an anionic core in rhenium complex. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Chao J, Xu M, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huo F, Yin C, Wang X. A Pyrene‐Based Turn‐On Fluorescence Probe for CN
−
Detection and Its Bioimaging Applications. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Chao
- Scientific Instrument CenterShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Miao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringScientific Instrument CenterShanxi University
| | - Yaoming Liu
- Scientific Instrument CenterShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules of Shanxi ProvinceResearch Institute of Applied ChemistryShanxi University
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules of Shanxi ProvinceResearch Institute of Applied ChemistryShanxi University
| | - Caixia Yin
- Institute of Molecular ScienceShanxi University
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringScientific Instrument CenterShanxi University
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27
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Rosales-Vázquez LD, Valdes-García J, Bazany-Rodríguez IJ, Germán-Acacio JM, Martínez-Otero D, Vilchis-Néstor AR, Morales-Luckie R, Sánchez-Mendieta V, Dorazco-González A. A sensitive photoluminescent chemosensor for cyanide in water based on a zinc coordination polymer bearing ditert-butyl-bipyridine. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12407-12420. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and direct sensing of cyanide in buffered aqueous solutions at pH = 7.0 by three new blue photoluminescent zinc-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylato coordination polymers bearing di-alkyl-2,2′-bipyridines has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Rosales-Vázquez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Josue Valdes-García
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Iván J. Bazany-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
| | - Juan M. Germán-Acacio
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-CIC
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ
- Ciudad de México
- México
| | | | | | - Raúl Morales-Luckie
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Toluca
- México
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