1
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Mountaki S, Whitfield R, Liarou E, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Open-Air Chemical Recycling: Fully Oxygen-Tolerant ATRP Depolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18848-18854. [PMID: 38958656 PMCID: PMC11258787 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
While oxygen-tolerant strategies have been overwhelmingly developed for controlled radical polymerizations, the low radical concentrations typically required for high monomer recovery render oxygen-tolerant solution depolymerizations particularly challenging. Here, an open-air atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) depolymerization is presented, whereby a small amount of a volatile cosolvent is introduced as a means to thoroughly remove oxygen. Ultrafast depolymerization (i.e., 2 min) could efficiently proceed in an open vessel, allowing a very high monomer retrieval to be achieved (i.e., ∼91% depolymerization efficiency), on par with that of the fully deoxygenated analogue. Oxygen probe studies combined with detailed depolymerization kinetics revealed the importance of the low-boiling point cosolvent in removing oxygen prior to the reaction, thus facilitating effective open-air depolymerization. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by performing reactions with a range of different ligands and at high polymer loadings (1 M monomer repeat unit concentration) without significantly compromising the yield. This approach provides a fully oxygen-tolerant, facile, and efficient route to chemically recycle ATRP-synthesized polymers, enabling exciting new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella
Afroditi Mountaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Evelina Liarou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick Library Road, Coventry CV4 7SH, U.K.
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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2
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De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Whitfield R, Harrisson S, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Thermal Solution Depolymerization of RAFT Telechelic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:806-811. [PMID: 38857492 PMCID: PMC11256755 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Thermal solution depolymerization is a promising low-temperature chemical recycling strategy enabling high monomer recovery from polymers made by controlled radical polymerization. However, current methodologies predominantly focus on the depolymerization of monofunctional polymers, limiting the material scope and depolymerization pathways. Herein, we report the depolymerization of telechelic polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Notably, we observed a significant decrease in the molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers during monomer recovery, which contrasts the minimal Mn shift observed during the depolymerization of monofunctional polymers. Introducing Z groups at the center or both ends of the polymer resulted in distinct kinetic profiles, indicating partial depolymerization of the bifunctional polymers, as supported by mathematical modeling. Remarkably, telechelic polymers featuring R-terminal groups showed up to 68% improvement in overall depolymerization conversion compared to their monofunctional analogues, highlighting the potential of these materials in chemical recycling and the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux/Bordeaux-INP/CNRS UMR5629, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang W, Killian L, Thevenon A. Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8606-8624. [PMID: 38873080 PMCID: PMC11168094 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in our modern world, offering a diverse range of applications. However, they have been designed with end-properties in mind over recyclability, leading to a crisis in their waste management. The recent emergence of electrochemical recycling methodologies for polymeric materials provides new perspectives on closing their life cycle, and to a larger extent, the plastic loop by transforming plastic waste into monomers, building blocks, or new polymers. In this context, we summarize electrochemical strategies developed for the recovery of building blocks, the functionalization of polymer chains as well as paired electrolysis and discuss how they can make an impact on plastic recycling, especially compared to traditional thermochemical approaches. Additionally, we explore potential directions that could revolutionize research in electrochemical plastic recycling, addressing associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lars Killian
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Thevenon
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
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4
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Parkatzidis K, Wang HS, Anastasaki A. Photocatalytic Upcycling and Depolymerization of Vinyl Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402436. [PMID: 38466624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic upcycling and depolymerization of vinyl polymers have emerged as promising strategies to combat plastic pollution and promote a circular economy. This mini review critically summarizes current developments in the upcycling and degradation of vinyl polymers including polystyrene and poly(meth)acrylates. Of these material classes, polymethacrylates possess the unique possibility to undergo a photocatalytic depolymerization back to monomer under thermodynamically favourable conditions, thus presenting significant advantages over traditional thermal strategies. Our perspective on current formidable challenges and potential future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Department of Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Department of Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Department of Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Ko K, Lundberg DJ, Johnson AM, Johnson JA. Mechanism-Guided Discovery of Cleavable Comonomers for Backbone Deconstructable Poly(methyl methacrylate). J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9142-9154. [PMID: 38526229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of cleavable comonomers (CCs) with suitable copolymerization reactivity paves the way for the introduction of backbone deconstructability into polymers. Recent advancements in thionolactone-based CCs, exemplified by dibenzo[c,e]-oxepine-5(7H)-thione (DOT), have opened promising avenues for the selective deconstruction of multiple classes of vinyl polymers, including polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polystyrenics. To date, however, no thionolactone CC has been shown to copolymerize with methacrylates to an appreciable extent to enable polymer deconstruction. Here, we overcome this challenge through the design of a new class of benzyl-functionalized thionolactones (bDOTs). Guided by detailed mechanistic analyses, we find that the introduction of radical-stabilizing substituents to bDOTs enables markedly increased and tunable copolymerization reactivity with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Through iterative optimizations of the molecular structure, a specific bDOT, F-p-CF3PhDOT, is discovered to copolymerize efficiently with MMA. High molar mass deconstructable PMMA-based copolymers (dPMMA, Mn > 120 kDa) with low percentages of F-p-CF3PhDOT (1.8 and 3.8 mol%) are prepared using industrially relevant bulk free radical copolymerization conditions. The thermomechanical properties of dPMMA are similar to PMMA; however, the former is shown to degrade into low molar mass fragments (<6.5 kDa) under mild aminolysis conditions. This work presents the first example of a radical ring-opening CC capable of nearly random copolymerization with MMA without the possibility of cross-linking and provides a workflow for the mechanism-guided design of deconstructable copolymers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwook Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alayna M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Mountaki SA, Whitfield R, Parkatzidis K, Antonopoulou MN, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Chemical recycling of bromine-terminated polymers synthesized by ATRP. RSC APPLIED POLYMERS 2024; 2:275-283. [PMID: 38525379 PMCID: PMC10955525 DOI: 10.1039/d3lp00279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers is one of the biggest challenges in materials science. Recently, remarkable achievements have been made by utilizing polymers prepared by controlled radical polymerization to trigger low-temperature depolymerization. However, in the case of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), depolymerization has nearly exclusively focused on chlorine-terminated polymers, even though the overwhelming majority of polymeric materials synthesized with this method possess a bromine end-group. Herein, we report an efficient depolymerization strategy for bromine-terminated polymethacrylates which employs an inexpensive and environmentally friendly iron catalyst (FeBr2/L). The effect of various solvents and the concentration of metal salt and ligand on the depolymerization are judiciously explored and optimized, allowing for a depolymerization efficiency of up to 86% to be achieved in just 3 minutes. Notably, the versatility of this depolymerization is exemplified by its compatibility with chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents, and both Fe(ii) and Fe(iii) salts. This work significantly expands the scope of ATRP materials compatible with depolymerization and creates many future opportunities in applications where the depolymerization of bromine-terminated polymers is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Afroditi Mountaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maria-Nefeli Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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7
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Hughes RW, Lott ME, Zastrow IS, Young JB, Maity T, Sumerlin BS. Bulk Depolymerization of Methacrylate Polymers via Pendent Group Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6217-6224. [PMID: 38382047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present an efficient approach for the depolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) copolymers synthesized via conventional radical polymerization. By incorporating low mol % phthalimide ester-containing monomers during the polymerization process, colorless and transparent polymers closely resembling unfunctionalized PMMA are obtained, which can achieve >95% reversion to methyl methacrylate (MMA). Notably, our catalyst-free bulk depolymerization method exhibits exceptional efficiency, even for high-molecular-weight polymers, including ultrahigh-molecular-weight (106-107 g/mol) PMMA, where near-quantitative depolymerization is achieved. Moreover, this approach yields polymer byproducts of significantly lower molecular weight, distinguishing it from bulk depolymerization methods initiated from chain ends. Furthermore, we extend our investigation to polymethacrylate networks, demonstrating high extents of depolymerization. This innovative depolymerization strategy offers promising opportunities for the development of sustainable polymethacrylate materials, holding great potential for various applications in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Hughes
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Megan E Lott
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Isabella S Zastrow
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - James B Young
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Tanmoy Maity
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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8
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Chin M, Yang T, Quirion KP, Lian C, Liu P, He J, Diao T. Implementing a Doping Approach for Poly(methyl methacrylate) Recycling in a Circular Economy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5786-5792. [PMID: 38382057 PMCID: PMC10921398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate pollution by plastic waste, it is paramount to develop polymers with efficient recyclability while retaining desirable physical properties. A recyclable poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is synthesized by incorporating a minimal amount of an α-methylstyrene (AMS) analogue into the polymer structure. This P(MMA-co-AMS) copolymer preserves the essential mechanical strength and optical clarity of PMMA, vital for its wide-ranging applications in various commercial and high-tech industries. Doping with AMS significantly enhances the thermal, catalyst-free depolymerization efficiency of PMMA, facilitating the recovery of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with high yield and purity at temperatures ranging from 150 to 210 °C, nearly 250 K lower than current industrial standards. Furthermore, the low recovery temperature permits the isolation of pure MMA from a mixture of assorted common plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason
T. Chin
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tiangang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kevin P. Quirion
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Christina Lian
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jie He
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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9
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Mow R, Russell-Parks GA, Redwine GEB, Petel BE, Gennett T, Braunecker WA. Polymer-Coated Covalent Organic Frameworks as Porous Liquids for Gas Storage. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:1579-1590. [PMID: 38370283 PMCID: PMC10870717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Several synthetic methods have recently emerged to develop high-surface-area solid-state organic framework-based materials into free-flowing liquids with permanent porosity. The fluidity of these porous liquid (PL) materials provides them with advantages in certain storage and transport processes. However, most framework-based materials necessitate the use of cryogenic temperatures to store weakly bound gases such as H2, temperatures where PLs lose their fluidity. Covalent organic framework (COF)-based PLs that could reversibly form stable complexes with H2 near ambient temperatures would represent a promising development for gas storage and transport applications. We report here the development, characterization, and evaluation of a material with these remarkable characteristics based on Cu(I)-loaded COF colloids. Our synthetic strategy required tailoring conditions for growing robust coatings of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-methacrylate (PDMS-MA) around COF colloids using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). We demonstrate exquisite control over the coating thickness on the colloidal COF, quantified by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The coated COF material was then suspended in a liquid polymer matrix to make a PL. CO2 isotherms confirmed that the coating preserved the general porosity of the COF in the free-flowing liquid, while CO sorption measurements using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) confirmed the preservation of Cu(I) coordination sites. We then evaluated the gas sorption phenomenon in the Cu(I)-COF-based PLs using DRIFTS and temperature-programmed desorption measurements. In addition to confirming that H2 transport is possible at or near mild refrigeration temperatures with these materials, our observations indicate that H2 diffusion is significantly influenced by the glass-transition temperature of both the coating and the liquid matrix. The latter result underscores an additional potential advantage of PLs in tailoring gas diffusion and storage temperatures through the coating composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
E. Mow
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Glory A. Russell-Parks
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1012 14th Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Grace E. B. Redwine
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1012 14th Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Brittney E. Petel
- Catalytic
Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas Gennett
- Materials
Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1012 14th Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Wade A. Braunecker
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1012 14th Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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10
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Lohmann V, Jones GR, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. The thermodynamics and kinetics of depolymerization: what makes vinyl monomer regeneration feasible? Chem Sci 2024; 15:832-853. [PMID: 38239674 PMCID: PMC10793647 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization is potentially a highly advantageous method of recycling plastic waste which could move the world closer towards a truly circular polymer economy. However, depolymerization remains challenging for many polymers with all-carbon backbones. Fundamental understanding and consideration of both the kinetics and thermodynamics are essential in order to develop effective new depolymerization systems that could overcome this problem, as the feasibility of monomer generation can be drastically altered by tuning the reaction conditions. This perspective explores the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics governing radical depolymerization of addition polymers by revisiting pioneering work started in the mid-20th century and demonstrates its connection to exciting recent advances which report depolymerization reaching near-quantitative monomer regeneration at much lower temperatures than seen previously. Recent catalytic approaches to monomer regeneration are also explored, highlighting that this nascent chemistry could potentially revolutionize depolymerization-based polymer recycling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lohmann
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 399 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3152 Australia
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Bellotti V, Wang HS, Truong NP, Simonutti R, Anastasaki A. Temporal Regulation of PET-RAFT Controlled Radical Depolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313232. [PMID: 37814385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic RAFT-controlled radical depolymerization method is introduced for precisely conferring temporal control under visible light irradiation. By regulating the deactivation of the depropagating chains and suppressing thermal initiation, an excellent temporal control was enabled, exemplified by several consecutive "on" and "off" cycles. Minimal, if any, depolymerization could be observed during the dark periods while the polymer chain-ends could be efficiently re-activated and continue to depropagate upon re-exposure to light. Notably, favoring deactivation resulted in the gradual unzipping of polymer chains and a stepwise decrease in molecular weight over time. This synthetic approach constitutes a simple methodology to modulate temporal control during the chemical recycling of RAFT-synthesized polymers while offering invaluable mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bellotti
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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12
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Parkatzidis K, Truong NP, Matyjaszewski K, Anastasaki A. Photocatalytic ATRP Depolymerization: Temporal Control at Low ppm of Catalyst Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21146-21151. [PMID: 37737835 PMCID: PMC10557129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic ATRP depolymerization is introduced that significantly suppresses the reaction temperature from 170 to 100 °C while enabling temporal regulation. In the presence of low-toxicity iron-based catalysts and under visible light irradiation, near-quantitative monomer recovery could be achieved (up to 90%), albeit with minimal temporal control. By employing ppm concentrations of either FeCl2 or FeCl3, the depolymerization during the dark periods could be completely eliminated, thus enabling temporal control and the possibility to modulate the rate by simply turning the light "on" and "off". Notably, our approach allowed preservation of the end-group fidelity throughout the reaction, could be carried out at high polymer loadings (up to 2M), and was compatible with various polymers and light sources. This methodology provides a facile, environmentally friendly, and temporally regulated route to chemically recycle ATRP-synthesized polymers, thus opening the door for further opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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13
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Deng Z, Gillies ER. Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization. JACS AU 2023; 3:2436-2450. [PMID: 37772181 PMCID: PMC10523501 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbone or activation of a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are of growing interest in the context of enhancing polymer degradability but also in polymer recycling as they allow monomers to be regenerated in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, they are highly promising for applications as smart materials due to their ability to provide an amplified response to a specific signal, as a single sensing event is translated into the generation of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. From a chemistry perspective, end-to-end depolymerization relies on the principles of self-immolative linkers and polymer ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce the key chemical concepts and foundations of the field and then provide our perspective on recent exciting developments. For example, over the past few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, and polyalkenamers, have been developed, while modern approaches to depolymerize conventional backbones such as polymethacrylates have also been introduced. Progress has also been made on the topological evolution of depolymerizable systems, including the introduction of fully depolymerizable block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, and polymer networks. Furthermore, precision sequence-defined oligomers have been synthesized and studied for data storage and encryption. Finally, our perspectives on future opportunities and challenges in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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14
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Häfliger F, Truong NP, Wang HS, Anastasaki A. Fate of the RAFT End-Group in the Thermal Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1207-1212. [PMID: 37615956 PMCID: PMC10515620 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal RAFT depolymerization has recently emerged as a promising methodology for the chemical recycling of polymers. However, while much attention has been given to the regeneration of monomers, the fate of the RAFT end-group after depolymerization has been unexplored. Herein, we identify the dominant small molecules derived from the RAFT end-group of polymethacrylates. The major product was found to be a unimer (DP = 1) RAFT agent, which is not only challenging to synthesize using conventional single-unit monomer insertion strategies, but also a highly active RAFT agent for methyl methacrylate, exhibiting faster consumption and yielding polymers with lower dispersities compared to the original, commercially available 2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoate. Solvent-derived molecules were also identified predominantly at the beginning of the depolymerization, thus suggesting a significant mechanistic contribution from the solvent. Notably, the formation of both the unimer and the solvent-derived products remained consistent regardless of the RAFT agent, monomer, or solvent employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Häfliger
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 399 Royal
Parade, Parkville, VIC 3152, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Whitfield R, Jones GR, Truong NP, Manring LE, Anastasaki A. Solvent-Free Chemical Recycling of Polymethacrylates made by ATRP and RAFT polymerization: High-Yielding Depolymerization at Low Temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309116. [PMID: 37523176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controlled radical polymerization is an excellent tool to make precision polymeric materials, reversal of the process to retrieve the starting monomer is far less explored despite the significance of chemical recycling. Here, we investigate the bulk depolymerization of RAFT and ATRP-synthesized polymers under identical conditions. RAFT-synthesized polymers undergo a relatively low-temperature solvent-free depolymerization back to monomer thanks to the partial in situ transformation of the RAFT end-group to macromonomer. Instead, ATRP-synthesized polymers can only depolymerize at significantly higher temperatures (>350 °C) through random backbone scission. To aid a more complete depolymerization at even lower temperatures, we performed a facile and quantitative end-group modification strategy in which both ATRP and RAFT end-groups were successfully converted to macromonomers. The macromonomers triggered a lower temperature bulk depolymerization with an onset at 150 °C yielding up to 90 % of monomer regeneration. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by a scalable depolymerization (≈10 g of starting polymer) retrieving 84 % of the starting monomer intact which could be subsequently used for further polymerization. This work presents a new low-energy approach for depolymerizing controlled radical polymers and creates many future opportunities as high-yielding, solvent-free and scalable depolymerization methods are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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De Luca
Bossa F, Yilmaz G, Matyjaszewski K. Fast Bulk Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates by ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1173-1178. [PMID: 37531639 PMCID: PMC10433507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast bulk depolymerization of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate), prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), is reported in the temperature range between 150 and 230 °C. Depolymerization of Cl-terminated polymethacrylates was catalyzed by a CuCl2/TPMA complex (0.022 or 0.22 equiv vs P-Cl) and was studied using TGA, also under isothermal conditions. Relatively rapid 5-20 min depolymerization was observed at 230 and 180 °C. The preparative scale reactions were carried out using a short-path distillation setup with up to 84% depolymerization within 15 min at 230 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando De Luca
Bossa
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Jones GR, Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Reversed Controlled Polymerization (RCP): Depolymerization from Well-Defined Polymers to Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9898-9915. [PMID: 37127289 PMCID: PMC10176471 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled polymerization methods are well-established synthetic protocols for the design and preparation of polymeric materials with a high degree of precision over molar mass and architecture. Exciting recent work has shown that the high end-group fidelity and/or functionality inherent in these techniques can enable new routes to depolymerization under relatively mild conditions. Converting polymers back to pure monomers by depolymerization is a potential solution to the environmental and ecological concerns associated with the ultimate fate of polymers. This perspective focuses on the emerging field of depolymerization from polymers synthesized by controlled polymerizations including radical, ionic, and metathesis polymerizations. We provide a critical review of current literature categorized according to polymerization technique and explore numerous concepts and ideas which could be implemented to further enhance depolymerization including lower temperature systems, catalytic depolymerization, increasing polymer scope, and controlled depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Jones
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Bellotti V, Parkatzidis K, Wang HS, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Orfano M, Monguzzi A, Truong NP, Simonutti R, Anastasaki A. Light-accelerated depolymerization catalyzed by Eosin Y. Polym Chem 2023; 14:253-258. [PMID: 36760607 PMCID: PMC9843692 DOI: 10.1039/d2py01383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retrieving the starting monomers from polymers synthesized by reversible deactivation radical polymerization has recently emerged as an efficient way to increase the recyclability of such materials and potentially enable their industrial implementation. To date, most methods have primarily focused on utilizing high temperatures (typically from 120 °C to 180 °C) to trigger an efficient depolymerization reaction. In this work, we show that, in the presence of Eosin Y under light irradiation, a much faster depolymerization of polymers made by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization can be triggered even at a lower temperature (i.e. 100 °C). For instance, green light, in conjunction with ppm amounts of Eosin Y, resulted in the accelerated depolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) from 16% (thermal depolymerization at 100 °C) to 37% within 1 hour, and finally 80% depolymerization after 8 hours, as confirmed by both 1H-NMR and SEC analyses. The enhanced depolymerization rate was attributed to the activation of a macroCTA by Eosin Y, thus resulting in a faster macroradical generation. Notably, this method was found to be compatible with different wavelengths (e.g. blue, red and white light irradiation), solvents, and RAFT agents, thus highlighting the potential of light to significantly improve current depolymerization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bellotti
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milan Italy.,Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Matteo Orfano
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-BicoccaVia R. Cozzi5520125 MilanItaly
| | - Angelo Monguzzi
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-BicoccaVia R. Cozzi5520125 MilanItaly
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg-5ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-BicoccaVia R. Cozzi5520125 MilanItaly
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 Zurich Switzerland
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19
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Young JB, Bowman JI, Eades CB, Wong AJ, Sumerlin BS. Photoassisted Radical Depolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1390-1395. [PMID: 36469937 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled radical polymerization techniques enable the synthesis of polymers with predetermined molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and controlled architectures. Moreover, these polymerization approaches have been routinely shown to result in retained end-group functionality that can be reactivated to continue polymerization. However, reactivation of these end groups under conditions that instead promote depropagation is a viable route to initiate depolymerization and potentially enable closed-loop recycling from polymer to monomer. In this report, we investigate light as a trigger for thermal depolymerization of polymers prepared by reversible-addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We study the role of irradiation wavelength by targeting the n → π* and π → π* electronic transitions of the thiocarbonylthio end-groups of RAFT-generated polymers to enhance depolymerization via terminal bond homolysis. Specifically, we explore depolymerization of polymers with trithiocarbonate, dithiocarbamate, and p-substituted dithiobenzoate end groups with the purpose of increasing depolymerization efficiency with light. As the wavelength decreases from the visible range to the UV range, the rate of depolymerization is dramatically increased. This method of photoassisted depolymerization allows up to 87% depolymerization efficiency within 1 h, results that may further the advancement of recyclable materials and life-cycle circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Young
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jared I Bowman
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Cabell B Eades
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alexander J Wong
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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20
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Martinez MR, Schild D, De Luca Bossa F, Matyjaszewski K. Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates by Iron ATRP. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dirk Schild
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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21
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Nanogels: Update on the methods of synthesis and applications for cardiovascular and neurological complications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Wang Z, Yoon S, Wang J. Breaking the Paradox between Grafting-Through and Depolymerization to Access Recyclable Graft Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Seiyoung Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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23
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Wang HS, Truong NP, Jones GR, Anastasaki A. Investigating the Effect of End-Group, Molecular Weight, and Solvents on the Catalyst-Free Depolymerization of RAFT Polymers: Possibility to Reverse the Polymerization of Heat-Sensitive Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1212-1216. [PMID: 36174124 PMCID: PMC9583609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Reversing reversible
deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP)
to regenerate the original monomer is an attractive prospect for both
fundamental research and industry. However, current depolymerization
strategies are often applied to highly heat-tolerant polymers with
a specific end-group and can only be performed in a specific solvent.
Herein, we depolymerize a variety of poly(methyl methacrylate) materials
made by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)
polymerization and terminated by various end groups (dithiobenzoate,
trithiocarbonate, and pyrazole carbodithioate). The effect of the
nature of the solvent on the depolymerization conversion was also
investigated, and key solvents such as dioxane, xylene, toluene, and
dimethylformamide were shown to facilitate efficient depolymerization
reactions. Notably, our approach could selectively regenerate pure
heat-sensitive monomers (e.g., tert-butyl methacrylate
and glycidyl methacrylate) in the absence of previously reported side
reactions. This work pushes the boundaries of reversing RAFT polymerization
and considerably expands the chemical toolbox for recovering starting
materials under relatively mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Ruiu A, Bouilhac C, Gimello O, Seaudeau-Pirouley K, Senila M, Jänisch T, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Synthesis and Phase Behavior of a Platform of CO2-Soluble Functional Gradient Copolymers Bearing Metal-Complexing Units. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132698. [PMID: 35808744 PMCID: PMC9269141 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a platform of novel functional fluorinated gradient copolymers soluble in liquid and supercritical CO2 is reported. These functional copolymers are bearing different types of complexing units (pyridine, triphenylphosphine, acetylacetate, thioacetate, and thiol) which are well-known ligands for various metals. They have been prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization in order to obtain well-defined gradient copolymers. The copolymers have been characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamical scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cloud point measurements in dense CO2. All the investigated metal-complexing copolymers are soluble in dense CO2 under mild conditions (pressure lower than 30 MPa up to 65 °C), confirming their potential applications in processes such as metal-catalyzed reactions in dense CO2, metal impregnation, (e.g., preparation of supported catalysts) or metal extraction from various substrates (solid or liquid effluents). Particularly, it opens the door to greener and less energy-demanding processes for the recovery of metals from spent catalysts compared to more conventional pyro- and hydro-metallurgical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiu
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (A.R.); (O.G.)
| | - Cécile Bouilhac
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (A.R.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (P.L.-D.)
| | - Olinda Gimello
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (A.R.); (O.G.)
| | | | - Marin Senila
- INCDO INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, ICIA, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Thorsten Jänisch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany;
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France; (A.R.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (P.L.-D.)
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25
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Martinez MR, Dworakowska S, Gorczyński A, Szczepaniak G, Bossa FDL, Matyjaszewski K. Kinetic comparison of isomeric oligo(ethylene oxide) (meth)acrylates: Aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate and methyl 2‐(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether)acrylate macromonomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Renewable Materials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Cracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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26
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Wang HS, Truong NP, Pei Z, Coote ML, Anastasaki A. Reversing RAFT Polymerization: Near-Quantitative Monomer Generation Via a Catalyst-Free Depolymerization Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4678-4684. [PMID: 35213149 PMCID: PMC8931752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ability to reverse
controlled radical polymerization and regenerate
the monomer would be highly beneficial for both fundamental research
and applications, yet this has remained very challenging to achieve.
Herein, we report a near-quantitative (up to 92%) and catalyst-free
depolymerization of various linear, bulky, cross-linked, and functional
polymethacrylates made by reversible addition–fragmentation
chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Key to our approach is to exploit
the high end-group fidelity of RAFT polymers to generate chain-end
radicals at 120 °C. These radicals trigger a rapid unzipping
of both conventional (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)) and bulky (e.g.,
poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)) polymers.
Importantly, the depolymerization product can be utilized to either
reconstruct the linear polymer or create an entirely new insoluble
gel that can also be subjected to depolymerization. This work expands
the potential of polymers made by controlled radical polymerization,
pushes the boundaries of depolymerization, offers intriguing mechanistic
aspects, and enables new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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27
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Zhou D, Zhu LW, Wu BH, Xu ZK, Wan LS. End-functionalized polymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations: synthesis and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on end-functionalized polymers synthesized by controlled/living radical polymerizations and the applications in fields including bioconjugate formation, surface modification, topology construction, and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bai-Heng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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28
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Tavana J, Faysal A, Vithanage A, Gramlich WM, Schwartz TJ. Pathway to fully-renewable biobased polyesters derived from HMF and phenols. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous work where 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was selectively functionalized by etherification with phenols, we demonstrated that the oxidized versions of these HMF ethers can be converted to functionalized δ-hexalactones...
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30
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Kim KH, Nam J, Choi J, Seo M, Bang J. From macromonomers to bottlebrush copolymers with sequence control: synthesis, properties, and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers (BBPs) are a type of comb-like macromolecules with densely grafted polymeric sidechains attached to the polymer backbones, and many intriguing properties and applications have been demonstrated due to...
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31
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Martinez MR, De Luca Bossa F, Olszewski M, Matyjaszewski K. Copper(II) Chloride/Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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32
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Martinez MR, Dadashi-Silab S, Lorandi F, Zhao Y, Matyjaszewski K. Depolymerization of P(PDMS 11MA) Bottlebrushes via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Activator Regeneration. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Cong Y, Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, Karimkhani V, Keith AN, Leibfarth FA, Martinez MR, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Understanding the Synthesis of Linear–Bottlebrush–Linear Block Copolymers: Toward Plastomers with Well-Defined Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Cong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | | | - Vahid Karimkhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Andrew N. Keith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
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Martinez MR, Cong Y, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. A Thermodynamic Roadmap for the Grafting-through Polymerization of PDMS 11MA. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1303-1309. [PMID: 35638616 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Grafting-through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to polymerize a sterically hindered poly(dimethylsiloxane) methacrylate (PDMS11MA, Mn = 1000) macromonomer to high conversion as a function of temperature, solvent, initial monomer concentration, and pressure. Higher polymerization yields were obtained when polymerizations were conducted at (i) lower temperature (T), (ii) in a poor solvent for the side chain, (iii) higher initial monomer concentration ([M]0), and (iv) higher pressure by mitigating the contribution of the equilibrium monomer concentration ([M]eq). The enthalpy of polymerization (ΔHp) and entropy of polymerization (ΔSp) were more negative in poor solvents. Polymerizations at ambient pressure required higher [M]0, use of a poor solvent, and lower temperatures to reach higher conversion with good control, whereas high pressure ATRP (HP-ATRP) displayed better control under dilute conditions. Grafting-through polymerization at high P and higher [M]0 was less controlled, plausibly due to limited solubility and mobility of the copper catalyst in the highly viscous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yidan Cong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Martinez MR, Krys P, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. Poor Solvents Improve Yield of Grafting-Through Radical Polymerization of OEO 19MA. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:674-679. [PMID: 35648572 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEO19MA, Mn ∼ 950) at an initial monomer concentration of 150 mM was investigated as a function of solvent composition. Conventional and controlled radical polymerizations in anisole at 60 °C converged at approximately the same equilibrium monomer concentration ([M]eq) of ∼38 mM, suggesting that livingness or diminished termination did not affect the thermodynamic parameters of polymerization. Conventional radical polymerizations (RPs) in anisole, dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene, and 1×PBS buffered water were taken to approximately 98% thermal initiator decomposition to determine [M]eq at reaction completion within a broad temperature range. The enthalpy (ΔHp) and entropy (ΔSp°) of polymerization were solvent-dependent. Polymerizations in 1×PBS were the most thermodynamically favorable, followed by those in DMF, toluene, and anisole. -ΔHp and -ΔSp increased with the square of the difference in the Hansen solubility parameters of poly(ethylene glycol) and the solvent. It is proposed that poor solvents favor polymer-polymer interactions over polymer-solvent interactions, which improves the thermodynamic polymerizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Pawel Krys
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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36
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Zaborniak I, Chmielarz P, Martinez MR, Wolski K, Wang Z, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of high molecular weight poly(n-butyl acrylate) macromolecules via seATRP: From polymer stars to molecular bottlebrushes. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Senkum H, Gramlich WM. Cationic Bottlebrush Polymers from Quaternary Ammonium Macromonomers by Grafting‐Through Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William M. Gramlich
- Department of Chemistry University of Maine 5706 Orono ME 04469 USA
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
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38
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Maupu A, Kanawati Y, Métafiot A, Maric M. Ethylene Glycol Dicyclopentenyl (Meth)Acrylate Homo and Block Copolymers via Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1547. [PMID: 31083510 PMCID: PMC6539251 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), (homo and block copolymerization with styrene (S) and butyl methacrylate/S) of ethylene glycol dicyclopentenyl ether (meth)acrylates (EGDEA and EGDEMA) was studied using BlocBuilder alkoxyamines. EGDEA homopolymerization was not well-controlled, independent of temperature (90-120 °C), or additional free nitroxide (0-10 mol%) used. Number average molecular weights (Mn) achieved for poly(EGDEA) were 4.0-9.5 kg mol-1 and were accompanied by high dispersity (Ð = Mw/Mn = 1.62-2.09). Re-initiation and chain extension of the poly(EGDEA) chains with styrene (S) indicated some block copolymer formation, but a high fraction of chains were terminated irreversibly. EGDEA-stat-S statistical copolymerizations with a low mol fraction S in initial feed, fS,0 = 0.05, were slightly better controlled compared to poly(EGDEA) homopolymerizations (Ð was reduced to 1.44 compared to 1.62 at similar conditions). EGDEMA, in contrast, was successfully polymerized using a small fraction of S (fS,0 ~ 10 mol%) to high conversion (72%) to form well-defined EGDEMA-rich random copolymer (molar composition = FEGDEMA = 0.87) of Mn = 14.3 kg mol-1 and Ð = 1.38. EGDEMA-rich compositions were also polymerized with the unimolecular succinimidyl ester form of BlocBuilder initiator, NHS-BlocBuilder with similar results, although Ðs were higher ~1.6. Chain extensions resulted in monomodal shifts to higher molecular weights, indicating good chain end fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maupu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels/Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (CQMF/QCAM), Centre de recherche sur les systèmes polymères et composites à haute performance (CREPEC), McGill Institute of Advanced Materials (MIAM), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Yara Kanawati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels/Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (CQMF/QCAM), Centre de recherche sur les systèmes polymères et composites à haute performance (CREPEC), McGill Institute of Advanced Materials (MIAM), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Adrien Métafiot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels/Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (CQMF/QCAM), Centre de recherche sur les systèmes polymères et composites à haute performance (CREPEC), McGill Institute of Advanced Materials (MIAM), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Milan Maric
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels/Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (CQMF/QCAM), Centre de recherche sur les systèmes polymères et composites à haute performance (CREPEC), McGill Institute of Advanced Materials (MIAM), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
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39
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Bardajee GR, Bayat M, Nasri S, Vancaeyzeele C. pH-Responsive fluorescent dye-labeled metal-chelating polymer with embedded cadmium telluride quantum dots for controlled drug release of doxorubicin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Tang H, Luan Y, Yang L, Sun H. A Perspective on Reversibility in Controlled Polymerization Systems: Recent Progress and New Opportunities. Molecules 2018; 23:E2870. [PMID: 30400317 PMCID: PMC6278570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of controlled polymerization is growing and evolving at unprecedented rates, facilitating polymer scientists to engineer the structure and property of polymer materials for a variety of applications. However, the lack of degradability, particularly in vinyl polymers, is a general concern not only for environmental sustainability, but also for biomedical applications. In recent years, there has been a significant effort to develop reversible polymerization approaches in those well-established controlled polymerization systems. Reversible polymerization typically involves two steps, including (i) forward polymerization, which converts small monomers into macromolecule; and (ii) depolymerization, which is capable of regenerating original monomers. Furthermore, recycled monomers can be repolymerized into new polymers. In this perspective, we highlight recent developments of reversible polymerization in those controlled polymerization systems and offer insight into the promise and utility of reversible polymerization systems. More importantly, the current challenges and future directions to solve those problems are discussed. We hope this perspective can serve as an "initiator" to promote continuing innovations in this fairly new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houliang Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| | - Yi Luan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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Xie G, Martinez MR, Olszewski M, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. Molecular Bottlebrushes as Novel Materials. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:27-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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