1
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Fu X, Hu X. Ultrasound-Controlled Prodrug Activation: Emerging Strategies in Polymer Mechanochemistry and Sonodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38698527 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound has gained prominence in biomedical applications due to its noninvasive nature and ability to penetrate deep tissue with spatial and temporal resolution. The burgeoning field of ultrasound-responsive prodrug systems exploits the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasonication for the controlled activation of prodrugs. In polymer mechanochemistry, materials scientists exploit the sonomechanical effect of acoustic cavitation to mechanochemically activate force-sensitive prodrugs. On the other hand, researchers in the field of sonodynamic therapy adopt fundamentally distinct methodologies, utilizing the sonochemical effect (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species) of ultrasound in the presence of sonosensitizers to induce chemical transformations that activate prodrugs. This cross-disciplinary review comprehensively examines these two divergent yet interrelated approaches, both of which originated from acoustic cavitation. It highlights molecular and materials design strategies and potential applications in diverse therapeutic contexts, from chemotherapy to immunotherapy and gene therapy methods, and discusses future directions in this rapidly advancing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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2
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Huang X, Kouznetsova TB, Ouchi T, Kevlishvili I, Wang K, Chen Y, Kulik HJ, Craig SL, Moore JS. A Thermally Stable SO 2-Releasing Mechanophore: Facile Activation, Single-Event Spectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10943-10952. [PMID: 38581383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising candidates as next-generation on-demand delivery systems. Despite advancements in the development of mechanophores for releasing diverse payloads through careful molecular design, the availability of scaffolds capable of discharging biomedically significant cargos in substantial quantities remains scarce. In this report, we detail a nonscissile mechanophore built from an 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 8,8-dioxide (TBO) motif that releases one equivalent of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from each repeat unit. The TBO mechanophore exhibits high thermal stability but is activated mechanochemically using solution ultrasonication in either organic solvent or aqueous media with up to 63% efficiency, equating to 206 molecules of SO2 released per 143.3 kDa chain. We quantified the mechanochemical reactivity of TBO by single-molecule force spectroscopy and resolved its single-event activation. The force-coupled rate constant for TBO opening reaches ∼9.0 s-1 at ∼1520 pN, and each reaction of a single TBO domain releases a stored length of ∼0.68 nm. We investigated the mechanism of TBO activation using ab initio steered molecular dynamic simulations and rationalized the observed stereoselectivity. These comprehensive studies of the TBO mechanophore provide a mechanically coupled mechanism of multi-SO2 release from one polymer chain, facilitating the translation of polymer mechanochemistry to potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kecheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yingying Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Lin Y, Kouznetsova TB, Foret AG, Craig SL. Solvent Polarity Effects on the Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Ring Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3920-3925. [PMID: 38308653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The spiropyran mechanophore (SP) is employed as a reporter of molecular tension in a wide range of polymer matrices, but the influence of surrounding environment on the force-coupled kinetics of its ring opening has not been quantified. Here, we report single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of SP ring opening in five solvents that span normalized Reichardt solvent polarity factors (ETN) of 0.1-0.59. Individual multimechanophore polymers were activated under increasing tension at constant 300 nm s-1 displacement in an atomic force microscope. The extension results in a plateau in the force-extension curve, whose midpoint occurs at a transition force f* that corresponds to the force required to increase the rate constant of SP activation to approximately 30 s-1. More polar solvents lead to mechanochemical reactions that are easier to trigger; f* decreases across the series of solvents, from a high of 415 ± 13 pN in toluene to a low of 234 ± 9 pN in n-butanol. The trend in mechanochemical reactivity is consistent with the developing zwitterionic character on going from SP to the ring-opened merocyanine product. The force dependence of the rate constant (Δx‡) was calculated for all solvent cases and found to increase with ETN, which is interpreted to reflect a shift in the transition state to a later and more productlike position. The inferred shift in the transition state position is consistent with a double-well (two-step) reaction potential energy surface, in which the second step is rate determining, and the intermediate is more polar than the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alex G Foret
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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4
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Horst M, Meisner J, Yang J, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL, Martínez TJ, Xia Y. Mechanochemistry of Pterodactylane. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:884-891. [PMID: 38131266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Pterodactylane is a [4]-ladderane with substituents on the central rung. Comparing the mechanochemistry of the [4]-ladderane structure when pulled from the central rung versus the end rung revealed a striking difference in the threshold force of mechanoactivation: the threshold force is dramatically lowered from 1.9 nN when pulled on the end rung to 0.7 nN when pulled on the central rung. We investigated the bicyclic products formed from the mechanochemical activation of pterodactylane experimentally and computationally, which are distinct from the mechanochemical products of ladderanes being activated from the end rung. We compared the products of pterodactylane's mechanochemical and thermal activation to reveal differences and similarities in the mechanochemical and thermal pathways of pterodactylane transformation. Interestingly, we also discovered the presence of elementary steps that are accelerated or suppressed by force within the same mechanochemical reaction of pterodactylane, suggesting rich mechanochemical manifolds of multicyclic structures. We rationalized the greatly enhanced mechanochemical reactivity of the central rung of pterodactylane and discovered force-free ground state bond length to be a good low-cost predictor of the threshold force for cyclobutane-based mechanophores. These findings advance our understanding of mechanochemical reactivities and pathways, and they will guide future designs of mechanophores with low threshold forces to facilitate their applications in force-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Zeng T, Ordner LA, Liu P, Robb MJ. Multimechanophore Polymers for Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release with Ultrahigh Payload Capacity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:95-100. [PMID: 38157405 PMCID: PMC10786027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While a number of mechanophores have been developed for the release of covalently bound payloads, existing strategies are either limited in cargo scope or, in the case of more general mechanophore designs, are restricted to the release of one or two cargo molecules per polymer chain. Herein, we introduce a nonscissile mechanophore based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that enables the preparation of multimechanophore polymers with ultrahigh payload capacity. We demonstrate that polymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization are capable of releasing hundreds of small-molecule payloads per polymer chain upon ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation. This nonscissile masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore overcomes a major challenge in cargo loading capacity associated with previous 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore designs, enabling applications that benefit from much higher concentrations of delivered cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Liam A. Ordner
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Mu Q, Hu J. Polymer mechanochemistry: from single molecule to bulk material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:679-694. [PMID: 38112120 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of polymer mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance over the past decades, primarily propelled by the rapid development of force-sensitive molecular units (i.e., mechanophores) and principles governing the reactivity of polymer networks for mechanochemical transduction or material strengthening. In addition to fundamental guidelines for converting mechanical energy input into chemical output, there has also been increasing focus on engineering applications of polymer mechanochemistry for specific functions, mechanically adaptive material systems, and smart devices. These endeavors are made possible by multidisciplinary approaches involving the development of multifunctional mechanophores for mechanoresponsive polymer systems, mechanochemical catalysis and synthesis, three-dimensional (3D) printed mechanochromic materials, reasonable design of polymer network topology, and computational modeling. The aim of this minireview is to provide a summary of recent advancements in covalent polymer mechanochemistry. We specifically focus on productive mechanophores, mechanical remodeling of polymeric materials, and the development of theoretical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Mu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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7
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Ritter VC, McDonald SM, Dobrynin AV, Craig SL, Becker ML. Mechanochromism and Strain-Induced Crystallization in Thiol-yne-Derived Stereoelastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302163. [PMID: 37399511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Most elastomers undergo strain-induced crystallization (SIC) under tension; as individual chains are held rigidly in a fixed position by an applied strain, their alignment along the strain field results in a shift from strain-hardening (SH) to SIC. A similar degree of stretching is associated with the tension necessary to accelerate mechanically coupled, covalent chemical responses of mechanophores in overstretched chains, raising the possibility of an interplay between the macroscopic response of SIC and the molecular response of mechanophore activation. Here, thiol-yne-derived stereoelastomers doped covalently with a dipropiolate-derivatized spiropyran (SP) mechanophore (0.25-0.38 mol%) are reported. The material properties of SP-containing films are consistent with undoped controls, indicating that the SP is a reporter of the mechanical state of the polymer. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal correlations between mechanochromism and SIC, which are strain-rate-dependent. When mechanochromic films are stretched slowly to the point of mechanophore activation, the covalently tethered mechanophore remains trapped in a force-activated state, even after the applied stress is removed. Mechanophore reversion kinetics correlate with the applied strain rate, resulting in highly tunable decoloration rates. Because these polymers are not covalently crosslinked, they are recyclable by melt-pressing into new films, increasing their potential range of strain-sensing, morphology-sensing, and shape-memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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8
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O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Experimental quantitation of molecular conditions responsible for flow-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1214-1223. [PMID: 37430105 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of macromolecular solutes in rapid flows is of considerable fundamental and practical importance. The sequence of molecular events preceding chain fracture is poorly understood, because such events cannot be visualized directly but must be inferred from changes in the bulk composition of the flowing solution. Here we describe how analysis of same-chain competition between fracture of a polystyrene chain and isomerization of a chromophore embedded in its backbone yields detailed characterization of the distribution of molecular geometries of mechanochemically reacting chains in sonicated solutions. In our experiments the overstretched (mechanically loaded) chain segment grew and drifted along the backbone on the same timescale as, and in competition with, the mechanochemical reactions. Consequently, only <30% of the backbone of a fragmenting chain is overstretched, with both the maximum force and the maximum reaction probabilities located away from the chain centre. We argue that quantifying intrachain competition is likely to be mechanistically informative for any flow fast enough to fracture polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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9
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Yang S, Liu Z, Pan Y, Guan J, Yang P, Asel M. A Review of Research Progress on the Performance of Intelligent Polymer Gel. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104246. [PMID: 37241984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligent polymer gel, as a popular polymer material, has been attracting much attention for its application. An intelligent polymer gel will make corresponding changes to adapt to the environment after receiving stimuli; therefore, an intelligent polymer gel can play its role in many fields. With the research on intelligent polymer gels, there is great potential for applications in the fields of drug engineering, molecular devices, and biomedicine in particular. The strength and responsiveness of the gels can be improved under different configurations in different technologies to meet the needs in these fields. There is no discussion on the application of intelligent polymer gels in these fields; therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of intelligent polymer gel, describes the important research of some intelligent polymer gel, summarizes the research progress and current situation of intelligent polymer gel in the environment of external stimulation, and discusses the performance and future development direction of intelligent polymer gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchun Yang
- Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering College, Liaoning Petrochemical University, No. 1, West Section of Dandong Road, Wanghua District, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Zhenye Liu
- Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering College, Liaoning Petrochemical University, No. 1, West Section of Dandong Road, Wanghua District, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering College, Liaoning Petrochemical University, No. 1, West Section of Dandong Road, Wanghua District, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Engineering Department of Greatwall Well Drilling Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Engineering Department of Greatwall Well Drilling Company, China National Petroleum Corporation, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Muratbekova Asel
- Institute of International Education, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
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10
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Willis-Fox N, Watchorn-Rokutan E, Rognin E, Daly R. Technology pull: scale-up of polymeric mechanochemical force sensors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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11
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Sonu KP, Zhou L, Biswas S, Klier J, Balazs AC, Emrick T, Peyton SR. Strain-Stiffening Hydrogels with Dynamic, Secondary Cross-Linking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2659-2666. [PMID: 36752594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-swollen, typically soft networks useful as biomaterials and in other fields of biotechnology. Hydrogel networks capable of sensing and responding to external perturbations, such as light, temperature, pH, or force, are useful across a wide range of applications requiring on-demand cross-linking or dynamic changes. Thus far, although mechanophores have been described as strain-sensitive reactive groups, embedding this type of force-responsiveness into hydrogels is unproven. Here, we synthesized multifunctional polymers that combine a hydrophilic zwitterion with permanently cross-linking alkenes, and dynamically cross-linking disulfides. From these polymers, we created hydrogels that contain irreversible and strong thiol-ene cross-links and reversible disulfide cross-links, and they stiffened in response to strain, increasing hundreds of kPa in modulus under compression. We examined variations in polymer composition and used a constitutive model to determine how to balance the number of thiol-ene vs disulfide cross-links to create maximally force-responsive networks. These strain-stiffening hydrogels represent potential biomaterials that benefit from the mechanoresponsive behavior needed for emerging applications in areas such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Sonu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Le Zhou
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Carson Engineering Center, Room 107, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0631, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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12
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Ouchi T, Bowser BH, Kouznetsova TB, Zheng X, Craig SL. Strain-triggered acidification in a double-network hydrogel enabled by multi-functional transduction of molecular mechanochemistry. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:585-593. [PMID: 36484385 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that force-triggered mechanochemical reactions within a polymeric material are capable of inducing measurable changes in macroscopic material properties, but examples of bulk property changes without irreversible changes in shape or structure are rare. Here, we report a double-network hydrogel that undergoes order-of-magnitude increases in acidity when strained, while recovering its initial shape after large deformation. The enabling mechanophore design is a 2-methoxy-gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanoacid that is gated within a fused methyl methoxycyclobutene carboxylate mechanophore structure. This gated mechanoacid is incorporated via radical co-polymerization into linear and network polymers. Sonication experiments confirm the mechanical release of HCl, and single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals enhanced single-molecular toughness in the covalent strand. These mechanochemical functions are incorporated into a double-network hydrogel, leading to mechanically robust and thermally stable materials that undergo strain-triggered acid release. Both quasi-static stretching and high strain rate uniaxial compression result in substantial acidification of the hydrogel, from pH ∼ 7 to ∼5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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13
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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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14
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Wang L, Zheng X, Kouznetsova TB, Yen T, Ouchi T, Brown CL, Craig SL. Mechanochemistry of Cubane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22865-22869. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Tiffany Yen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Cameron L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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15
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Hernández JG. Polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry: closer than ever. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1225-1235. [PMID: 36158177 PMCID: PMC9490067 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and scission of chemical bonds facilitated by mechanical force (mechanochemistry) can be accomplished through various experimental strategies. Among them, ultrasonication of polymeric matrices and ball milling of reaction partners have become the two leading approaches to carry out polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry, respectively. Often, the methodological differences between these practical strategies seem to have created two seemingly distinct lines of thought within the field of mechanochemistry. However, in this Perspective article, the reader will encounter a series of studies in which some aspects believed to be inherently related to either polymer or small molecule mechanochemistry sometimes overlap, evidencing the connection between both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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16
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Wu M, Li Y, Yuan W, De Bo G, Cao Y, Chen Y. Cooperative and Geometry-Dependent Mechanochromic Reactivity through Aromatic Fusion of Two Rhodamines in Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17120-17128. [PMID: 36070612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unique topological features of Piezo proteins underlie the lever-like cellular mechanotransduction mechanism. This knowledge inspires us to seek topological/geometric control of mechanochromophores with unprecedentedly amplified, synergistic changes in polymers to serve as ideal stress probes. Here, by judicious placement of two spirolactam rings into aminobenzopyranoxanthene, a series of stereo- and regio-isomeric rhodamine-like mechanophores are developed. With two labile bonds closely coupled into one rigidified scaffold, these π-fused bis-mechanophores enable mechanochromic polymers, featuring cooperative bond scission, low rupture force (lower than rhodamine), and geometry-controlled ring-opening reactivity. Sonication, single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, and density functional theory calculations provide insight into the force-color relationship and rationalize how the difference in reactivity of the four isomeric mechanophores is affected by their molecular geometry and thermodynamic equilibrium. Our strategy based on the aromatic fusion of bis-mechanophore promises a modular approach to isomeric mechanophores for cooperative bond scission. Also, important insights into internal and external factors governing tandem mechanochemical reactions are gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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17
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Tan M, Wang X, Xie T, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Fluorogenic Mechanophore Based on Dithiomaleimide with Dual Responsiveness. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Song Y, Ma Z, Zhang W. Manipulation of a Single Polymer Chain: From the Nanomechanical Properties to Dynamic Structure Evolution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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19
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Wang X, Cao Y, Peng Y, Wang L, Hou W, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang H, Chen Y, Li Y. Concurrent and Mechanochemical Activation of Two Distinct and Latent Fluorophores via Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction of an Anthracene-Aminomaleimide Adduct. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:310-316. [PMID: 35575364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, a typical mechanochromophore produces color change through chemical transformation into one or two identical new chromophores/fluorophores under applied mechanical force. Herein, we introduce a novel mechanophore based on an anthracene-aminomaleimide Diels-Alder (DA) adduct featuring two distinct and latent fluorophores. This nonfluorescent mechanophore undergoes retro-DA reaction upon mechanochemical activation in solution and the solid state, generating the respective anthracene and aminomaleimide fragments simultaneously, both of which are highly emissive with different fluorescent colors. In addition, the aminomaleimide fluorophore exhibits sensitive fluorescence on-off response to protic solvents or polar solvents, which enables dual-color mechanochromism from this single mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lewen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wangmeng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huahua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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20
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Puccetti F, Lukin S, Užarević K, Colacino E, Halasz I, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanistic Insights on the Mechanosynthesis of Phenytoin, a WHO Essential Medicine. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104409. [PMID: 35041251 PMCID: PMC9304275 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has enriched the toolbox of synthetic chemists, enabling faster and more sustainable access to new materials and existing products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, molecular‐level understanding of most mechanochemical reactions remains limited, delaying the implementation of mechanochemistry in industrial applications. Herein, we have applied in situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy to the mechanosynthesis of phenytoin, a World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicine, enabling the observation, isolation, and characterization of key molecular‐migration intermediates involved in the single‐step transformation of benzil, urea, and KOH into phenytoin. This work contributes to the elucidation of a reaction mechanism that has been subjected to a number of interpretations over time and paints a clear picture of how mechanosynthesis can be applied and optimized for the preparation of added‐value molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Abstract
Mechanochromic cyclodextrins (MCDs) that can generate blue radical species, which are exceptionally stable toward atmospheric oxygen and can thus be quantitatively characterized via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, were synthesized. MCDs have a defined structure that consists of a diarylbibenzofuranone skeleton mechanophore sandwiched between two CDs. Grinding tests and EPR measurements of the MCDs revealed their high mechanoresponsiveness, reflecting the inherent rigidity of the CDs and the formation of a supramolecular structure in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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22
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Action of Mechanical Forces on Polymerization and Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030604. [PMID: 35160593 PMCID: PMC8839360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent developments in the field of the mechanochemistry of polymers. The aim of the review is to consider the consequences of mechanical forces and actions on polymers and polymer synthesis. First, we review classical works on chemical reactions and polymerization processes under strong shear deformations. Then, we analyze two emerging directions of research in mechanochemistry—the role of mechanophores and, for the first time, new physical phenomena, accompanying external impulse mechanical actions on polymers. Mechanophores have been recently proposed as sensors of fatigue and cracks in polymers and composites. The effects of the high-pressure pulsed loading of polymers and composites include the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya effect, emission of superradiation and the formation of metal nanoparticles. These effects provide deeper insight into the mechanism of chemical reactions under shear deformations and pave the way for further research in the interests of modern technologies.
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23
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Wang Z, Kouznetsova TB, Craig S. Pulling Outward but Reacting Inward: Mechanically Induced Symmetry-Allowed Reactions of cis- and trans-Diester-substituted Dichlorocyclopropanes. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1760-8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanically induced symmetry-allowed disrotatory ring-openings of cis- and trans- gem-dichlorocyclopropane (gDCC) diesters are demonstrated through sonication and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) studies. In contrast to the previously reported symmetry-forbidden conrotatory ring-opening of alkyl-tethered trans-gDCC, we show that the diester-tethered trans-gDCC primarily undergoes a symmetry-allowed disrotatory pathway even at the high forces (>2 nN) and short time scales (ms or less) of sonication and SMFS experiments. The quantitative force-rate data obtained from SMFS data is consistent with computational models of transition state geometry for the symmetry allowed process, and activation lengths of 1.41 ± 0.02 Å and 1.08 ± 0.03 Å are inferred for the cis-gDCC diester and trans-gDCC diester, respectively. The strong mechanochemical coupling in the trans-gDCC is notable, given that the directionality of the applied force may appear initially to oppose the disrotatory motion associated with the reaction. The stereochemical perturbations of mechanical coupling created by the ester attachments reinforce the complexity that is possible in covalent polymer mechanochemistry and illustrate the breadth of reactivity outcomes that are available through judicious mechanophore design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States
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24
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Burke ZP, Qian H, Zhu L, Moore JS. Mechanically Triggered Carbon Monoxide Release with Turn-On Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1125-1129. [PMID: 35019277 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules under mechanical stress potentially serve as next-generation materials for catalysis, sensing, and mechanochemical dynamic therapy. To further expand the function of mechanoresponsive materials, the discovery of chemistries capable of small molecule release are highly desirable. In this report, we detail a nonscissile bifunctional mechanophore (i.e., dual mechano-activated properties) based on a unique mechanochemical reaction involving norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO). One property is the release of carbon monoxide (CO) upon pulsed solution ultrasonication. A release efficiency of 58% is observed at high molecular weights (Mn = 158.8 kDa), equating to ∼154 molecules of CO released per chain. The second property is the bright cyan emission from the macromolecular product in its aggregated state, resulting in a turn-on fluorescence readout coincident with CO release. This report not only demonstrates a unique strategy for the release of small molecules in a nonscissile way but also guides future designs of force-responsive aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zachary P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hai Qian
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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van Galen M, Kaniraj JP, Albada B, Sprakel J. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of a Tetraaryl Succinonitrile Mechanophore. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:1215-1221. [PMID: 35087610 PMCID: PMC8785187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent damage reporters that use mechanochemical activation of a covalent bond to elicit an optical signal are emerging tools in material mechanics as a means to access the nanoscale distribution of forces inside materials under stress. A promising class of damage reporters are tetraaryl succinonitriles (TASN), whose mechanical activation results in stable fluorescent radical species. However, in-depth insights into the molecular mechanics of TASN activation are absent, precluding their use as quantitative mechanoprobes. Here we perform single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments to provide these insights. We use a bridged version of the TASN unit, embedded in multi-mechanophore polymer, to enable multiplexed mechanochemical measurements at the single-molecule level. Our experiments reveal that TASN activates at surprisingly low forces and short time scales compared to other covalent mechanophores. These results establish TASN as a promising candidate for reporting the lower end of relevant forces in material mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van Galen
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeya Prathap Kaniraj
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Truong VX, Rodrigues LL, Barner-Kowollik C. Light- and mechanic field controlled dynamic soft matter materials. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00892k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical reaction system that fuses photo- and mechanochemistry into one macromolecular design for light- and mechano-reversible modification of polymer endgroups is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leona L. Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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27
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Versaw BA, Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. Harnessing the Power of Force: Development of Mechanophores for Molecular Release. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21461-21473. [PMID: 34927426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications ranging from sensing and catalysis to targeted drug delivery. Within the rapidly growing field of polymer mechanochemistry, stress-sensitive molecules known as mechanophores are particularly attractive for enabling the release of covalently bound payloads with excellent selectivity and control. Here, we review recent progress in the development of mechanophore-based molecular release platforms and provide an optimistic, yet critical perspective on the fundamental and technological advancements that are still required for this promising research area to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Versaw
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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28
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Küng R, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Release of Molecular Cargo from Polymer Systems by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103860. [PMID: 34878679 PMCID: PMC9306765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design and manipulation of (multi)functional materials at the nanoscale holds the promise of fuelling tomorrow's major technological advances. In the realm of macromolecular nanosystems, the incorporation of force‐responsive groups, so called mechanophores, has resulted in unprecedented access to responsive behaviours and enabled sophisticated functions of the resulting structures and advanced materials. Among the diverse force‐activated motifs, the on‐demand release or activation of compounds, such as catalysts, drugs, or monomers for self‐healing, are sought‐after since they enable triggering pristine small molecule function from macromolecular frameworks. Here, we highlight examples of molecular cargo release systems from polymer‐based architectures in solution by means of sonochemical activation by ultrasound (ultrasound‐induced mechanochemistry). Important design concepts of these advanced materials are discussed, as well as their syntheses and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Heinrich-Heine-Univerität Düsseldorf, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 1, 26.33.U1.R38, 40225, Düsseldorf, GERMANY
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29
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Tan M, Hu Z, Dai Y, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A Simple Mechanochromic Mechanophore Based on Aminothiomaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1423-1428. [PMID: 35549011 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores have promising applications in stress sensing and damage detection. Here we report a simple mechanofluorochromic mechanophore based on aminothiomaleimide (ATM). Poly(methyl acrylate) containing this mechanophore (ATM-PMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an ATM-derived difunctional initiator. To investigate its mechanofluorochromism, the solution of ATM-PMA was subjected to ultrasonication, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to monitor the changes in molecular weight and fluorescence emission. The results showed that the molecular weight of ATM-PMA decreased upon ultrasonication, accompanied by a shift of fluorescence emission from bright yellow to light blue. This mechanophore of a simple functional group of ATM has great potential to be used in mechanochromic polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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30
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Athanassiadis AG, Ma Z, Moreno-Gomez N, Melde K, Choi E, Goyal R, Fischer P. Ultrasound-Responsive Systems as Components for Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5165-5208. [PMID: 34767350 PMCID: PMC8915171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Smart materials can
respond to stimuli and adapt their responses
based on external cues from their environments. Such behavior requires
a way to transport energy efficiently and then convert it for use
in applications such as actuation, sensing, or signaling. Ultrasound
can carry energy safely and with low losses through complex and opaque
media. It can be localized to small regions of space and couple to
systems over a wide range of time scales. However, the same characteristics
that allow ultrasound to propagate efficiently through materials make
it difficult to convert acoustic energy into other useful forms. Recent
work across diverse fields has begun to address this challenge, demonstrating
ultrasonic effects that provide control over physical and chemical
systems with surprisingly high specificity. Here, we review recent
progress in ultrasound–matter interactions, focusing on effects
that can be incorporated as components in smart materials. These techniques
build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming,
scattering, and acoustic radiation forces to enable capabilities such
as actuation, sensing, payload delivery, and the initiation of chemical
or biological processes. The diversity of emerging techniques holds
great promise for a wide range of smart capabilities supported by
ultrasound and poses interesting questions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G Athanassiadis
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Moreno-Gomez
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Zhang Z, Gao Y, Chen S, Wang J. Palladium-Catalyzed Living/Controlled Vinyl Addition Polymerization of Cyclopropenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17806-17815. [PMID: 34647454 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the various utilities of cyclopropenes (CPEs) in organic synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), their vinyl addition polymerization has been sporadically explored, and the corresponding living/controlled polymerization remains a formidable challenge. The major obstacle is the intrinsic instability of the intermediate and the kinetic barrier for propagation. Herein a living/controlled vinyl addition polymerization of 3-methyl-3-carboxymethyl CPEs, catalyzed by [Pd(π-allyl)Cl]2 ligated by a sulfinamide bisphosphine ligand, is demonstrated. A plot of the number-average molecular weight (Mn) versus the conversion was found to be linear during the polymerization, with the molecular weight dispersity (Mw/Mn) remaining narrow. The Mn values increased linearly with the increase in the initial feed ratio of monomer to catalyst. Furthermore, controlled block copolymerization via sequential monomer addition was successful. All of these points corroborate the living nature of this polymerization. The synergistic coordination action of the catalyst ligand and the lateral carbonyl group in the cyclopropene moiety plays a key role in achieving the efficient polymerization in a living/controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Martínez RF, Cravotto G, Cintas P. Organic Sonochemistry: A Chemist's Timely Perspective on Mechanisms and Reactivity. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13833-13856. [PMID: 34156841 PMCID: PMC8562878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemistry, the use of sound waves, usually within the ultrasonic range (>20 kHz), to boost or alter chemical properties and reactivity constitutes a long-standing and sustainable technique that has, however, received less attention than other activation protocols despite affordable setups. Even if unnecessary to underline the impact of ultrasound-based strategies in a broad range of chemical and biological applications, there is considerable misunderstanding and pitfalls regarding the interpretation of cavitational effects and the actual role played by the acoustic field. In this Perspective, with an eye on mechanisms in particular, we discuss the potentiality of sonochemistry in synthetic organic chemistry through selected examples of past and recent developments. Such examples illustrate specific controlling effects and working rules. Looking back at the past while looking forward to advancing the field, some essentials of sonochemical activation will be distilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Fernando Martínez
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green
Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita
degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green
Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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33
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Jayathilaka PB, Molley TG, Huang Y, Islam MS, Buche MR, Silberstein MN, Kruzic JJ, Kilian KA. Force-mediated molecule release from double network hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8484-8487. [PMID: 34350435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02726c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of mechanosensitive linkages into polymers has led to materials with dynamic force responsivity. Here we report oxanorbornadiene cross-linked double network hydrogels that release molecules through a force-mediated retro Diels-Alder reaction. The molecular design and tough double network of polyacrylamide and alginate promote significantly higher activation at substantially less force than pure polymer systems. Activation at physiologically relevant forces provides scope for instilling dynamic mechanochemical behavior in soft biological materials.
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34
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Cha Y, Zhu T, Sha Y, Lin H, Hwang J, Seraydarian M, Craig SL, Tang C. Mechanochemistry of Cationic Cobaltocenium Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11871-11878. [PMID: 34283587 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on the mechanochemistry of metallocene mechanophores has shed light on the force-responsiveness of these thermally and chemically stable organometallic compounds. In this work, we report a combination of experimental and computational studies on the mechanochemistry of main-chain cobaltocenium-containing polymers. Ester derivatives of the cationic cobaltocenium, though isoelectronic to neutral ferrocene, are unstable in the nonmechanical control experimental conditions that were accommodated by their ferrocene analogs. Replacing the electron withdrawing C-ester linkages with electron-donating C-alkyls conferred the necessary stability and enabled the mechanochemistry of the cobaltocenium to be assessed. Despite their high bond dissociation energy, cobaltocenium mechanophores are found to be selective sites of main chain scission under sonomechanical activation. Computational CoGEF calculations suggest that the presence of a counterion to cobaltocenium plays a vital role by promoting a peeling mechanism of dissociation in conjunction with the initial slipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Huina Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - JiHyeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Matthew Seraydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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35
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Peterson GI, Choi TL. The influence of polymer architecture in polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6465-6474. [PMID: 34132272 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer architecture is an important factor in polymer mechanochemistry. In this Feature Article, we summarize recent developments in utilizing polymer architecture to modulate mechanochemical reactions within polymers, or more specifically, the location and rates of bond scission events that lead to polymer fragmentation or mechanophore activation. Various well-defined architectures have been explored, including those of cyclic, intramolecularly cross-linked, dendritic, star, bottlebrush, and dendronized polymers. We primarily focus on describing the enhancement or suppression of mechanochemical reactivity, with respect to analogous linear polymers, as well as differences in solution- and solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14707-14714. [PMID: 33939872 PMCID: PMC8252103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound-induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
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37
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Aktivierung der katalytischen Aktivität von Thrombin für die Bildung von Fibrin durch Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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38
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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39
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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40
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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Peterson GI, Noh J, Ha MY, Yang S, Lee WB, Choi TL. Influence of Grafting Density on Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission of Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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43
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Son DH, Kim GY, Jeong JE, Lee SH, Park YI, Kong H, Cheong IW, Kim JC. Influence of Material Properties on the Damage-Reporting and Self-Healing Performance of a Mechanically Active Dynamic Network Polymer in Coating Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:2468. [PMID: 33922672 PMCID: PMC8122913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a detailed investigation of the influence of the material properties of dynamic polymer network coatings on their self-healing and damage-reporting performance. A series of reversible polyacrylate urethane networks containing the damage-reporting diarylbibenzofuranone unit were synthesized, and their material properties (e.g., indentation modulus, hardness modulus, and glass-transition temperature) were measured conducting nanoindentation and differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The damage-reporting and self-healing performances of the dynamic polymer network coatings exhibited opposite tendencies with respect to the material properties of the polymer network coatings. Soft polymer network coatings with low glass-transition temperature (~10 °C) and indentation hardness (20 MPa) exhibited better self-healing performance (almost 100%) but two times worse damage-reporting properties than hard polymer network coatings with high glass-transition temperature (35~50 °C) and indentation hardness (150~200 MPa). These features of the dynamic polymer network coatings are unique; they are not observed in elastomers, films, and hydrogels, whereby the polymer networks are bound to the substrate surface. Evidence indicates that controlling the polymer's physical properties is a key factor in designing high-performance self-healing and damage-reporting polymer coatings based on mechanophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hae Son
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Gi Young Kim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Young Il Park
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Hoyoul Kong
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
| | - In Woo Cheong
- School of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea; (D.H.S.); (G.Y.K.); (J.-E.J.); (S.-H.L.); (Y.I.P.); (H.K.)
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Wang S, Beech HK, Bowser BH, Kouznetsova TB, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Mechanism Dictates Mechanics: A Molecular Substituent Effect in the Macroscopic Fracture of a Covalent Polymer Network. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3714-3718. [PMID: 33651599 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fracture of rubbery polymer networks involves a series of molecular events, beginning with conformational changes along the polymer backbone and culminating with a chain scission reaction. Here, we report covalent polymer gels in which the macroscopic fracture "reaction" is controlled by mechanophores embedded within mechanically active network strands. We synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gels through the end-linking of azide-terminated tetra-arm PEG (Mn = 5 kDa) with bis-alkyne linkers. Networks were formed under identical conditions, except that the bis-alkyne was varied to include either a cis-diaryl (1) or cis-dialkyl (2) linked cyclobutane mechanophore that acts as a mechanochemical "weak link" through a force-coupled cycloreversion. A control network featuring a bis-alkyne without cyclobutane (3) was also synthesized. The networks show the same linear elasticity (G' = 23-24 kPa, 0.1-100 Hz) and equilibrium mass swelling ratios (Q = 10-11 in tetrahydrofuran), but they exhibit tearing energies that span a factor of 8 (3.4 J, 10.6, and 27.1 J·m-2 for networks with 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The difference in fracture energy is well-aligned with the force-coupled scission kinetics of the mechanophores observed in single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, implicating local resonance stabilization of a diradical transition state in the cycloreversion of 1 as a key determinant of the relative ease with which its network is torn. The connection between macroscopic fracture and a small-molecule reaction mechanism suggests opportunities for molecular understanding and optimization of polymer network behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation in Mechanochromic Dendrimers by Functionalization of Their Surface. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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Van Guyse JFR, Bera D, Hoogenboom R. Adamantane Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s with Broadly Tunable LCST-Behavior by Molecular Recognition. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:374. [PMID: 33530443 PMCID: PMC7865518 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart or adaptive materials often utilize stimuli-responsive polymers, which undergo a phase transition in response to a given stimulus. So far, various stimuli have been used to enable the modulation of drug release profiles, cell-interactive behavior, and optical and mechanical properties. In this respect, molecular recognition is a powerful tool to fine-tune the stimuli-responsive behavior due to its high specificity. Within this contribution, a poly(2-oxazoline) copolymer bearing adamantane side chains was synthesized via triazabicyclodecene-catalyzed amidation of the ester side chains of a poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-stat-2-methoxycarbonylpropyl-2-oxazoline) statistical copolymer. Subsequent complexation of the pendant adamantane groups with sub-stoichiometric amounts (0-1 equivalents) of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin enabled accurate tuning of its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) over an exceptionally wide temperature range, spanning from 30 °C to 56 °C. Furthermore, the sharp thermal transitions display minimal hysteresis, suggesting a reversible phase transition of the complexed polymer chains (i.e., the β-cyclodextrin host collapses together with the polymers) and a minimal influence by the temperature on the supramolecular association. Analysis of the association constant of the polymer with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin via 1H NMR spectroscopy suggests that the selection of the macrocyclic host and rational polymer design can have a profound influence on the observed thermal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.F.R.V.G.); (D.B.)
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48
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Razgoniaev AO, Glasstetter LM, Kouznetsova TB, Hall KC, Horst M, Craig SL, Franz KJ. Single-Molecule Activation and Quantification of Mechanically Triggered Palladium-Carbene Bond Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1784-1789. [PMID: 33480680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal-complexed N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) mechanophores are latent reactants and catalysts for a range of mechanically driven chemical responses, but mechanochemical scission of the metal-NHC bond has not been experimentally characterized. Here we report the single-molecule force spectroscopy of ligand dissociation from a pincer NHC-pyridine-NHC Pd(II) complex. The force-coupled rate constant for ligand dissociation reaches 50 s-1 at forces of approximately 930 pN. Experimental and computational observations support a dissociative, rather than associative, mechanism of ligand displacement, with rate-limiting scission of the Pd-NHC bond followed by rapid dissociation of the pyridine moiety from Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton O Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Logan M Glasstetter
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kacey C Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matias Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Liu CH, Weder C, Lattuada M, Simon YC. Modeling ultrasound-induced molecular weight decrease of polymers with multiple scissile azo-mechanophores. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective and non-selective chain scission compete upon ultrasonic treatment of polymers with randomly distributed azo units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC
| | - Cheyenne H. Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- 118 College Dr
- USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
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50
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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