1
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Fu M, Moiseev RV, Hyder M, Hayes W, Amadesi S, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. Exploring Mucoadhesive and Toxicological Characteristics Following Modification of Linear Polyethylenimine with Various Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4831-4842. [PMID: 39074308 PMCID: PMC11323015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) has numerous applications, such as in pharmaceutical formulations, gene delivery, and water treatment. However, due to the presence of secondary amine groups, L-PEI shows a relatively high toxicity and low biocompatibility. Here, various organic anhydrides were used to modify L-PEI to reduce its toxicity and enhance its functionality. We selected methacrylic anhydride, crotonic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and succinic anhydride to modify L-PEI. The structure of the resulting derivatives was characterized using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, and their behavior in aqueous solutions was studied using turbidimetric and electrophoretic mobility measurements over a broad range of pHs. A fluorescence flow through method determined the mucoadhesive properties of the polymers to the bovine palpebral conjunctiva. Methacrylated L-PEI and crotonylated L-PEI showed strong mucoadhesive properties at pH 7.4, likely due to covalent bonding with mucin thiol groups. In contrast, maleylated and succinylated L-PEI were poorly mucoadhesive as the pH was above their isoelectric point, resulting in electrostatic repulsion between the polymers and mucin. The toxicity of these polymers was evaluated using in vivo assays with planaria and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay in human alveolar epithelial cells. Moreover, the irritancy of polymers was assessed using a slug mucosa irritation assay. The results demonstrated that anhydride modification mitigated the adverse toxicity effects seen for parent L-PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Fu
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Roman V. Moiseev
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
- Physicochemical,
Ex Vivo and Invertebrate Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC,www.pevitac.co.uk), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Matthew Hyder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Silvia Amadesi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
- Physicochemical,
Ex Vivo and Invertebrate Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC,www.pevitac.co.uk), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
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2
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Abousalman-Rezvani Z, Refaat A, Dehghankelishadi P, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Esser L, Voelcker NH. Insights into Targeted and Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Brain Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302902. [PMID: 38199238 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Brain cancers, especially glioblastoma multiforme, are associated with poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current therapies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a versatile technology to treat various diseases, including cancers, and has played an indispensable role in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic as evidenced by the role that lipid nanocarrier-based vaccines have played. The tunability of nanocarrier physicochemical properties -including size, shape, surface chemistry, and drug release kinetics- has resulted in the development of a wide range of nanocarriers for brain cancer treatment. These nanocarriers can improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs, increase blood-brain barrier transfer efficiency, and specifically target brain cancer cells. These unique features would potentially allow for more efficient treatment of brain cancer with fewer side effects and better therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of brain cancers, current therapeutic options, and challenges to efficient brain cancer treatment. The latest advances in nanomedicine strategies are investigated with an emphasis on targeted and stimulus-responsive nanocarriers and their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abousalman-Rezvani
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Research Way, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy - Alexandria University, 1 El-Khartoum Square, Alexandria, 21021, Egypt
| | - Pouya Dehghankelishadi
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, P.O. Box: 51335/1996, Iran
| | - Lars Esser
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Research Way, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, 14 Alliance Ln, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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3
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Marquet F, Hagen H, Stanchieri M, Beinier VS, Grasso G, Danani A, Patrulea V, Borchard G. Clickable polyethyleneimine incorporated into triblock copolymeric micelles as an efficient platform in the delivery of siRNA to NSCLC cells. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123632. [PMID: 38000648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of transfection vectors to cross the endosomal membrane into the cytosol is a central aspect in the development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. The challenge remains the same: Delivery, Delivery, Delivery. Despite a rational and appropriate construct of triblock polymeric micelles, which could serve as an ideal platform for the co-delivery of siRNAs and hydrophobic anticancer drugs, we show here its inability to properly convey oligonucleotides to their final destination. In order to overcome biological barriers, a linear PEI comprising two orthogonal groups was synthesized, holding an appropriate balance between safety and efficacy. Micellar carriers were then formulated with this polymer to enhance endosomal siRNA release. This chemical technology also addresses the two major challenges to consider when developing novel micellar products for siRNA delivery, namely cytotoxicity of polycations and endosomal escape. Herein, we demonstrate successful release of siRNA using a polymer tailoring strategy combined with a relevant in vitro approach, considering STAT3 as a promising target in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Marquet
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harry Hagen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Stanchieri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Serre Beinier
- Division of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gianvito Grasso
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), University of Italian Switzerland (USI), University of Applied Science and Art of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Polo Universitario Lugano - Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 CH-6962, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Danani
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), University of Italian Switzerland (USI), University of Applied Science and Art of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Polo Universitario Lugano - Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 CH-6962, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Viorica Patrulea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Hayes G, Dias-Barbieri B, Yilmaz G, Shattock RJ, Becer CR. Poly(2-oxazoline)/saRNA Polyplexes for Targeted and Nonviral Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5142-5151. [PMID: 37792545 PMCID: PMC10646937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA delivery has been demonstrated to be a potent method of vaccine delivery, as demonstrated by the recent success of the COVID-19 vaccines. Polymers have been shown to be effective vehicles for RNA delivery, with poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) being the current gold standard for delivery. Nonetheless, PEI has toxicity concerns, and so finding alternatives is desirable. Poly(2-oxazoline)s are a promising alternative to PEI, as they are generally biocompatible and offer a high degree of control over the polymer structure. Here, we have synthesized an ionizable primary amine 2-oxazoline and combined it with a double bond containing oxazoline to synthesize a small library of charged statistical and block copolymers. The pendant double bonds were reacted further to decorate the polymers with glucose via a thiol-ene click reaction. All polymers were shown to have excellent cell viability, and the synthesized block polymers showed promising complexation efficiencies for the saRNA, demonstrating a clear structure-property relationship. The polymer transfection potential was tested in various cell lines, and a polymer composition with an amine/glucose ratio of 9:27 has demonstrated the best transfection potential across all cell lines tested. Overall, the results suggest that block polymers with a cationic segment and high levels of glycosylation have the best complexation efficiency and RNA expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Dias-Barbieri
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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5
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Drain BA, Becer RC. Hydrolysis of hydrophobic poly(2-oxazoline)s and their subsequent modification via aza-Michael addition. Des Monomers Polym 2023; 26:214-222. [PMID: 37840642 PMCID: PMC10569348 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2023.2267232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially hydrolysed poly(2-oxazoline)s possess unique properties. However, much of the focus in this area has been on water soluble poly(2-oxazoline)s. Where hydrophobic poly(2-oxazoline)s have been used, this is often for selective hydrolysis. However, hydrolysis of very hydrophobic polymers could lead to interesting solution behaviour. Herein, we describe universal conditions for the hydrolysis of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s suitable for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic 2-oxazolines. We show that the system utilised gives comparable rates to that of water alone for poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). In addition, poly(2-fatty acid-2-oxazoline) was hydrolysed using the developed system and was found to proceed in a controlled manner allowing the targeting of specific degrees of hydrolysis, albeit much slower than for poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Finally, we demonstrate the partial functionalisation of poly(2-oxazoline)-poly(ethylene imine) co-polymers via aza-Michael addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Drain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Remzi C. Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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6
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Li G, Zhang Z, Xiao W, Wu T, Xu J. Synthesis of functional polyacrylamide (co)polymers by organocatalyzed post-polymerization modification of non-activated esters. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28931-28939. [PMID: 37795050 PMCID: PMC10545946 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad application of polyacrylamides (PAMs) has greatly promoted the development of new synthetic methods to prepare PAM-based functional (co)polymers regarding their traditional preparation via the direct polymerization of various acrylamide monomers. Herein, we have explored the post-polymerization modification of the poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate) (PTFEA) homopolymer, a typical non-activated ester, and various amines using the organo-catalytic system involving 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,2,4-triazole (TA). The reaction kinetics (e.g., the optimized reaction solvent, temperature, time, initial molar ratio of amines to esters and the molar ratio of DBU to TA) were carefully studied with the modulus substrate of iso-propylamine as the formed poly(iso-propyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) representing the most investigated PAM. The full and partial amidation of the esters in PTFEA could be precisely regulated just by controlling the kinetic conditions to give (co)polymers with designable compositions and structures. We have demonstrated that the poly(N-acryloyl pyrrolidine) obtained by the post-polymerization modification of non-activated ester and pyrrolidine exhibited a noticeable phase transition, which confirmed the robustness and versatility of the post-polymerization modification. The described method paves the way for the synthesis of various (co)polymers with amide side chains from readily available polymer precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification Nanchang 330052 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Wu
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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7
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Lüdecke N, Bekir M, Eickelmann S, Hartlieb M, Schlaad H. Toward Protein-Repellent Surface Coatings from Catechol-Containing Cationic Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19582-19592. [PMID: 37022755 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by mussel proteins that enable surface binding in harsh marine environments, we envisioned a platform of protein-repellent macromolecules based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) carrying catechol and cationic functional groups. To facilitate surface attachment, catechol units were installed by copolymerizing a functional comonomer, i.e., 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline, in a gradient fashion. Cationic units were introduced by partial acidic hydrolysis. The surface affinity of these polymers was probed using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and it was found that polymers with catechol units had a strong tendency to form surface-bound layers on different substrates, i.e., gold, iron, borosilicate, and polystyrene. While the neutral catechol-containing polymers showed strong, but uncontrolled binding, the ones with additional cationic units were able to form defined and durable polymer films. These coatings were able to prevent the attachment of different model proteins, i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibrinogen (FI), or lysozyme (LYZ). The herein-introduced platform offers straightforward access to nonfouling surface coatings using a biomimetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lüdecke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Eickelmann
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Deng H, Wang J, He W, Ye Y, Bai R, Zhang X, Ye XY, Xie T, Hui Z. Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of chiral oxazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2312-2319. [PMID: 36637123 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02192g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral oxazoline compounds play an extremely important role in asymmetric synthesis and drug discovery. Herein a simpler, greener and more efficient microwave-assisted protocol to rapidly access chiral oxazolines is developed using aryl nitriles or cyano-containing compounds and chiral β-amino alcohols as starting materials. The reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of a recoverable heterogeneous catalyst in either concentrated solution or under solvent-free conditions. The advantages of this method include rapidness, convenience, environmental protection, high atom economy, and excellent yields. The protocol should find wider application in the community in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Drug Discovery, Hangzhou PurpleCrystal Pharma Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Wei He
- Chemical Manufacturing and Control, Adlai Nortye Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, China
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9
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Son S, Park H, Jang WD, Ju SY. Larger diameter selection of carbon nanotubes by two phase extraction using amphiphilic polymeric surfactant. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Soradech S, Kengkwasingh P, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. Synthesis and Evaluation of Poly(3-hydroxypropyl Ethylene-imine) and Its Blends with Chitosan Forming Novel Elastic Films for Delivery of Haloperidol. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122671. [PMID: 36559165 PMCID: PMC9785711 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop novel elastic films based on chitosan and poly(3-hydroxypropyl ethyleneimine) or P3HPEI for the rapid delivery of haloperidol. P3HPEI was synthesized using a nucleophilic substitution reaction of linear polyethyleneimine (L-PEI) with 3-bromo-1-propanol. 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies confirmed the successful conversion of L-PEI to P3HPEI, and the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of P3HPEI were investigated. P3HPEI had good solubility in water and was significantly less toxic than the parent L-PEI. It had a low glass transition temperature (Tg = -38.6 °C). Consequently, this new polymer was blended with chitosan to improve mechanical properties, and these materials were used for the rapid delivery of haloperidol. Films were prepared by casting from aqueous solutions and then evaporating the solvent. The miscibility of polymers, mechanical properties of blend films, and drug release profiles from these formulations were investigated. The blends of chitosan and P3HPEI were miscible in the solid state and the inclusion of P3HPEI improved the mechanical properties of the films, producing more elastic materials. A 35:65 (%w/w) blend of chitosan-P3HPEI provided the optimum glass transition temperature for transmucosal drug delivery and so was selected for further investigation with haloperidol, which was chosen as a model hydrophobic drug. Microscopic and X-ray diffractogram (XRD) data indicated that the solubility of the drug in the films was ~1.5%. The inclusion of the hydrophilic polymer P3HPEI allowed rapid drug release within ~30 min, after which films disintegrated, demonstrating that the formulations are suitable for application to mucosal surfaces, such as in buccal drug delivery. Higher release with increasing drug loading allows flexible dosing. Blending P3HPEI with chitosan thus allows the selection of desirable physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films for delivery of haloperidol as a poorly water-soluble drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthiphong Soradech
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
- Expert Centre of Innovative Herbal Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattarawadee Kengkwasingh
- Expert Centre of Innovative Herbal Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)118-378-6119
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11
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Soradech S, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. Physically Cross-Linked Cryogels of Linear Polyethyleneimine: Influence of Cooling Temperature and Solvent Composition. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sitthiphong Soradech
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K
- Expert Centre of Innovative Herbal Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K
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12
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13
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Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Zhu C, Nicolas J. (Bio)degradable and Biocompatible Nano-Objects from Polymerization-Induced and Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3043-3080. [PMID: 35707964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) techniques have emerged as powerful approaches to produce a broad range of advanced synthetic nano-objects with high potential in biomedical applications. PISA produces nano-objects of different morphologies (e.g., spheres, vesicles and worms), with high solids content (∼10-50 wt %) and without additional surfactant. CDSA can finely control the self-assembly of block copolymers and readily forms nonspherical crystalline nano-objects and more complex, hierarchical assemblies, with spatial and dimensional control over particle length or surface area, which is typically difficult to achieve by PISA. Considering the importance of these two assembly techniques in the current scientific landscape of block copolymer self-assembly and the craze for their use in the biomedical field, this review will focus on the advances in PISA and CDSA to produce nano-objects suitable for biomedical applications in terms of (bio)degradability and biocompatibility. This review will therefore discuss these two aspects in order to guide the future design of block copolymer nanoparticles for future translation toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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15
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Jana S, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2‐oxazoline)s: A comprehensive overview of polymer structures and their physical properties – An update. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somdeb Jana
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281‐S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281‐S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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16
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Sahin ZM, Kohlan TB, Atespare AE, Yildiz M, Unal S, Dizman B. Polyoxazoline‐modified
graphene oxides with improved water and epoxy resin dispersibility and stability towards composite applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Munteha Sahin
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
| | - Taha Behroozi Kohlan
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Asu Ece Atespare
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serkan Unal
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bekir Dizman
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Istanbul Technology Development Zone Sabanci University‐Kordsa Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
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17
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Mazrad ZAI, Lai M, Davis TP, Nicolazzo JA, Thurecht KJ, Leiske MN, Kempe K. Protected amine-functional initiators for the synthesis of α-amine homo- and heterotelechelic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Screening a series of protected amine cationic ring-opening polymerization initiators revealed the commercially available N-(3-bromopropyl)phthalimide as the most suitable to achieve defined polymers with high degree of amine functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihnil A. I. Mazrad
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - May Lai
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Meike N. Leiske
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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18
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Morgan TE, Floyd TG, Marzullo BP, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Stochasticity of poly(2-oxazoline) oligomer hydrolysis determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Polym Chem 2022; 13:4162-4169. [PMID: 35923808 PMCID: PMC9294869 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding modification of synthetic polymer structures is necessary for their accurate synthesis and potential applications. In this contribution, a series of partially hydrolyzed poly(2-oxazoline) species were produced forming poly[(2-polyoxazoline)-co-(ethylenimine)] (P(EtOx-co-EI)) copolymers; EI being the hydrolyzed product of Ox. Bulk mass spectrometry (MS) measurements accurately measured the EI content. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the EI content in the copolymer samples determined the distribution of each monomer within the copolymer and corresponded to a theoretically modelled random distribution. The EI distribution across the polymers was shown to be effected by the choice of terminus, with a permanent hydrolysis event observed at an OH terminus. A neighbouring group effect wasn't observed at the polymer length analysed (approximately 25-mer species), suggesting that previously observed neighbouring group effects require a larger polymer chain. Although clearly useful for random polymer distribution this approach may be applied to many systems containing non-specific modifications to determine if they are directed or random locations across peptides, proteins, polymers, and nucleic acids. Tandem mass spectrometry can be used to better understand modification sites of synthetic polymer structures providing more complete chemical knowledge which is necessary for their accurate synthesis and potential applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Thomas G Floyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Bryan P Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Charter Way Macclesfield SK102NA UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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19
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Wang Z, Lan Y, Liu P, Li X, Zhao Y. Rational design of a multi-in-one heterofunctional agent for versatile topological transformation of multisite multisegmented polystyrenes. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00662f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A “seven-in-one” initiating, coupling and stimuli-labile agent is designed to achieve topological transformations with reduced, similar and enhanced molar masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingjia Lan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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20
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Oleszko-Torbus N. Recent Advances in Modifications, Properties and Applications of 2-Isopropyl-2-Oxazoline (Co)Polymers. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1993252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Floyd TG, Häkkinen S, Hall SCL, Dalgliesh RM, Lehnen AC, Hartlieb M, Perrier S. Cationic Bottlebrush Copolymers from Partially Hydrolyzed Poly(oxazoline)s. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Floyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Satu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Stephen C. L. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Robert M. Dalgliesh
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Anne-Catherine Lehnen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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22
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Morgan TE, Wootton CA, Marzullo B, Paris J, Kerr A, Ellacott SH, van Agthoven MA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Characterization Across a Dispersity: Polymer Mass Spectrometry in the Second Dimension. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2153-2161. [PMID: 34264672 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the natural dispersity that is present in synthetic polymers, an added complexity is always present in the analysis of polymeric species. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis requires the isolation of individual precursors before a fragmentation event to allow the unambiguous characterization of these species and is not viable at certain levels of complexity due to achievable isolation widths. Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) fragments ions and correlates fragments with their corresponding precursors without the need for isolation. In this study, 2DMS electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation of a polyoxazoline and polyacrylamide species was carried out, resulting in the analysis of byproducts and individual polymer species without the use of chromatographic techniques. This study shows that 2DMS ECD is a powerful tool for the analysis of polyacrylamide and polyoxazoline species and offers a new dimension in the characterization of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sean H Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A van Agthoven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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23
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Hahn L, Beudert M, Gutmann M, Keßler L, Stahlhut P, Fischer L, Karakaya E, Lorson T, Thievessen I, Detsch R, Lühmann T, Luxenhofer R. From Thermogelling Hydrogels toward Functional Bioinks: Controlled Modification and Cytocompatible Crosslinking. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100122. [PMID: 34292657 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are key components in bioink formulations to ensure printability and stability in biofabrication. In this study, a well-known Diels-Alder two-step post-polymerization modification approach is introduced into thermogelling diblock copolymers, comprising poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and thermoresponsive poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine). The diblock copolymers are partially hydrolyzed and subsequently modified by acid/amine coupling with furan and maleimide moieties. While the thermogelling and shear-thinning properties allow excellent printability, trigger-less cell-friendly Diels-Alder click-chemistry yields long-term shape-fidelity. The introduced platform enables easy incorporation of cell-binding moieties (RGD-peptide) for cellular interaction. The hydrogel is functionalized with RGD-peptides using thiol-maleimide chemistry and cell proliferation as well as morphology of fibroblasts seeded on top of the hydrogels confirm the cell adhesion facilitated by the peptides. Finally, bioink formulations are tested for biocompatibility by incorporating fibroblasts homogenously inside the polymer solution pre-printing. After the printing and crosslinking process good cytocompatibility is confirmed. The established bioink system combines a two-step approach by physical precursor gelation followed by an additional chemical stabilization, offering a broad versatility for further biomechanical adaptation or bioresponsive peptide modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Larissa Keßler
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Philipp Stahlhut
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Lena Fischer
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Emine Karakaya
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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24
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Controlled post-polymerization modification through modulation of repeating unit reactivity: Proof of concept discussed using linear polyethylenimine example. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Gil Alvaradejo G, Glassner M, Kumar R, Trouillet V, Welle A, Wang Y, de la Rosa VR, Sekula-Neuner S, Hirtz M, Hoogenboom R, Delaittre G. Thioacetate-Based Initiators for the Synthesis of Thiol-End-Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 41:e2000320. [PMID: 33463837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New functional initiators for the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines are described to introduce a thiol moiety at the α terminus. Both tosylate and nosylate initiators carrying a thioacetate group are obtained in multigram scale, from commercial reagents in two steps, including a phototriggered thiol-ene radical addition. The nosylate derivative gives access to a satisfying control over the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, with dispersity values lower than 1.1 during the entire course of the polymerization, until full conversion. Cleavage of the thioacetate end group is rapidly achieved using triazabicyclodecene, thereby leading to a mercapto terminus. The latter gives access to a new subgeneration of α-functional poly(2-oxazoline)s (butyl ester, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, furan) by Michael addition with commercial (meth)acrylates. The amenability of the mercapto-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) for covalent surface patterning onto acrylated surfaces is demonstrated in a microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS) experiment, characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Organic Functional Molecules, Organic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstrasse 20, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
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26
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Gulyuz S, Ozkose UU, Parlak Khalily M, Kesici MS, Kocak P, Bolat ZB, Kara A, Ozturk N, Özçubukçu S, Bozkir A, Alpturk O, Telci D, Sahin F, Vural I, Yilmaz O. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline- co-ethyleneimine)- block-poly(ε-caprolactone) based micelles: synthesis, characterization, peptide conjugation and cytotoxic activity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01647d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we present self-assembled polymeric micelles as potential delivery systems for therapeutic agents with highly tunable properties.
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27
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Göppert NE, Kleinsteuber M, Weber C, Schubert US. Degradable Poly(2-oxazoline) Analogues from Partially Oxidized Poly(ethylene imine). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Göppert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinsteuber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Benkhaled BT, Montheil T, Lapinte V, Monge S. Hydrosoluble phosphonic acid functionalized poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) chelating polymers for the sorption of metallic cations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophie Monge
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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29
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Sedlacek O, Jirak D, Vit M, Ziołkowska N, Janouskova O, Hoogenboom R. Fluorinated Water-Soluble Poly(2-oxazoline)s as Highly Sensitive 19F MRI Contrast Agents. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medicine Faculty, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vit
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mechatronics Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Ziołkowska
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medicine Faculty, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Janouskova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Lu W, Xu X, Imbernon L, Zhu J, Hoogenboom R, Du Prez FE, Pan X. On-Demand Dissoluble Diselenide-Containing Hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3308-3317. [PMID: 32658477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
On-demand dissolution of hydrogels is being increasingly studied for their potential use in burn wound dressing applications. Herein, a dynamic diselenide-containing hydrogel is developed through a very simple one-pot and two-step process starting from the selenol functionalization of a partially hydrolyzed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with γ-butyroselenolactone. The hydrogel spontaneously cross-links via an in situ oxidation of the selenol functionalities in air. The gelation process and the final viscoelastic properties of the gel are characterized by rheological experiments. The mechanical properties of those new diselenide-containing hydrogels are easily tuned by varying the concentration of γ-butyroselenolactone. The materials also show good skin adhesion and UV light responsiveness. A unique feature of the hydrogel is its capability to be fully and rapidly dissolved on-demand, via oxidation or reduction of the diselenide cross-links, making them particularly attractive for burn wound dressing applications.
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31
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Sedlacek O, Hoogenboom R. Drug Delivery Systems Based on Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s and Poly(2‐Oxazine)s. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
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32
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33
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Park JR, Van Guyse JF, Podevyn A, Bolle EC, Bock N, Linde E, Celina M, Hoogenboom R, Dargaville TR. Influence of side-chain length on long-term release kinetics from poly(2-oxazoline)-drug conjugate networks. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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34
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Kalaoglu-Altan OI, Li Y, McMaster R, Shaw A, Hou Z, Vergaelen M, Hoogenboom R, Dargaville TR, De Clerck K. Crosslinking of electrospun and bioextruded partially hydrolyzed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) using glutaraldehyde vapour. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Rowe EA, Reisman L, Jefcoat JA, Rupar PA. Comparison of the Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerizations of N-(Alkylsulfonyl)azetidines. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Rowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Louis Reisman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Jefcoat
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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36
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Joe JH, Park JM, Lee H, Jang WD. A dendritic-linear block copolymer as a thermoresponsive non-ionic polymer surfactant. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Novel self-assembled micelles of amphiphilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) -poly(L-lactide) diblock copolymers for sustained drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Sedlacek O, Monnery BD, Hoogenboom R. Synthesis of defined high molar mass poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we report for the first time the synthesis of defined high molar mass poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx), a water-soluble polymer with excellent anti-fouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Bryn D. Monnery
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
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39
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Sedlacek O, Bera D, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2-amino-2-oxazoline)s: a new class of thermoresponsive polymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the synthesis and properties of poly(2-dialkylamino-2-oxazoline)s (PAmOx), a new class of thermoresponsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Debaditya Bera
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
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40
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Gleede T, Reisman L, Rieger E, Mbarushimana PC, Rupar PA, Wurm FR. Aziridines and azetidines: building blocks for polyamines by anionic and cationic ring-opening polymerization. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00278b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of aziridine and azetidine monomers and their ring-opening polymerization via different mechanisms is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Gleede
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Louis Reisman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | | | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
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41
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Sedlacek O, Janouskova O, Verbraeken B, Hoogenboom R. Straightforward Route to Superhydrophilic Poly(2-oxazoline)s via Acylation of Well-Defined Polyethylenimine. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:222-230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olga Janouskova
- Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bart Verbraeken
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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