1
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György C, Wagstaff JS, Hunter SJ, Etim EU, Armes SP. Effect of Added Salt on the RAFT Polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate in Aqueous Media. Macromolecules 2024; 57:6816-6827. [PMID: 39071045 PMCID: PMC11271178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the effect of added salt on the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in aqueous media. More specifically, poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC26) was employed as a salt-tolerant water-soluble block for chain extension with HEMA targeting PHEMA DPs from 100 to 800 in the presence of NaCl. Increasing the salt concentration significantly reduces the aqueous solubility of both the HEMA monomer and the growing PHEMA chains. HEMA conversions of more than 99% could be achieved within 6 h at 70 °C regardless of the NaCl concentration when targeting PMPC26-PHEMA800 vesicles at 20% w/w solids. Significantly faster rates of polymerization were observed at higher salt concentration owing to the earlier onset of micellar nucleation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to construct a pseudo-phase diagram for this polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) formulation. High-quality images required cross-linking of the PHEMA chains with glutaraldehyde prior to salt removal via dialysis. Block copolymer spheres, worms, or vesicles can be accessed at any salt concentration up to 2.5 M NaCl. However, only kinetically trapped spheres could be obtained in the presence of 3 M NaCl because the relatively low HEMA monomer solubility under such conditions leads to an aqueous emulsion polymerization rather than an aqueous dispersion polymerization. In this case, dynamic light scattering studies indicated a gradual increase in z-average diameter from 26 to 86 nm when adjusting the target PHEMA degree of polymerization from 200 to 800. When targeting PMPC26-PHEMA800 vesicles, increasing the salt content up to 2.5 M NaCl leads to a systematic reduction in the z-average diameter from 953 to 92 nm. Similarly, TEM analysis and dispersion viscosity measurements indicated a gradual reduction in worm contour length with increasing salt concentration for PMPC26-PHEMA600 worms. This new PISA formulation clearly illustrates the importance of added salt on aqueous monomer solubility and how this affects (i) the kinetics of polymerization, (ii) the morphology of the corresponding diblock copolymer nano-objects, and (iii) the mode of polymerization in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla György
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, Brook Hill, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Jacob S. Wagstaff
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, Brook Hill, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Saul J. Hunter
- Joseph
Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, U.K.
| | - Esther U. Etim
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, Brook Hill, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, Brook Hill, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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2
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Sun H, Wang S, Dugas PY, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M. Peculiar Behavior of Methyl Methacrylate Emulsion Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly Mediated by RAFT Using Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Macromolecular Chain Transfer Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400141. [PMID: 38695257 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is successfully performed in water in the presence of a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) macromolecular chain transfer agent (macroCTA) leading to the formation of self-stabilized PMAA-b-PMMA amphiphilic block copolymer particles. At pH 3.7, the reactions are well-controlled with narrow molar mass distributions. Increasing the initial pH, particularly above 5.6, results in a partial loss of reactivity of the PMAA macroCTA. The effect of the degree of polymerization (DPn) of the PMMA block, the solids content, the nature of the hydrophobic segment, and the pH on the morphology of the obtained diblock copolymer particles is then investigated. Worm-like micelles are formed for a DPn of PMMA of 20 (PMMA20), while "onion-like" particles and spherical vesicles are obtained for PMMA30 and PMMA50, respectively. In contrast, spherical particles are obtained for the DPns higher than 150. This unusual evolution of particle morphologies upon increasing the DPn of the PMMA block seems to be related to hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic MAA and hydrophobic MMA units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidi Sun
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne, F-69616, France
| | - Suren Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne, F-69616, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne, F-69616, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne, F-69616, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne, F-69616, France
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3
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Brotherton EE, Josland D, György C, Johnson EC, Chan DHH, Smallridge MJ, Armes SP. Histidine-Functionalized Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles Exhibit Enhanced Adsorption onto Planar Stainless Steel. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200903. [PMID: 36534428 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of isopropylideneglycerol monomethacrylate (IPGMA) is used to prepare a series of PGEO5MA46 -PIPGMAy nanoparticles, where PGEO5MA is a hydrophilic methacrylic steric stabilizer block bearing pendent cis-diol groups. TEM studies confirm a spherical morphology while dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that the z-average particle diameter can be adjusted by varying the target degree of polymerization for the core-forming PIPGMA block. Periodate oxidation is used to convert the cis-diol groups on PGEO5MA46 -PIPGMA500 and PGEO5MA46 -PIPGMA1000 nanoparticles into the analogous aldehyde-functionalized nanoparticles, which are then reacted with histidine via reductive amination. In each case, the extent of functionalization is more than 99% as determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Aqueous electrophoresis studies indicate that such derivatization converts initially neutral nanoparticles into zwitterionic nanoparticles with an isoelectric point at pH 7. DLS studies confirm that such histidine-derivatized nanoparticles remain colloidally stable over a wide pH range. A quartz crystal microbalance is employed at 25°C to assess the adsorption of both the cis-diol- and histidine-functionalized nanoparticles onto planar stainless steel at pH 6. The histidine-bearing nanoparticles adsorb much more strongly than their cis-diol counterparts. For the highest adsorbed amount of 70.5 mg m-2 , SEM indicates a fractional surface coverage of 0.23 for the adsorbed nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Brotherton
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Daniel Josland
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Csilla György
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Edwin C Johnson
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Derek H H Chan
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Mark J Smallridge
- GEO Specialty Chemicals, Hythe, Southampton, Hampshire, SO45 3ZG, UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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4
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Woods S, Tinkler JD, Bensabeh N, Palà M, Martin SJ, Martin-Fabiani I, Lligadas G, Hatton FL. Temperature-Responsive Lactic Acid-Based Nanoparticles by RAFT-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Water. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:9979-9988. [PMID: 37448723 PMCID: PMC10337250 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates for the first-time biobased, temperature-responsive diblock copolymer nanoparticles synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) aqueous emulsion polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Here, monomers derived from green solvents of the lactic acid portfolio, N,N-dimethyl lactamide acrylate (DMLA) and ethyl lactate acrylate (ELA), were used. First, DMLA was polymerized by RAFT aqueous solution polymerization to produce a hydrophilic PDMLA macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA), which was chain extended with ELA in water to form amphiphilic PDMLA-b-PELA diblock copolymer nanoparticles by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization. PDMLAx homopolymers were synthesized targeting degrees of polymerization, DPx from 25 to 400, with relatively narrow molecular weight dispersities (Đ < 1.30). The PDMLA64-b-PELAy diblock copolymers (DPy = 10-400) achieved dispersities, Đ, between 1.18 and 1.54 with two distinct glass transition temperatures (Tg) identified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tg(1) (7.4 to 15.7 °C) representative of PELA and Tg(2) (69.1 to 79.7 °C) of PDMLA. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies gave particle z-average diameters between 11 and 74 nm (PDI = 0.04 to 0.20). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed evidence of spherical particles when dispersions were dried at ∼5 °C and film formation when dried at room temperature. Many of these polymers exhibited a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water with a concomitant increase in z-average diameter for the PDMLA-b-PELA diblock copolymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
E. Woods
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - James David Tinkler
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Bensabeh
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marc Palà
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Simon J. Martin
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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5
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Ikkene D, Six JL, Ferji K. Progress in Aqueous Dispersion RAFT PISA. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Takashima A, Maeda Y, Sugihara S. Morphology Control via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Systematic Investigation of Core-Forming Blocks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26894-26904. [PMID: 35936476 PMCID: PMC9352249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a useful formulation for readily obtaining nanoparticles from block copolymers in situ. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization is utilized as one of the PISA formulations. Various factors have so far been investigated for obtaining nonspherical particles via RAFT emulsion polymerization, such as the steric structure of the shell, the glass-transition temperature (T g) of the core-forming block, and the water solubility of the core-forming monomer. This study focuses on core-forming blocks without changing the structure of the shell-forming block. In particular, we elucidate the balance between T g for the core-forming block and the water solubility of the core monomer. A series of alkyl methacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and n-propyl methacrylate (PrMA), are emulsion-polymerized in the presence of a poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PPEGMA) macromolecular chain-transfer agent via the RAFT process. The resulting in situ morphology changes to form shapes such as spheres, worms (toroids), and vesicles are systematically investigated. The properties of the core that determine whether a morphological change occurs from spheres are (i) the solubility of the core-forming monomer in water, (ii) the relationship between T g for the core-forming block and the polymerization temperature, and (iii) the hydrophobic core volume, which changes the packing parameter. These factors allow prediction of the block copolymer morphology produced during RAFT emulsion polymerization of other methacrylates such as n-butyl methacrylate (BuMA), tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA) with physical properties of the homopolymer (poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate) (PTHFMA)) between those for poly(MMA) (PMMA) and PBuMA, and 1-adamantyl methacrylate (ADMA) with low monomer solubility in water and high T g of the homopolymer (PADMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasushi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui910-8507, Japan
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7
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Capricho JC, Vongsvivut JP, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Hameed N. Magnetic field induced alignment of macroradical epoxy for enhanced electrical properties. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5194-5203. [PMID: 35195649 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical performance of macroradical epoxy thermosets to surpass the semiconductor threshold requires a comprehensive understanding of the electrical charge transport mechanisms and characteristics. In this study, we investigate the electrical properties of a non-conjugated radical thermoset in a rigid, three-dimensional (3D) motif cured under an external magnetic field. The outcomes of the four-angle analysis of the synchrotron IRM beamline provide for the first time quantitative insights into the molecular orientation at the atomic-scale level. These insights, in turn, were utilized to apply Quantum Computational modeling theories and Monte Carlo simulation to study the effect of the magnetic field-induced molecular alignment on tuning electrical charge transport characteristics. The results explored the impact of radical density on forming percolation networks, showing a robust protocol for designing polymers with high electrical/thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Jaworski C Capricho
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Jitraporn Pimm Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
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8
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Hunter SJ, Penfold NJW, Jones ER, Zinn T, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects via RAFT Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization of Hydroxybutyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2022; 55:3051-3062. [PMID: 35492576 PMCID: PMC9047412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saul J. Hunter
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. W. Penfold
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | | | - Thomas Zinn
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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9
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György C, Smith T, Growney DJ, Armes SP. Synthesis and derivatization of epoxy-functional sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer spheres in non-polar media: does the spatial location of the epoxy groups matter? Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy-functional sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles are prepared via PISA in mineral oil and then derivatized using various reagents and reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla György
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Timothy Smith
- Lubrizol Ltd, Nether Lane, Hazelwood, Derbyshire, DE56 4AN, UK
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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10
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Beattie DL, Deane OJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate: effect of end-group ionization on the formation and colloidal stability of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate) nano-objects are prepared by aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) using an ionic RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Beattie
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oliver J. Deane
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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11
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Brotherton EE, Smallridge MJ, Armes SP. Aldehyde-Functional Diblock Copolymer Nano-objects via RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5382-5389. [PMID: 34814688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the rational design of aldehyde-functional sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nano-objects in aqueous solution via polymerization-induced self-assembly. More specifically, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer aqueous dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate is conducted using a water-soluble precursor block in which every methacrylic repeat unit contains a pendent oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain capped with a cis-diol unit. Systematic variation of the reaction conditions enables the construction of a pseudo-phase diagram, which ensures the reproducible targeting of pure spheres, worms, or vesicles. Selective oxidation of the pendent cis-diol groups using aqueous sodium periodate under mild conditions introduces geminal diols (i.e., the hydrated form of an aldehyde obtained in the presence of water) into the steric stabilizer chains without loss of colloidal stability. In the case of diblock copolymer vesicles, such derivatization leads to the formation of a worm population, indicating partial loss of the original morphology. However, this problem can be circumvented by cross-linking the membrane-forming block prior to periodate oxidation. Moreover, such covalently stabilized aldehyde-functionalized vesicles can be subsequently reacted with either glycine or histidine in aqueous solution, followed by reductive amination to prevent hydrolysis of the labile imine bond. ζ potential measurements confirm that this derivatization significantly affects the electrophoretic behavior of these vesicles. Similarly, the membrane-crosslinked aldehyde-functionalized vesicles can be reacted with a model globular protein, bovine serum albumin, to produce "stealthy" protein-decorated vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Brotherton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Mark J Smallridge
- GEO Specialty Chemicals, Hythe, Southampton, Hampshire SO45 3ZG, U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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12
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In situ cross-linking in RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization: Reshaping the preparation of cross-linked block copolymer nano-objects by polymerization-induced self-assembly. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Cao J, Tan Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tan J. How the Reactive End Group of Macro-RAFT Agent Affects RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100333. [PMID: 34219313 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated emulsion polymerization is an emerging method in which macro-RAFT agents are chain extended with hydrophobic monomers in water to form block copolymer nano-objects. However, almost all RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerizations are limited to AB diblock copolymers by using monofunctional macro-RAFT agents with non-reactive end groups. In this study, the first investigation on how the reactive end group of macro-RAFT agent affects RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization is reported. Three macro-RAFT agents with different end groups are synthesized and employed in RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization. Effects of end groups on morphologies of block copolymer nano-objects and polymerization process are studied. Block copolymer nano-objects prepared by using an asymmetric difunctional macro-RAFT agent can be functionalized by further chain extension on the surface. It is expected that the current study will not only expand the scope of RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization, but also provide a novel strategy to prepare functional polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Cao
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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14
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Engström J, Reid MS, Brotherton EE, Malmström E, Armes SP, Hatton FL. Investigating the adsorption of anisotropic diblock copolymer worms onto planar silica and nanocellulose surfaces using a quartz crystal microbalance. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report physical adsorption of highly anisotropic copolymer worms with either anionic or cationic charge onto planar silica, cellulose nanocrystal or cellulose nanofibril surfaces using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Engström
- Division of Coating Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Division of Fibre Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma E. Brotherton
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Eva Malmström
- Division of Coating Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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15
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North SM, Armes SP. One-pot synthesis and aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive schizophrenic diblock copolymer nanoparticles prepared via RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined doubly pH-responsive schizophrenic diblock copolymer nanoparticles with tunable isoelectric points are prepared via RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization using an efficient one-pot protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. North
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - S. P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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16
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Hunter SJ, Lovett JR, Mykhaylyk OO, Jones ER, Armes SP. Synthesis of diblock copolymer spheres, worms and vesicles via RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate using a poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) precursor leads to diblock copolymer spheres, worms or vesicles. A pseudo-phase diagram is constructed and the vesicles are briefly evaluated as a Pickering emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J. Hunter
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Joseph R. Lovett
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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17
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Chan DHH, Cockram AA, Gibson RR, Kynaston EL, Lindsay C, Taylor P, Armes SP. RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate: observation of unexpected constraints when employing a non-ionic steric stabilizer block. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a non-ionic steric stabilizer for the RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate leads to flocculated nanoparticles when targeting DPs > 100; there is no such constraint when employing an anionic stabilizer block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek H. H. Chan
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Amy A. Cockram
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Rebecca R. Gibson
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Emily L. Kynaston
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Christopher Lindsay
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Philip Taylor
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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18
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Hunter SJ, Armes SP. Pickering Emulsifiers Based on Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15463-15484. [PMID: 33325720 PMCID: PMC7884006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer nanoparticles prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) represent an emerging class of organic Pickering emulsifiers. Such nanoparticles are readily prepared by chain-extending a soluble homopolymer precursor using a carefully selected second monomer that forms an insoluble block in the chosen solvent. As the second block grows, it undergoes phase separation that drives in situ self-assembly to form sterically stabilized nanoparticles. Conducting such PISA syntheses in aqueous solution leads to hydrophilic nanoparticles that enable the formation of oil-in-water emulsions. Alternatively, hydrophobic nanoparticles can be prepared in non-polar media (e.g., n-alkanes), which enables water-in-oil emulsions to be produced. In this review, the specific advantages of using PISA to prepare such bespoke Pickering emulsifiers are highlighted, which include fine control over particle size, copolymer morphology, and surface wettability. This has enabled various fundamental scientific questions regarding Pickering emulsions to be addressed. Moreover, block copolymer nanoparticles can be used to prepare Pickering emulsions over various length scales, with mean droplet diameters ranging from millimeters to less than 200 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul J. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry,
Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry,
Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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19
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Sudhakar C, Suresh J, Valarmathi N, Sumathi S, Karthikeyan A, Arun A. Synthesis, characterization of acrylate polymer having chalcone moiety: evaluation of antimicrobial, anticancer and drug release study. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:438-453. [PMID: 33091325 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1841364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article describes synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, drug-releasing and anti-cancer activity of acrylate monomer and its polymer containing chalcone moiety. The synthesized polymers were characterized through IR, 1H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. The molecular weight of the obtained polymer is found to be around 4000 g/mol. The synthesized polymers are thermally stable up to 260 °C. The monomer and its polymer show higher activity against gram-negative bacteria and these compounds show remarkable activity over breast cancer cells. The synthesized monomer and polymers showed higher anticancer activity. The inhibitory potential of monomers and polymers premeditated using optimized in vitro evaluation MTT assay and live cell images. The drug release potential was controlled through co-monomer, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sudhakar
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Suresh
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Valarmathi
- Department of Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sumathi
- Department of Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Karthikeyan
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Arun
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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D'Agosto F, Rieger J, Lansalot M. RAFT‐vermittelte polymerisationsinduzierte Selbstorganisation (PISA). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Jutta Rieger
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 8232 Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Polymer Chemistry Team (ECP) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris Frankreich
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne Frankreich
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21
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D'Agosto F, Rieger J, Lansalot M. RAFT‐Mediated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8368-8392. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jutta Rieger
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 8232 Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) Polymer Chemistry Team (ECP) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
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22
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Wang S, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:358-370. [PMID: 35648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving the growth in research interest in macromolecular radicals for batteries, electronics, memory, and imaging. This Viewpoint summarizes the current state-of-knowledge regarding the macromolecular nitroxide radicals' redox mechanism, conductivity, chain conformation, controlled polymerization, network structure, conjugated forms, and applications. The nitroxide radical group is the focus because it is the most widely studied. Although most literature focuses upon applications, an emerging body of work is highlighting the fundamental physicochemical properties of macromolecular radicals. To this end, this Viewpoint recommends areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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23
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Deane OJ, Musa OM, Fernyhough A, Armes SP. Synthesis and Characterization of Waterborne Pyrrolidone-Functional Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared via Surfactant-free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Deane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Alan Fernyhough
- Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Listers Mills, Heaton Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 4SH, U.K
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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24
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Sarkar J, Jackson AW, van Herk AM, Goto A. Synthesis of nano-capsules via aqueous emulsion RCMP-PISA and encapsulation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of nano-capsules using aqueous RCMP-PISA and encapsulation of rhodamine-B (Rh-B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Sarkar
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Alexander W. Jackson
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research
- Singapore
| | - Alexander M. van Herk
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research
- Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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25
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Galanopoulo P, Dugas PY, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F. Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl acetate) block copolymer particles with various morphologies via RAFT/MADIX aqueous emulsion PISA. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) of amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl acetate) in water was achieved through macromolecular design via interchange of xanthate (MADIX) polymerization in emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
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26
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Docherty PJ, Girou C, Derry MJ, Armes SP. Epoxy-functional diblock copolymer spheres, worms and vesicles via polymerization-induced self-assembly in mineral oil. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-functional poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) spheres, worms or vesicles can be prepared by RAFT dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in mineral oil at 70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloé Girou
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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27
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Hatton FL, Derry MJ, Armes SP. Rational synthesis of epoxy-functional spheres, worms and vesicles by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The rational synthesis of epoxy-functional diblock copolymer nano-objects has been achieved by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate under mild conditions (50 °C, pH 7) to preserve the epoxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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28
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Xu S, Zhang T, Kuchel RP, Yeow J, Boyer C. Gradient Polymerization–Induced Self‐Assembly: A One‐Step Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900493. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Tong Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical CentreThe University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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29
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Dai X, Yu L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Tan J. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly via RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Dai
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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30
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Brotherton EE, Hatton FL, Cockram AA, Derry MJ, Czajka A, Cornel EJ, Topham PD, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies During Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13664-13675. [PMID: 31364361 PMCID: PMC6716212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a powerful platform technology for the rational and efficient synthesis of a wide range of block copolymer nano-objects (e.g., spheres, worms or vesicles) in various media. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization have previously provided detailed structural information during self-assembly (see M. J. Derry et al., Chem. Sci. 2016 , 7 , 5078 - 5090 ). However, conducting the analogous in situ SAXS studies during RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerizations poses a formidable technical challenge because the inherently heterogeneous nature of such PISA formulations requires efficient stirring to generate sufficiently small monomer droplets. In the present study, the RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate (MOEMA) has been explored for the first time. Chain extension of a relatively short non-ionic poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) precursor block leads to the formation of sterically-stabilized PGMA-PMOEMA spheres, worms or vesicles, depending on the precise reaction conditions. Construction of a suitable phase diagram enables each of these three morphologies to be reproducibly targeted at copolymer concentrations ranging from 10 to 30% w/w solids. High MOEMA conversions are achieved within 2 h at 70 °C, which makes this new PISA formulation well-suited for in situ SAXS studies using a new reaction cell. This bespoke cell enables efficient stirring and hence allows in situ monitoring during RAFT emulsion polymerization for the first time. For example, the onset of micellization and subsequent evolution in particle size can be studied when preparing PGMA29-PMOEMA30 spheres at 10% w/w solids. When targeting PGMA29-PMOEMA70 vesicles under the same conditions, both the micellar nucleation event and the subsequent evolution in the diblock copolymer morphology from spheres to worms to vesicles are observed. These new insights significantly enhance our understanding of the PISA mechanism during RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Brotherton
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Amy A. Cockram
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Czajka
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Erik J. Cornel
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of
Materials Research, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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31
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Boujioui F, Zhuge F, Gohy J. Redox Polymer–Based Nano‐Objects via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Flanco Zhuge
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean‐François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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