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Woods S, Tinkler JD, Bensabeh N, Palà M, Martin SJ, Martin-Fabiani I, Lligadas G, Hatton FL. Temperature-Responsive Lactic Acid-Based Nanoparticles by RAFT-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:9979-9988. [PMID: 37448723 PMCID: PMC10337250 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates for the first-time biobased, temperature-responsive diblock copolymer nanoparticles synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) aqueous emulsion polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Here, monomers derived from green solvents of the lactic acid portfolio, N,N-dimethyl lactamide acrylate (DMLA) and ethyl lactate acrylate (ELA), were used. First, DMLA was polymerized by RAFT aqueous solution polymerization to produce a hydrophilic PDMLA macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA), which was chain extended with ELA in water to form amphiphilic PDMLA-b-PELA diblock copolymer nanoparticles by RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization. PDMLAx homopolymers were synthesized targeting degrees of polymerization, DPx from 25 to 400, with relatively narrow molecular weight dispersities (Đ < 1.30). The PDMLA64-b-PELAy diblock copolymers (DPy = 10-400) achieved dispersities, Đ, between 1.18 and 1.54 with two distinct glass transition temperatures (Tg) identified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tg(1) (7.4 to 15.7 °C) representative of PELA and Tg(2) (69.1 to 79.7 °C) of PDMLA. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies gave particle z-average diameters between 11 and 74 nm (PDI = 0.04 to 0.20). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed evidence of spherical particles when dispersions were dried at ∼5 °C and film formation when dried at room temperature. Many of these polymers exhibited a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water with a concomitant increase in z-average diameter for the PDMLA-b-PELA diblock copolymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
E. Woods
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - James David Tinkler
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Bensabeh
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marc Palà
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Simon J. Martin
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic
Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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2
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Parnell AJ, Bradford JE, Curran EV, Washington AL, Adams G, Brien MN, Burg SL, Morochz C, Fairclough JPA, Vukusic P, Martin SJ, Doak S, Nadeau NJ. Wing scale ultrastructure underlying convergent and divergent iridescent colours in mimetic Heliconius butterflies. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0948. [PMID: 29669892 PMCID: PMC5938584 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescence is an optical phenomenon whereby colour changes with the illumination and viewing angle. It can be produced by thin film interference or diffraction. Iridescent optical structures are fairly common in nature, but relatively little is known about their production or evolution. Here we describe the structures responsible for producing blue-green iridescent colour in Heliconius butterflies. Overall the wing scale structures of iridescent and non-iridescent Heliconius species are very similar, both having longitudinal ridges joined by cross-ribs. However, iridescent scales have ridges composed of layered lamellae, which act as multilayer reflectors. Differences in brightness between species can be explained by the extent of overlap of the lamellae and their curvature as well as the density of ridges on the scale. Heliconius are well known for their Müllerian mimicry. We find that iridescent structural colour is not closely matched between co-mimetic species. Differences appear less pronounced in models of Heliconius vision than models of avian vision, suggesting that they are not driven by selection to avoid heterospecific courtship by co-mimics. Ridge profiles appear to evolve relatively slowly, being similar between closely related taxa, while ridge density evolves faster and is similar between distantly related co-mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - James E Bradford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Emma V Curran
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adam L Washington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Gracie Adams
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Melanie N Brien
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephanie L Burg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | | | | | - Pete Vukusic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Simon J Martin
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Scott Doak
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicola J Nadeau
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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3
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Burg SL, Washington A, Coles DM, Bianco A, McLoughlin D, Mykhaylyk OO, Villanova J, Dennison AJC, Hill CJ, Vukusic P, Doak S, Martin SJ, Hutchings M, Parnell SR, Vasilev C, Clarke N, Ryan AJ, Furnass W, Croucher M, Dalgliesh RM, Prevost S, Dattani R, Parker A, Jones RAL, Fairclough JPA, Parnell AJ. Liquid–liquid phase separation morphologies in ultra-white beetle scales and a synthetic equivalent. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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4
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Giles ML, MacPhail A, Bell C, Bradshaw CS, Furner V, Gunathilake M, John M, Krishnaswamy S, Martin SJ, Ooi C, Owen L, Russell D, Street A, Post JJ. The barriers to linkage and retention in care for women living with HIV in an high income setting where they comprise a minority group. AIDS Care 2019; 31:730-736. [PMID: 30754996 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1576843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Women comprise a minority population of individuals living with HIV in Australia, and are often poorly represented in research and clinical trials so their needs remain largely unknown. Data suggests that they are diagnosed later than men and start antiretroviral therapy at a lower CD4 cell count. This raises the question whether there are sex specific barriers to linkage and retention in care. This study analyzed 484 surveys received from clinicians collecting demographic, virological, and reproductive health data along with perceived barriers to linkage and retention in care. Most women (67%) were estimated to have been linked into care within 28 days of diagnosis. For women who were not linked into care for more than 28 days, the most commonly reason cited was fear of disclosure to others, followed by fear of disclosure to their partner. The main reasons given for non-retention in care were related to transport, carer responsibilities, financial pressure, health beliefs and concern about stigma or disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Giles
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Alfred Health , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - A MacPhail
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Alfred Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - C Bell
- c Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide , Australia
| | - C S Bradshaw
- d Melbourne Sexual Health Centre , Melbourne , Australia.,e Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - V Furner
- f The Albion Centre , Sydney , Australia
| | - M Gunathilake
- g Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control , Northern Territory , Darwin , Australia.,h Kirby Institute , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - M John
- i Department of Immunology , Royal Perth Hospital , Perth , Australia
| | - S Krishnaswamy
- j Alice Springs Hospital , Alice Springs , Australia.,k Monash Infectious Diseases , Monash Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - S J Martin
- l Canberra Sexual Health Service , Canberra Hospital , Canberra , Australia.,m Australian National University , Canberra , Australia
| | - C Ooi
- n Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre , Sydney , Australia
| | - L Owen
- o Statewide Sexual Health Service , Tasmania , Australia
| | - D Russell
- p Cairns Sexual Health Service , Cairns , Australia
| | - A Street
- q Victorian Infectious Diseases Service , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - J J Post
- f The Albion Centre , Sydney , Australia.,r Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,s Prince of Wales Clinical School , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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5
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Takahashi J, Okuyama H, Kiyoshi T, Takeuchi T, Martin SJ. Origins of Vespa velutina hornets that recently invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 30:434-439. [PMID: 30489182 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1538366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The native distribution of the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, is throughout East Asia. Around 15 years ago this species was accidentally introduced into South Korea and France, where it became established and then spread into neighbouring countries. Previous mitochondrial DNA studies showed that the South Korean, Japanese, and French populations all originated from Eastern China. Recently, the hornet has invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK. In this study, we analyze the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina to trace the origin of these two populations. The mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (COI, Cytb, and 16S rRNA) of V. velutina in Iki Island matched the unique haplotype present in China, South Korea, and Japan, while the haplotype from Jersey Island matched that of V. velutina found in France and China. These findings were supported by data from the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina from Iki Island, which was consistent with the sequence from South Korea and Tsushima, whereas V. velutina in Jersey was most similar to the French population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takahashi
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - H Okuyama
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - T Kiyoshi
- b Department of Zoology , National Museum of Nature and Science , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - T Takeuchi
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - S J Martin
- c School of Environment and Life Sciences, The University of Salford , Manchester , UK
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6
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reviewed the current state of maxillofacial rehabilitation in resource-limited nations. METHOD A rigorous literature review was undertaken using several technical and clinical databases using a variety of key words pertinent to maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation and resource-limited areas. In addition, interviews were conducted with researchers, clinicians and prosthetists that had direct experience of volunteering or working in resource-limited countries. RESULTS Results from the review and interviews suggest rehabilitating patients in resource-limited countries remains challenging and efforts to improve the situation requires a multifactorial approach. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, public health awareness programmes to reduce the causation of injuries and bespoke maxillofacial prosthetics training programmes to suit these countries, as opposed to attempting to replicate Western training programmes. It is also possible that usage of locally sourced and cheaper materials and the use of low-cost technologies could greatly improve maxillofacial rehabilitation efforts in these localities. Implications for Rehabilitation More information and support needs to be provided to maxillofacial defect/injuries patients and to their families or guardians in a culturally sensitive manner by governments. The health needs, economic and psychological needs of the patients need to be taken into account during the rehabilitation process by clinicians and healthcare organizations. The possibility of developing training programs to suit these resource limited countries and not necessarily follow conventional fabrication methods must be looked into further by educational entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Tetteh
- a Loughborough Design School , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Richard J Bibb
- a Loughborough Design School , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Simon J Martin
- b Department of Materials , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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7
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Abstract
Ethambutol is commonly used for the treatment of tuberculous and atypical mycobacterial infection. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity other than optic neuropathy is not widely reported. A 40-year-old man with advanced HIV infection and Mycobacterium avium complex infection experienced rapid cognitive decline after commencement of ethambutol, and symptoms fully resolved with cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Canberra Sexual Health Centre, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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8
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Boden DG, Agarwal A, Hussain T, Martin SJ, Radford N, Riyat MS, So K, Su Y, Turvey A, Whale CI. Lowering levels of bed occupancy is associated with decreased inhospital mortality and improved performance on the 4-hour target in a UK District General Hospital. Emerg Med J 2015; 33:85-90. [PMID: 26380995 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether there is an association between an intervention to reduce medical bed occupancy and performance on the 4-hour target and hospital mortality. METHODS This before-and-after study was undertaken in a large UK District General Hospital over a 32 month period. A range of interventions were undertaken to reduce medical bed occupancy within the Trust. Performance on the 4-hour target and hospital mortality (hospital standardised mortality ratio (HSMR), summary hospital-level mortality indicator (SHMI) and crude mortality) were compared before, and after, intervention. Daily data on medical bed occupancy and percentage of patients meeting the 4-hour target was collected from hospital records. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time-series method was used to estimate the changes in levels and trends in average medical bed occupancy, monthly performance on the target and monthly mortality measures (HSMR, SHMI and crude mortality) that followed the intervention. RESULTS Mean medical bed occupancy decreased significantly from 93.7% to 90.2% (p=0.02). The trend change in target performance, when comparing preintervention and postintervention, revealed a significant improvement (p=0.019). The intervention was associated with a mean reduction in all markers of mortality (range 4.5-4.8%). SHMI (p=0.02) and crude mortality (p=0.018) showed significant trend changes after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Lowering medical bed occupancy is associated with reduced patient mortality and improved ability of the acute Trust to achieve the 95% 4-hour target. Whole system transformation is required to create lower average medical bed occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Boden
- Emergency Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - A Agarwal
- Division of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - T Hussain
- Division of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - S J Martin
- Division of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - N Radford
- Department of Operations, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - M S Riyat
- Emergency Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - K So
- Emergency Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Y Su
- Dr Su Statistics, Consulting firm, Kaunakakai, Hawaii, USA
| | - A Turvey
- Information Services, RDH, Derby, UK
| | - C I Whale
- Division of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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9
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Todkill M, Tyson A, Habel P, Moss P, Rossteuscher K, Didlick J, Crawford S, Freeman H, Martin SJ. P13.08 Act testing month: promoting testing and increasing cross sector collaboration. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Lambert M, Currie MJ, Del Rosario R, Tyson A, Martin SJ. P08.32 The feasibility and acceptability of offering opportunistic chlamydia screening in a nurse-led primary health care clinic. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Danso-Boateng E, Shama G, Wheatley AD, Martin SJ, Holdich RG. Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge: effect of process conditions on product characteristics and methane production. Bioresour Technol 2015; 177:318-327. [PMID: 25496954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonisation of primary sewage sludge was carried out using a batch reactor. The effect of temperature and reaction time on the characteristics of solid (hydrochar), liquid and gas products, and the conditions leading to optimal hydrochar characteristics were investigated. The amount of carbon retained in hydrochars decreased as temperature and time increased with carbon retentions of 64-77% at 140 and 160°C, and 50-62% at 180 and 200°C. Increasing temperature and treatment time increased the energy content of the hydrochar from 17 to 19 MJ/kg but reduced its energy yield from 88% to 68%. Maillard reaction products were identified in the liquid fractions following carbonisations at 180 and 200°C. Theoretical estimates of the methane yields resulting from the anaerobic digestion of the liquid by-products are also presented and optimal reaction conditions to maximise these identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Danso-Boateng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - G Shama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A D Wheatley
- School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - S J Martin
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - R G Holdich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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12
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Andrews D, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Baehrecke EH, Bazan NG, Bertrand MJ, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bredesen DE, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Cecconi F, Chan FK, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, Di Daniele N, Dixit VM, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Fimia GM, Flavell RA, Fulda S, Garrido C, Gougeon ML, Green DR, Gronemeyer H, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Hengartner MO, Ichijo H, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Lugli E, Madeo F, Malorni W, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Meier P, Melino S, Mizushima N, Moll U, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Nuñez G, Oberst A, Panaretakis T, Penninger JM, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JH, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Ravichandran KS, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CM, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Shi Y, Simon HU, Stockwell BR, Szabadkai G, Tait SW, Tang HL, Tavernarakis N, Tsujimoto Y, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Villunger A, Wagner EF, Walczak H, White E, Wood WG, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Melino G, Kroemer G. Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:58-73. [PMID: 25236395 PMCID: PMC4262782 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ‘accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. ‘Regulated cell death' (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J M Bravo-San Pedro
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - E S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Altucci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - E H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M J Bertrand
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Bianchi
- 1] Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, London, UK [2] Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Blomgren
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D E Bredesen
- 1] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Brenner
- 1] INSERM, UMRS769, Châtenay Malabry, France [2] LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay Malabry, France [3] Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - M Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F Cecconi
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [3] Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - A Ciechanover
- Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - T M Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V L Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V De Laurenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - K-M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G M Fimia
- 1] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - R A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, U866, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - H Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - G Hajnoczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Hardwick
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P J Jost
- Medical Department for Hematology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - D J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Knight
- 1] Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - S Kumar
- 1] Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Medicine and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B Levine
- 1] Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S A Lipton
- 1] The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford-Burnham Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA [4] University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medecine, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - W Malorni
- 1] Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Roma, Italy [2] San Raffaele Institute, Sulmona, Italy
| | - J-C Marine
- 1] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium [2] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S J Martin
- Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J-C Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experiments Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Meier
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
| | - S Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - N Mizushima
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - U Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Panaretakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Peter
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Piacentini
- 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - P Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J H Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Rizzuto
- Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y Shi
- Soochow Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B R Stockwell
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA [2] Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Szabadkai
- 1] Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - S W Tait
- 1] Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H L Tang
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Tavernarakis
- 1] Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece [2] Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Y Tsujimoto
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Vanden Berghe
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium [3] Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - W G Wood
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA [2] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zakeri
- 1] Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA [2] Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, NY, USA
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- 1] Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Melino
- 1] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [4] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [5] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge) - Hospital Duran i Reynals 3 planta, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - S J Martin
- 1] Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland [2] Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Moskovskii prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Morris RGM, Steele RJ, Bell JE, Martin SJ. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, learning and memory: chronic intraventricular infusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist d-AP5 interacts directly with the neural mechanisms of spatial learning. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:700-17. [PMID: 23311352 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to contrast the hypothesis that hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors participate directly in the mechanisms of hippocampus-dependent learning with an alternative view that apparent impairments of learning induced by NMDA receptor antagonists arise because of drug-induced neuropathological and/or sensorimotor disturbances. In experiment 1, rats given a chronic i.c.v. infusion of d-AP5 (30 mm) at 0.5 μL/h were selectively impaired, relative to aCSF-infused animals, in place but not cued navigation learning when they were trained during the 14-day drug infusion period, but were unimpaired on both tasks if trained 11 days after the minipumps were exhausted. d-AP5 caused sensorimotor disturbances in the spatial task, but these gradually worsened as the animals failed to learn. Histological assessment of potential neuropathological changes revealed no abnormalities in d-AP5-treated rats whether killed during or after chronic drug infusion. In experiment 2, a deficit in spatial learning was also apparent in d-AP5-treated rats trained on a spatial reference memory task involving two identical but visible platforms, a task chosen and shown to minimise sensorimotor disturbances. HPLC was used to identify the presence of d-AP5 in selected brain areas. In Experiment 3, rats treated with d-AP5 showed a delay-dependent deficit in spatial memory in the delayed matching-to-place protocol for the water maze. These data are discussed with respect to the learning mechanism and sensorimotor accounts of the impact of NMDA receptor antagonists on brain function. We argue that NMDA receptor mechanisms participate directly in spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G M Morris
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Martin SJ, Shires KL, Spooner PA. The relationship between tetanus intensity and the magnitude of hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Neuroscience 2012; 231:363-72. [PMID: 23228809 PMCID: PMC3746156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the effects of varying tetanus and test-pulse intensity on the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the perforant path–dentate gyrus projection of urethane-anaesthetized rats. We developed a novel within-subjects procedure in which test-pulse-stimulation intensity (60–1000 μA) was varied quasi-randomly under computer control throughout the recording period. After a baseline period, we applied a high-frequency tetanus, the intensity of which was varied over the same range as test-pulse intensity, but between subjects. The time-course of LTP was thus monitored continuously across a range of test-pulse intensities in each rat. Intense high-frequency tetanization at 1000 μA resulted in a paradoxical depression of the dentate field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) slope at the lowest test intensity used (60 μA), but caused a potentiation at higher test intensities in the same animal. Moreover, intense tetanization induced less LTP than a moderate tetanus over most of the test-intensity range. Explanations for this pattern of data include a potentiation of feed-forward inhibition in conjunction with LTP of excitatory neurotransmission, or local tissue damage at the stimulation site. To address this issue, we conducted an additional experiment in which a second stimulating electrode was placed in the perforant path at a site closer to the dentate, in order to activate a common population of afferents at a location ‘downstream’ of the original stimulation site. After 1000-μA tetanization of the original (‘upstream’) site, fEPSPs were again depressed in response to test stimulation of the upstream site, but only potentiation was observed in response to stimulation of the downstream site. This is consistent with the idea that the depression induced by intense tetanization results from local changes at the stimulation site. In conclusion, while tetanus intensity must exceed the LTP induction threshold, intensities above 500 μA should be avoided; in the present study, tetanization at 250–500 μA yielded maximal levels of LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.
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Bandey HL, Martin SJ, Cernosek RW, Hillman AR. Modeling the Responses of Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators under Various Loading Conditions. Anal Chem 2012; 71:2205-14. [PMID: 21662758 DOI: 10.1021/ac981272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We develop a general model that describes the electrical responses of thickness-shear mode resonators subject to a variety of surface conditions. The model incorporates a physically diverse set of single-component loadings, including rigid solids, viscoelastic media, and fluids (Newtonian or Maxwellian). The model allows any number of these components to be combined in any configuration. Such multiple loadings are representative of a variety of physical situations encountered in electrochemical and other liquid-phase applications, as well as gas-phase applications. In the general case, the response of the composite load is not a linear combination of the individual component responses. We discuss application of the model in a qualitative diagnostic fashion to gain insight into the nature of the interfacial structure, and in a quantitative fashion to extract appropriate physical parameters such as liquid viscosity and density and polymer shear moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Bandey
- Microsensor Research and Development Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1425
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17
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Abstract
The resonant frequency of a thickness-shear mode resonator operated in contact with a fluid was measured with a network analyzer and with an oscillator circuit. The network analyzer measures changes in the device's intrinsic resonant frequency, which varies linearly with (ρη)(1/2), where ρ and η are liquid density and viscosity, respectively. The resonator/oscillator combination, however, responds differently to liquid loading than the resonator alone. By applying the operating constraints of the oscillator to an equivalent-circuit model for the liquid-loaded resonator, the response of the resonator/oscillator pair can be determined. By properly tuning the resonator/oscillator pair, the dynamic range of the response can be extended and made more linear, closely tracking the response of the resonator alone. This allows the system to measure higher viscosity and higher density liquids with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Microsensor Research and Development Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1425
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Martin SJ, Currie MJ, Deeks LS, Cooper GM, Parker RM, Del Rosario R, Hocking JS, Bowden FJ. P75 Do cash incentives increase the uptake of chlamydia testing in pharmacies? Br J Vener Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050601c.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Martin SJ, Shemilt S, Drijfhout FP. Effect of time on colony odour stability in the ant Formica exsecta. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:327-31. [PMID: 22358182 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among social insects, maintaining a distinct colony profile allows individuals to distinguish easily between nest mates and non-nest mates. In ants, colony-specific profiles can be encoded within their cuticular hydrocarbons, and these are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Using nine monogynous Formica exsecta ant colonies, we studied the stability of their colony-specific profiles at eight time points over a 4-year period. We found no significant directional change in any colony profile, suggesting that genetic factors are maintaining this stability. However, there were significant short-term effects of season that affected all colony profiles in the same direction. Despite these temporal changes, no significant change in the profile variation within colonies was detected: each colony's profile responded in similar manner between seasons, with nest mates maintaining closely similar profiles, distinct from other colonies. These findings imply that genetic factors may help maintain the long-term stability of colony profile, but environmental factors can influence the profiles over shorter time periods. However, environmental factors do not contribute significantly to the maintenance of diversity among colonies, since all colonies were affected in a similar way.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Weir MP, Heriot SY, Martin SJ, Parnell AJ, Holt SA, Webster JRP, Jones RAL. Voltage-induced swelling and deswelling of weak polybase brushes. Langmuir 2011; 27:11000-7. [PMID: 21793596 DOI: 10.1021/la201343w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated a novel method of remotely switching the conformation of a weak polybase brush using an applied voltage. Surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes exhibit rich responsive behavior and show great promise as "smart surfaces", but existing switching methods involve physically or chemically changing the solution in contact with the brush. In this study, high grafting density poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes were grown from silicon surfaces using atom transfer radical polymerization. Optical ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity were used to measure changes in the profiles of the brushes in response to DC voltages applied between the brush substrate and a parallel electrode some distance away in the surrounding liquid (water or D(2)O). Positive voltages were shown to cause swelling, while negative voltages in some cases caused deswelling. Neutron reflectometry experiments were carried out on the INTER reflectometer (ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK) allowing time-resolved measurements of polymer brush structure. The PDMAEMA brushes were shown to have a polymer volume fraction profile described by a Gaussian-terminated parabola both in the equilibrium and in the partially swollen states. At very high positive voltages (in this study, positive bias means positive voltage to the brush-bearing substrate), the brush chains were shown to be stretched to an extent comparable to their contour length, before being physically removed from the interface. Voltage-induced swelling was shown to exhibit a wider range of brush swelling states in comparison to pH switching, with the additional advantages that the stimulus is remotely controlled and may be fully automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Weir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Ebbens S, Hodgkinson R, Parnell AJ, Dunbar A, Martin SJ, Topham PD, Clarke N, Howse JR. In situ imaging and height reconstruction of phase separation processes in polymer blends during spin coating. ACS Nano 2011; 5:5124-31. [PMID: 21561158 DOI: 10.1021/nn201210e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spin coating polymer blend thin films provides a method to produce multiphase functional layers of high uniformity covering large surface areas. Applications for such layers include photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes where performance relies upon the nanoscale phase separation morphology of the spun film. Furthermore, at micrometer scales, phase separation provides a route to produce self-organized structures for templating applications. Understanding the factors that determine the final phase-separated morphology in these systems is consequently an important goal. However, it has to date proved problematic to fully test theoretical models for phase separation during spin coating, due to the high spin speeds, which has limited the spatial resolution of experimental data obtained during the coating process. Without this fundamental understanding, production of optimized micro- and nanoscale structures is hampered. Here, we have employed synchronized stroboscopic illumination together with the high light gathering sensitivity of an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device camera to optically observe structure evolution in such blends during spin coating. Furthermore the use of monochromatic illumination has allowed interference reconstruction of three-dimensional topographies of the spin-coated film as it dries and phase separates with nanometer precision. We have used this new method to directly observe the phase separation process during spinning for a polymer blend (PS-PI) for the first time, providing new insights into the spin-coating process and opening up a route to understand and control phase separation structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ebbens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield. S1 3JD. U.K
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Rodríguez AB, Voigt MM, Martin SJ, Whittle TJ, Dalgliesh RM, Thompson RL, Lidzey DG, Geoghegan M. Structure of films of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) crosslinked with glycerol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
1. RNA has been prepared from baby hamster kidney cells by extraction with a phenol-EDTA mixture and further purified by passing through a column of Sephadex G-25 that had been equilibrated with water. 2. Aging of the total RNA extracts at 4 degrees or heating at 95 degrees followed by rapid cooling caused a conversion of 28s RNA into material sedimenting in sucrose gradients at approx. 18s. 3. When heated RNA was re-extracted with phenol the sedimentation profile was not returned to that of the unheated RNA. 4. The 28s and 18s RNA fractions were collected separately from sucrose gradients by precipitation with 2vol. of ethanol and passed through a Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with water. 5. Heat treatment of purified 28s RNA at 95 degrees caused the sedimentation coefficient to increase to approx. 40s, whereas similar treatment of 18s RNA caused no significant increase. If the RNA was heated before the Sephadex G-25 treatment the sedimentation coefficient of the 28s and 18s RNA decreased to approx. 12s and 8s. 6. Heating mixtures of purified 28s and 18s RNA at 95 degrees caused some aggregation of 18s material with the 28s fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey
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Martin SJ, Brown F. Effect of virus infection on the stability and synthesis of actinomycin-resistant ribonucleic acid in baby-hamster kidney cells. Biochem J 2010; 105:987-93. [PMID: 16742575 PMCID: PMC1198417 DOI: 10.1042/bj1050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The sucrose-gradient pattern of (32)P-labelled RNA synthesized in actinomycintreated baby-hamster kidney cells infected with foot-and-mouth-disease virus depends greatly on the period of labelling. 2. Fractions are formed in infected cells that sediment at 12-20s and have the same base composition as similar fractions found in non-infected cells that have been treated with actinomycin. 3. In the presence of guanidine, which completely inhibits viral RNA synthesis, these fractions are labelled to a greater extent than in non-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- The Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey
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Abstract
1. RNA molecules with sedimentation values in sucrose gradients of 12-20s are synthesized in baby-hamster kidney cells even after prolonged incubation in medium containing 1mug. of actinomycin D/ml. 2. The rate of formation of this RNA is dependent on the age of the cultures and is greatest during the exponential phase of growth. 3. Growth of cells on nutritionally poor medium causes degradation and inhibits the synthesis of these RNA fractions. 4. Replacement of the nutritionally poor medium with a rich medium stimulates the synthesis of actinomycin-resistant RNA. This stimulation is blocked by cycloheximide. 5. The base composition of this RNA is characterized by low cytidine and high guanosine values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- The Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Surrey
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Dunbar ADF, Mokarian-Tabari P, Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Skoda MWA, Jones RAL. A solution concentration dependent transition from self-stratification to lateral phase separation in spin-cast PS:d-PMMA thin films. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2010; 31:369-375. [PMID: 20407801 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2010-10592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thin films with a rich variety of different nano-scale morphologies have been produced by spin casting solutions of various concentrations of PS:d-PMMA blends from toluene solutions. During the spin casting process specular reflectivity and off-specular scattering data were recorded and ex situ optical and atomic force microscopy, neutron reflectivity and ellipsometry have all been used to characterise the film morphologies. We show that it is possible to selectively control the film morphology by altering the solution concentration used. Low polymer concentration solutions favour the formation of flat in-plane phase-separated bi-layers, with a d-PMMA-rich layer underneath a PS-rich layer. At intermediate concentrations the films formed consist of an in-plane phase-separated bi-layer with an undulating interface and also have some secondary phase-separated pockets rich in d-PMMA in the PS-rich layer and vice versa. Using high concentration solutions results in laterally phase-separated regions with sharp interfaces. As with the intermediate concentrations, secondary phase separation was also observed, especially at the top surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D F Dunbar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD, Loughborough, UK.
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are indispensable factors in the body's ongoing defence against viral infection and tumor development. CTL/NK cells recognize and kill infected or aberrant target cells by two major pathways: either through introduction of a battery of proteases - called granzymes - to the target cell cytosol, or through TNF superfamily-dependent killing. During granzyme-dependent killing, target cell death is quick and efficient and is mediated by multiple granzymes, acting via redundant cell death pathways. Although granzyme-mediated cell death has been intensively studied, recent work has also hinted at an alternative, proinflammatory role for these enzymes. Thus, in addition to their well-established role as intracellular effectors of target cell death, recent data suggest that granzymes may have an extracellular role in the propagation of immune signals. In this study, we discuss the role of granzymes as central factors in antitumor immunity, as well possible roles for these proteases as instigators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Cullen
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin D2, Ireland
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Abstract
Disease is one of the main factors driving both natural and artificial selection. It is a particularly important and increasing threat to the managed honeybee colonies, which are vital in crop pollination. Artificial selection for disease-resistant honeybee genotypes has previously only been carried out at the colony-level, that is, by using queens or males reared from colonies that show resistance. However, honeybee queens mate with many males and so each colony consists of multiple patrilines that will vary in heritable traits, such as disease resistance. Here, we investigate whether response to artificial selection for a key resistance mechanism, hygienic behaviour, can be improved using multi-level selection, that is, by selecting not only among colonies as normal but also among patrilines within colonies. Highly hygienic colonies were identified (between-colony selection), and the specific patrilines within them responsible for most hygienic behaviour were determined using observation hives. Queens reared from these hygienic patrilines (within-colony selection) were identified using DNA microsatellite analysis of a wing-tip tissue sample and then mated to drones from a third highly hygienic colony. The resulting colonies headed by queens from hygienic patrilines showed approximately double the level of hygienic behaviour of colonies headed by sister queens from non-hygienic patrilines. The results show that multi-level selection can significantly improve the success of honeybee breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-Sato
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Dang CC, Geoghegan M, Jones RA, Crook CJ, Howse JR, Ryan AJ. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviour of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Recent developments in the apoptosis field have uncovered a family of cysteine proteases, the Caspases, that act as signalling components as well as effectors of the cell death machinery. Caspases are constitutively present as inactive precursors within most cells and undergo proteolytic processing in response to diverse death-inducing stimuli to initiate the death programme. Active caspases can process other caspases of the same type as well as process caspases further downstream in the pathway that ultimately leads to collapse of the cell. This cellular collapse is thought to occur as a consequence of caspase-mediated cleavage of a diverse array of cellular substrates. Regulation of entry into the death programme is controlled at a number of levels by members of the Bcl-2 family, as well as by other cell death regulatory proteins. Recent data has shed light upon the mechanism of action of these regulatory molecules and suggests that the point of caspase activation is a major checkpoint in the cell death programme. Because many transformed cell populations possess derangements in cell death-regulatory genes, such as bcl-2, such cells frequently exhibit elevated resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Thus, a deeper understanding of how apoptosis is normally regulated has therapeutic implications for disease states where the normal controls on the cell death machinery have been subverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Slee
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
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Abajian J, Arrowood JG, Barrett RH, Dwyer CS, Eversole UH, Fine JH, Hand LV, Howrie WC, Marcus PS, Martin SJ, Nicholson MJ, Saklad E, Saklad M, Sellman P, Smith RM, Woodbridge PD. Critique of "A Study of the Deaths Associated with Anesthesia and Surgery". Ann Surg 2007; 142:138-41. [PMID: 17859561 PMCID: PMC1465051 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-195507000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Although its operations are not limited to the spatial domain, there is a near consensus that the hippocampus plays a critical role in memory for place. This review aims to explore this role, with a particular emphasis on the functions performed by distinct hippocampal subregions. The use of innovative lesioning techniques, localized pharmacological treatments, and molecular genetic interventions is offering increasingly precise brain-regional specificity and temporal control. Together with the electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity, these techniques are beginning to shed light on the functioning of specific components of the hippocampal circuitry in the different phases of memory - encoding, storage, consolidation, and retrieval. In view of these developments, we examine the involvement of the hippocampus in the encoding versus retrieval of spatial memory, before turning to the issue of long-term information storage and the role of 'cellular' and 'systems' consolidation processes in the formation of lasting memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Apoptosis is coordinated by members of the caspase family of aspartic acid-specific proteases. Other members of this protease family also play essential roles in inflammation where they participate in the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To date, almost 400 substrates for the apoptosis-associated caspases have been reported and there are likely to be hundreds more yet to be discovered. Thus, the fraction of the proteome that is degraded (the degradome) by caspases during the demolition phase of apoptosis appears to be quite substantial. Despite this, we still know surprisingly little concerning how caspases provoke some of the signature events in apoptosis, such as membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, cellular retraction, chromatin condensation and apoptotic body production. The inflammatory caspases appear to be much more specific proteases than those involved in apoptosis and only two confirmed substrates for these proteases have been described to date. Here, we have compiled a comprehensive list of caspase substrates and describe a searchable web resource (The Casbah; www.casbah.ie) which contains information pertaining to all currently known caspase substrates. We also discuss some of the unresolved issues relating to caspase-dependent events in apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Lüthi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Geoghegan M, Ruiz-Pérez L, Dang CC, Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Howse JR, Jones RAL, Golestanian R, Topham PD, Crook CJ, Ryan AJ, Sivia DS, Webster JRP, Menelle A. The pH-induced swelling and collapse of a polybase brush synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Soft Matter 2006; 2:1076-1080. [PMID: 32680210 DOI: 10.1039/b611847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have used neutron reflectometry to characterize the swelling behaviour of brushes of poly[2-(diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate], a polybase, as a function of pH. The brushes, synthesized by the "" method of atom transfer radical polymerization, were observed to approximately double their thickness in low pH solutions, although the p is shifted to a lower pH than in dilute solution. The composition-depth profile obtained from the reflectometry experiments for the swollen brushes reveals a region depleted in polymer between the substrate and the extended part of the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Cheen C Dang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Simon J Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Jonathan R Howse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Richard A L Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Paul D Topham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Colin J Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Devinderjit S Sivia
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United KingdomOX11 OQX
| | - John R P Webster
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United KingdomOX11 OQX
| | - Alain Menelle
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS), CEA Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex, France
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- P Delivani
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Higgins AM, Martin SJ, Geoghegan M, Heriot SY, Thompson RL, Cubitt R, Dalgliesh RM, Grizzi I, Jones RAL. Interfacial Structure in Conjugated Polymers: Characterization and Control of the Interface between Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) and Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole). Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060072w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Higgins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Simon J. Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Sasha Y. Heriot
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Robert M. Dalgliesh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Ilaria Grizzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
| | - Richard A. L. Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K., and Cambridge Display Technology, Greenwich House, Greenwich Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0TX, U.K
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McGahon AJ, Brown DG, Martin SJ, Amarante-Mendes GP, Cotter TG, Cohen GM, Green DR. Downregulation of Bcr-Abl in K562 cells restores susceptibility to apoptosis: characterization of the apoptotic death. Cell Death Differ 2006; 4:95-104. [PMID: 16465215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/1999] [Revised: 08/06/1999] [Accepted: 08/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the susceptibility of a variety of human leukemic cell lines to the induction of apoptosis. K562, a chronic myelogenous leukemic cell line which expresses the bcr-abl fusion gene, was found to be extremely resistant to apoptosis, irrespective of the inducing agent. This resistance can be attributed to the deregulated Abl kinase activity of bcr-abl, as downregulation of its expression using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the beginning of the abl sequence in this chimeric gene rendered these cells susceptible to cytotoxic drug-induced apoptosis. Examination of the morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in K562 cells revealed the typical membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation associated with this form of cell death. In situ TdT-mediated end labeling of the DNA revealed the presence of strand breaks in the treated cells and field inversion gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of large 10-50 kb fragments. However there was an absence of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, whether or not Bcr-Abl was expressed. Thus, while inhibition of expression of Bcr-Abl renders K562 cells susceptible to apoptosis, the absence of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in these cells is independent of the function of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McGahon
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 11149 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92014, USA
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Ryan AJ, Crook CJ, Howse JR, Topham P, Jones AL, Geoghegan M, Parnell AJ, Ruiz-Pérez L, Martin SJ, Cadby A, Menelle A, Webster JRP, Gleeson AJ, Bras W. Responsive brushes and gels as components of soft nanotechnology. Faraday Discuss 2005; 128:55-74. [PMID: 15658767 DOI: 10.1039/b405700g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the development of generic molecular devices based on responsive polymers is discussed. Characterisation of specially synthesised polyelectrolyte gels, "grafted from" brushes and triblock copolymers is reported. A Landolt pH-oscillator, based on bromate/ sulfite/ferrocyanide, with a room temperature period of 20 min and a range of 3.1 < pH < 7.0, has been used to drive periodic oscillations in volume in a pH responsive hydrogel. The gel is coupled to the reaction and changes volume by a factor of at least 6. A continuously stirred, constant volume, tank reactor was set-up on an optical microscope and the reaction pH and gel size monitored. The cyclic force generation of this system has been measured directly in a modified JKR experiment. The responsive nature of polyelectrolyte brushes, grown by surface initiated ATRP, have been characterised by scanning force microscopy, neutron reflectometry and single molecule force measurements. Triblock copolymers, based on hydrophobic end-blocks and either polyacid or polybase mid-block, have been used to produce polymer gels where the deformation of the molecules can be followed directly by SAXS and a correlation between molecular shape change and macroscopic deformation has been established. The three systems studied allow both the macroscopic and a molecular response to be investigated independently for the crosslinked gels and the brushes. The triblock copolymers demonstrate that the individual response of the polyelectrolyte molecules scale-up to give the macroscopic response of the system in an oscillating chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Collingridge DR, Glaser M, Osman S, Barthel H, Hutchinson OC, Luthra SK, Brady F, Bouchier-Hayes L, Martin SJ, Workman P, Price P, Aboagye EO. In vitro selectivity, in vivo biodistribution and tumour uptake of annexin V radiolabelled with a positron emitting radioisotope. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1327-33. [PMID: 14520468 PMCID: PMC2394302 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of a noninvasive method to detect and quantify apoptosis in tumours will enable tumour response to several cancer therapies to be assessed. We have synthesised two radiotracers, annexin V and the N-succinimidyl-3-iodobenzoic acid (SIB) derivative of annexin V, labelled with radio-iodine (124I and 125I) and provided proof of the concept by assessing specific binding and biodistribution of these probes to apoptotic cells and tumours. We have also assessed the tumour uptake of [124I]annexin V in a mouse model of apoptosis. RIF-1 cells induced to undergo apoptosis in vitro showed a drug concentration-dependent increased binding of [125I]annexin V and [125I]SIB–annexin V. In the same model system, there was an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells and a decrease in clonogenic survival. Radiotracer binding was completely inhibited by preincubation with unlabelled annexin V. In RIF-1 tumour-bearing mice, rapid distribution of [125I]SIB–annexin V-derived radioactivity to kidneys was observed and the radiotracer accumulated in urine. The binding of [125I]SIB–annexin V to RIF-1 tumours increased by 2.3-fold at 48 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (165 mg kg−1 body weight), compared to a 4.4-fold increase in TUNEL-positive cells measured by immunostaining. Positron emission tomography images with both radiotracers demonstrated intense localisation in the kidneys and bladder. Unlike [124I]SIB–annexin V, [124I]annexin V also showed localisation in the thyroid region presumably due to deiodination of the radiolabel. [124I]SIB–annexin V is an attractive candidate for in vivo imaging of apoptosis by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Collingridge
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - M Glaser
- Imaging Research Solutions Limited, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - S Osman
- Imaging Research Solutions Limited, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - H Barthel
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - O C Hutchinson
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - S K Luthra
- Imaging Research Solutions Limited, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - F Brady
- Imaging Research Solutions Limited, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - L Bouchier-Hayes
- The Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S J Martin
- The Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 SNG, UK
| | - P Price
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - E O Aboagye
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. E-mail:
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Morris RGM, Moser EI, Riedel G, Martin SJ, Sandin J, Day M, O'Carroll C. Elements of a neurobiological theory of the hippocampus: the role of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003; 358:773-86. [PMID: 12744273 PMCID: PMC1693159 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that synaptic plasticity is a critical component of the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory is now widely accepted. In this article, we begin by outlining four criteria for evaluating the 'synaptic plasticity and memory (SPM)' hypothesis. We then attempt to lay the foundations for a specific neurobiological theory of hippocampal (HPC) function in which activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), plays a key part in the forms of memory mediated by this brain structure. HPC memory can, like other forms of memory, be divided into four processes: encoding, storage, consolidation and retrieval. We argue that synaptic plasticity is critical for the encoding and intermediate storage of memory traces that are automatically recorded in the hippocampus. These traces decay, but are sometimes retained by a process of cellular consolidation. However, we also argue that HPC synaptic plasticity is not involved in memory retrieval, and is unlikely to be involved in systems-level consolidation that depends on HPC-neocortical interactions, although neocortical synaptic plasticity does play a part. The information that has emerged from the worldwide focus on the mechanisms of induction and expression of plasticity at individual synapses has been very valuable in functional studies. Progress towards a comprehensive understanding of memory processing will also depend on the analysis of these synaptic changes within the context of a wider range of systems-level and cellular mechanisms of neuronal transmission and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G M Morris
- Division of Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Edingurgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
The notion that changes in synaptic efficacy underlie learning and memory processes is now widely accepted, although definitive proof of the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis is still lacking. This article reviews recent evidence relevant to the hypothesis, with particular emphasis on studies of experience-dependent plasticity in the neocortex and hippocampus. In our view, there is now compelling evidence that changes in synaptic strength occur as a consequence of certain forms of learning. A major challenge will be to determine whether such changes constitute the memory trace itself or play a less specific supporting role in the information processing that accompanies memory formation.
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Higgins AM, Martin SJ, Jukes PC, Geoghegan M, Jones RAL, Langridge S, Cubitt R, Kirchmeyer S, Wehrum A, Grizzi I. Interfacial structure in semiconducting polymer devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b304990f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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van Loo G, Saelens X, van Gurp M, MacFarlane M, Martin SJ, Vandenabeele P. The role of mitochondrial factors in apoptosis: a Russian roulette with more than one bullet. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:1031-42. [PMID: 12232790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2002] [Revised: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 06/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are 'life-essential' organelles for the production of metabolic energy in the form of ATP. Paradoxically mitochondria also play a key role in controlling the pathways that lead to cell death. This latter role of mitochondria is more than just a 'loss of function' resulting in an energy deficit but is an active process involving different mitochondrial proteins. Cytochrome c was the first characterised mitochondrial factor shown to be released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space and to be actively implicated in apoptotic cell death. Since then, other mitochondrial proteins, such as AIF, Smac/DIABLO, endonuclease G and Omi/HtrA2, were found to undergo release during apoptosis and have been implicated in various aspects of the cell death process. Members of the Bcl-2 protein family control the integrity and response of mitochondria to apoptotic signals. The molecular mechanism by which mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins are released and the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis by Bcl-2 proteins is still elusive. This review summarises and evaluates the current knowledge concerning the complex role of released mitochondrial proteins in the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Loo
- Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Gent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
In order to improve the [18F]FLT production for nuclear medical purposes, the syntheses and labeling results obtained with six new thymidine derivatives involving an alternative protection group strategy are described. The syntheses of the FLT-labeling precursors were performed using the following protection groups at the 5'-O-position: trityl (Tr) and 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr). Formation of an electrophilic center at the 3'-carbon was achieved with methylsulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl groups. The major difference to previous accomplishments rested upon the 3-N-Boc-protection of the FLT-labeling precursors avoiding the deprotection with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). With CAN, a precipitate was formed which was found to interact unfavourably with synthesis automation. Here, deprotection resulted in homogeneous solutions which could immediately be loaded on HPLC. The radiosyntheses were performed with high doses of [18F]fluoride to obtain realistic results for routine production of the clinically interesting radiopharmaceutical, [18F]FLT. It was shown that the nosylated precursors were more favorable for radiofluorination than the mesylated or tosylated derivatives. A positive effect on the radiochemical yield was found with DMTr in comparison to Tr. Best results were obtained using 3-N-Boc-1-[5-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3-O-nosyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl]thymine yielding 1.7 GBq (19.8% EOB) whithin 85 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Martin
- Department of Radiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Bouchier-Hayes L, Conroy H, Egan H, Adrain C, Creagh EM, MacFarlane M, Martin SJ. CARDINAL, a novel caspase recruitment domain protein, is an inhibitor of multiple NF-kappa B activation pathways. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44069-77. [PMID: 11551959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107373200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins possessing the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) motif have been implicated in pathways leading to activation of caspases or NF-kappaB in the context of apoptosis or inflammation, respectively. Here we report the identification of a novel protein, CARDINAL, that contains a CARD motif and also exhibits a high degree of homology to the C terminus of DEFCAP/NAC, a recently described member of the Apaf-1/Nod-1 family. In contrast with the majority of CARD proteins described to date, CARDINAL failed to promote apoptosis or NF-kappaB activation. Rather, CARDINAL potently suppressed NF-kappaB activation associated with overexpression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, RIP, RICK, Bcl10, and TRADD, or through ligand-induced stimulation of the interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor receptors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CARDINAL interacts with the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, IKKgamma (NEMO), providing a molecular basis for CARDINAL function. Thus, CARDINAL is a novel regulator of NF-kappaB activation in the context of pro-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouchier-Hayes
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
Apoptosis is co-ordinated by a family of cysteine proteases, the caspases, that dismantle the cell by targeting a panoply of proteins for limited proteolysis. The mammalian caspase family contains 14 members, a subset of which participates in apoptosis, with the remainder likely to be involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Apical caspase activation events are typically initiated by adaptor molecules that promote caspase aggregation and facilitate caspase autoactivation. In contrast, distal caspase activation events are controlled by caspases activated earlier in the cascade. Many cellular stresses provoke apoptosis by damaging mitochondria which results in the release of factors [such as cytochrome c and SMAC (second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspase)/Diablo] that trigger caspase activation and cell death. Here, we discuss the hierarchical nature of the caspase cascade that is triggered upon the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, and the role of specific caspases within this cascade in targeting proteins for degradation. Finally, feedback amplification loops and important control points within the caspase cascade will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Creagh
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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