1
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Wallace MS, Heinmiller JM, Dutra EC, Knight RA, Heeter RF, Opachich YP, Buscho J, Fontes CJ, Max DA, Emig JA, Posadas R, Ayers J, Archuleta TN, Moy K, Urbatsch TJ, Perry TS. Sub-keV design for the National Ignition Facility's soft x-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) and expansion plans for time-resolved measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:103501. [PMID: 36319319 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When compared with the National Ignition Facility's (NIF) original soft x-ray opacity spectrometer, which used a convex cylindrical design, an elliptically shaped design has helped to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and eliminated nearly all reflections from alternate crystal planes. The success of the elliptical geometry in the opacity experiments has driven a new elliptical geometry crystal with a spectral range covering 520-1100 eV. When coupled with the primary elliptical geometry, which spans 1000-2100 eV, the new sub-keV elliptical geometry helps to cover the full iron L-shell and major oxygen transitions important to solar opacity experimentation. The new design has been built and tested by using a Henke x-ray source and shows the desired spectral coverage. Additional plans are underway to expand these opacity measurements into a mode of time-resolved detection, ∼1 ns gated, but considerations for the detector size and photometrics mean a crystal geometry redesign. The new low-energy geometry, including preliminary results from the NIF opacity experiments, is presented along with the expansion plans into a time-resolved platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wallace
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M Heinmiller
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Dutra
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Knight
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Buscho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D A Max
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Posadas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T N Archuleta
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Moy
- Nevada National Security Site, Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
| | - T J Urbatsch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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2
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Dutra EC, Cowan J, Cunningham T, Durand AM, Emig J, Heeter RF, Knauer J, Knight RA, Lara R, Perry TS, Rodriguez Z, Torres G, Wallace MS. Characterization of Agfa Structurix series D4 and D3sc x-ray films in the 0.7-4.6 keV energy range. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:075103. [PMID: 34340426 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray films remain a key asset for high-resolution x-ray spectral imaging in high-energy-density experiments conducted at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The soft x-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) fielded at the NIF has an elliptically shaped crystal design that measures x rays in the 900-2100 eV range and currently uses an image plate as the detecting medium. However, Agfa D4 and D3sc x-ray films' higher spatial resolution provides increased spectral resolution to the data over the IP-TR image plates, driving the desire for regular use of x-ray film as a detecting medium. The calibration of Agfa D4 x-ray film for use in the OpSpec is communicated here. These calibration efforts are vital to the accuracy of the NIF opacity measurements and are conducted in a previously un-studied x-ray energy range under a new film development protocol required by NIF. The absolute response of Agfa D4 x-ray film from 705 to 4620 eV has been measured using the Nevada National Security Site Manson x-ray source. A broader range of energies was selected to compare results with previously published data. The measurements were taken using selected anodes, filters, and applied voltages to produce well-defined energy lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Dutra
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Cowan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Cunningham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A M Durand
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Knauer
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R A Knight
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Lara
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Z Rodriguez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Torres
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M S Wallace
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Wallace MS, Heeter RF, Knight RA, Durand AM, Heinmiller JM, Lara RB, Max DA, Dutra EC, Huffman EJ, Ayers J, Emig JA, Archuleta TN, Urbatsch TJ, Perry TS. Upgrades and redesign of the National Ignition Facility's soft x-ray opacity spectrometer (OpSpec). Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:035108. [PMID: 33820075 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The soft x-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) used on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has recently incorporated an elliptically shaped crystal. The original OpSpec used two convex cylindrical crystals for time-integrated measurements of point-projection spectra from 540 to 2100 eV. However, with the convex geometry, the low-energy portion of the spectrum suffered from high backgrounds due to scattered x-rays as well as reflections from alternate crystal planes. An elliptically shaped crystal allows an acceptance aperture at the crossover focus between the crystal and the detector, which reduces background and eliminates nearly all reflections from alternate crystal planes. The current elliptical design is an improvement from the convex cylindrical design but has a usable energy range from 900 to 2100 eV. In addition, OpSpec is currently used on 18 NIF shots/year, in which both crystals are typically damaged beyond reuse, so efficient production of 36 crystals/year is required. Design efforts to improve the existing system focus on mounting reliability, reducing crystal strain to increase survivability between mounting and shot time, and extending the energy range of the instrument down to 520 eV. The elliptical design, results, and future options are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wallace
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Heeter
- Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Knight
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A M Durand
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M Heinmiller
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R B Lara
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Max
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Dutra
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Huffman
- Nevada National Security Site, Livermore Operations, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Emig
- Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T N Archuleta
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T J Urbatsch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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4
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Knight RA. Carmine Melino. Ann Ig 2017; 29:380-381. [PMID: 28715045 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2017.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Professorial Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1
| | - J G Ratcliffe
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Professorial Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1
| | - G M Besser
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Professorial Medical Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1
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Knight RA, Nagaraja TN, Li L, Jiang Q, Tundo K, Chopp M, Seyfried DM. A Prospective Safety Trial of Atorvastatin Treatment to Assess Rebleeding after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Serial MRI Investigation. Austin J Cerebrovasc Dis Stroke 2016; 3:1043. [PMID: 28529979 PMCID: PMC5436718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine any rebleeding after atorvastatin treatment following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a prospective safety trial. PATIENTS Atorvastatin (80 mg/day) therapy was initiated in 6 patients with primary ICH with admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) >5 within 24 hours of ictus and continued for 7 days, with the dose tapered and treatment terminated over the next 5 days. Patients were studied longitudinally by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three time points: acute (3 to 5 days), subacute (4 to 6 weeks) and chronic (3 to 4 months). Imaging sequences included T1, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and contrast-enhanced MRI measures of cerebral perfusion, blood volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) was used to identify primary ICH and to check for secondary rebleeding. Final outcome was assessed using Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3-4 months. RESULTS Mean admission GCS was 13.2±4.0 and mean GOS at 3 months was 4.5±0.6. Hemorrhagic lesions were segmented into core and rim areas. Mean lesion volumes decreased significantly between the acute and chronic study time points (p=0.008). Average ipsilateral hemispheric tissue loss at 3 to 4 months was 11.4±4.6 cm3. MRI showed acutely reduced CBF (p=0.004) and CBV (p=0.002) in the rim, followed by steady normalization. Apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) in the rim demonstrated no alterations at any of the time points (p>0.2). The T2 values were significantly elevated in the rim acutely (p=0.02), but later returned to baseline. The ICH core showed sustained low CBF and CBV values concurrent with a small reduction in ADC acutely, but significant ADC elevation at the end suggestive of irreversible injury. CONCLUSION Despite the presence of a small, probably permanent, cerebral lesion in the ICH core, no patients exhibited post-treatment rebleeding. These data suggest that larger, Phase 2 trials are warranted to establish long term clinical safety of atorvastatin in spontaneous ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, USA
| | - T N Nagaraja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
| | - Q Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
| | - K Tundo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
| | - M Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
| | - D M Seyfried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
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Agostini M, Romeo F, Inoue S, Niklison-Chirou MV, Elia AJ, Dinsdale D, Morone N, Knight RA, Mak TW, Melino G. Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1502-14. [PMID: 27058317 PMCID: PMC5072427 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly generated neurons pass through a series of well-defined developmental stages, which allow them to integrate into existing neuronal circuits. After exit from the cell cycle, postmitotic neurons undergo neuronal migration, axonal elongation, axon pruning, dendrite morphogenesis and synaptic maturation and plasticity. Lack of a global metabolic analysis during early cortical neuronal development led us to explore the role of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biology during ex vivo differentiation of primary cortical neurons. Unexpectedly, we observed a huge increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Changes in mitochondrial mass, morphology and function were correlated with the upregulation of the master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, TFAM and PGC-1α. Concomitant with mitochondrial biogenesis, we observed an increase in glucose metabolism during neuronal differentiation, which was linked to an increase in glucose uptake and enhanced GLUT3 mRNA expression and platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFKp) protein expression. In addition, glutamate-glutamine metabolism was also increased during the differentiation of cortical neurons. We identified PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling as a critical regulator role of energy metabolism in neurons. Selective pharmacological inhibition of these metabolic pathways indicate existence of metabolic checkpoint that need to be satisfied in order to allow neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - F Romeo
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - S Inoue
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - M V Niklison-Chirou
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - A J Elia
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - D Dinsdale
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - N Morone
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - R A Knight
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - T W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - G Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy.,Biochemistry Laboratory IDI-IRCC, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
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Amelio I, Tsvetkov PO, Knight RA, Lisitsa A, Melino G, Antonov AV. SynTarget: an online tool to test the synergetic effect of genes on survival outcome in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:912. [PMID: 26915292 PMCID: PMC4832110 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, UK
| | - P O Tsvetkov
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Knight
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, UK
| | - A Lisitsa
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - A V Antonov
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, UK.,Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
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9
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Andrews D, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Baehrecke EH, Bazan NG, Bertrand MJ, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bredesen DE, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Cecconi F, Chan FK, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, Di Daniele N, Dixit VM, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Fimia GM, Flavell RA, Fulda S, Garrido C, Gougeon ML, Green DR, Gronemeyer H, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Hengartner MO, Ichijo H, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Lugli E, Madeo F, Malorni W, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Meier P, Melino S, Mizushima N, Moll U, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Nuñez G, Oberst A, Panaretakis T, Penninger JM, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JH, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Ravichandran KS, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CM, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Shi Y, Simon HU, Stockwell BR, Szabadkai G, Tait SW, Tang HL, Tavernarakis N, Tsujimoto Y, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Villunger A, Wagner EF, Walczak H, White E, Wood WG, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Melino G, Kroemer G. Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:58-73. [PMID: 25236395 PMCID: PMC4262782 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ‘accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. ‘Regulated cell death' (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J M Bravo-San Pedro
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - E S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Altucci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - E H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M J Bertrand
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Bianchi
- 1] Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, London, UK [2] Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Blomgren
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D E Bredesen
- 1] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Brenner
- 1] INSERM, UMRS769, Châtenay Malabry, France [2] LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay Malabry, France [3] Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - M Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F Cecconi
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [3] Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - A Ciechanover
- Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - T M Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V L Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V De Laurenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - K-M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G M Fimia
- 1] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - R A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, U866, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - H Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - G Hajnoczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Hardwick
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P J Jost
- Medical Department for Hematology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - D J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Knight
- 1] Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - S Kumar
- 1] Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Medicine and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B Levine
- 1] Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S A Lipton
- 1] The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford-Burnham Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA [4] University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medecine, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - W Malorni
- 1] Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Roma, Italy [2] San Raffaele Institute, Sulmona, Italy
| | - J-C Marine
- 1] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium [2] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S J Martin
- Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J-C Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experiments Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Meier
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
| | - S Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - N Mizushima
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - U Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Panaretakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Peter
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Piacentini
- 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - P Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J H Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Rizzuto
- Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y Shi
- Soochow Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B R Stockwell
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA [2] Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Szabadkai
- 1] Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - S W Tait
- 1] Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H L Tang
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Tavernarakis
- 1] Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece [2] Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Y Tsujimoto
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Vanden Berghe
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium [3] Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - W G Wood
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA [2] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zakeri
- 1] Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA [2] Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, NY, USA
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- 1] Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Melino
- 1] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [4] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [5] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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10
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Amelio I, Gostev M, Knight RA, Willis AE, Melino G, Antonov AV. DRUGSURV: a resource for repositioning of approved and experimental drugs in oncology based on patient survival information. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1051. [PMID: 24503543 PMCID: PMC3944280 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of existing drugs for new therapeutic applications, commonly referred to as drug repositioning, is a way for fast and cost-efficient drug discovery. Drug repositioning in oncology is commonly initiated by in vitro experimental evidence that a drug exhibits anticancer cytotoxicity. Any independent verification that the observed effects in vitro may be valid in a clinical setting, and that the drug could potentially affect patient survival in vivo is of paramount importance. Despite considerable recent efforts in computational drug repositioning, none of the studies have considered patient survival information in modelling the potential of existing/new drugs in the management of cancer. Therefore, we have developed DRUGSURV; this is the first computational tool to estimate the potential effects of a drug using patient survival information derived from clinical cancer expression data sets. DRUGSURV provides statistical evidence that a drug can affect survival outcome in particular clinical conditions to justify further investigation of the drug anticancer potential and to guide clinical trial design. DRUGSURV covers both approved drugs (∼1700) as well as experimental drugs (∼5000) and is freely available at http://www.bioprofiling.de/drugsurv.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Amelio
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - M Gostev
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, EBI, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - R A Knight
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - A E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - G Melino
- 1] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK [2] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - A V Antonov
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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11
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Antonov AV, Krestyaninova M, Knight RA, Rodchenkov I, Melino G, Barlev NA. PPISURV: a novel bioinformatics tool for uncovering the hidden role of specific genes in cancer survival outcome. Oncogene 2013; 33:1621-8. [PMID: 23686313 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple clinical studies have correlated gene expression with survival outcome in cancer on a genome-wide scale. However, in many cases, no obvious correlation between expression of well-known tumour-related genes (that is, p53, p73 and p21) and survival rates of patients has been observed. This can be mainly explained by the complex molecular mechanisms involved in cancer, which mask the clinical relevance of a gene with multiple functions if only gene expression status is considered. As we demonstrate here, in many such cases, the expression of the gene interaction partners (gene 'interactome') correlates significantly with cancer survival and is indicative of the role of that gene in cancer. On the basis of this principle, we have implemented a free online datamining tool (http://www.bioprofiling.de/PPISURV). PPISURV automatically correlates expression of an input gene interactome with survival rates on >40 publicly available clinical expression data sets covering various tumours involving about 8000 patients in total. To derive the query gene interactome, PPISURV employs several public databases including protein-protein interactions, regulatory and signalling pathways and protein post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Antonov
- 1] Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Leicester, UK [2] Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Technological University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Krestyaninova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - R A Knight
- Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - I Rodchenkov
- Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Melino
- 1] Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Leicester, UK [2] Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Technological University, St-Petersburg, Russia [3] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, Rome, Italy
| | - N A Barlev
- 1] Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Technological University, St-Petersburg, Russia [2] Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK [3] Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, St-Petersburg, Russia
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12
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McCormick J, Suleman N, Scarabelli TM, Knight RA, Latchman DS, Stephanou A. STAT1 deficiency in the heart protects against myocardial infarction by enhancing autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:386-93. [PMID: 21447043 PMCID: PMC3823301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation is increased in primary cardiac myocytes exposed to simulated ischaemia/reperfusion injury. This promotes apoptotic cell death by enhancing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. Autophagy has been demonstrated to play a cardioprotective role in the heart following myocardial infarction (MI). We therefore investigated the role of STAT1 in the intact heart subjected to MI and examined the contribution of autophagy in modulating the protective effect of STAT1 after MI injury. STAT1-deficient hearts had significantly smaller infarcts than wild-type hearts and this correlated with increased levels of autophagy shown by light chain 3 (LC3)-I/LC3-II conversion, and up-regulation of Atg12 and Beclin 1. Moreover, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine reversed the cardioprotection observed in the STAT1-deficient hearts. These results reveal a new function of STAT1 in the control of autophagy and indicate a cross-talk between the cardioprotective versus the damaging effects of STAT1 in the intact heart exposed to MI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McCormick
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - G Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
- IDI-IRCCS, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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14
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Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Abrams JM, Alnemri ES, Baehrecke EH, Blagosklonny MV, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, El-Deiry WS, Fulda S, Gottlieb E, Green DR, Hengartner MO, Kepp O, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lipton SA, Lu X, Madeo F, Malorni W, Mehlen P, Nuñez G, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Rubinsztein DC, Shi Y, Simon HU, Vandenabeele P, White E, Yuan J, Zhivotovsky B, Melino G, Kroemer G. Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:107-20. [PMID: 21760595 PMCID: PMC3252826 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1803] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposed a set of recommendations for the definition of distinct cell death morphologies and for the appropriate use of cell death-related terminology, including 'apoptosis', 'necrosis' and 'mitotic catastrophe'. In view of the substantial progress in the biochemical and genetic exploration of cell death, time has come to switch from morphological to molecular definitions of cell death modalities. Here we propose a functional classification of cell death subroutines that applies to both in vitro and in vivo settings and includes extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-dependent or -independent intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, we discuss the utility of expressions indicating additional cell death modalities. On the basis of the new, revised NCCD classification, cell death subroutines are defined by a series of precise, measurable biochemical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- INSERM U848, ‘Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity', 94805 Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-XI, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - I Vitale
- INSERM U848, ‘Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity', 94805 Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-XI, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - J M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - E S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - E H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - T M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - V L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - W S El-Deiry
- Cancer Institute Penn State, Hershey Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 17033, USA
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
| | - E Gottlieb
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - M O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O Kepp
- INSERM U848, ‘Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity', 94805 Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-XI, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - R A Knight
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - S Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S A Lipton
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, , La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Univerisity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - X Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - W Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona, 67039 Sulmona, Italy
| | - P Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1052, 69008 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - G Nuñez
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M E Peter
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M Piacentini
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - D C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Y Shi
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Vandenabeele
- Department for Molecular Biology, Gent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - E White
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Melino
- Biochemical Laboratory IDI-IRCCS, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - G Kroemer
- INSERM U848, ‘Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity', 94805 Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75005 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75908 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris 5, 75270 Paris, France
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15
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De Cola A, Bongiorno-Borbone L, Bianchi E, Barcaroli D, Carletti E, Knight RA, Di Ilio C, Melino G, Sette C, De Laurenzi V. FLASH is essential during early embryogenesis and cooperates with p73 to regulate histone gene transcription. Oncogene 2011; 31:573-82. [PMID: 21725362 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Replication-dependent histone gene expression is a fundamental process occurring in S-phase under the control of the cyclin-E/CDK2 complex. This process is regulated by a number of proteins, including Flice-Associated Huge Protein (FLASH) (CASP8AP2), concentrated in specific nuclear organelles known as HLBs. FLASH regulates both histone gene transcription and mRNA maturation, and its downregulation in vitro results in the depletion of the histone pull and cell-cycle arrest in S-phase. Here we show that the transcription factor p73 binds to FLASH and is part of the complex that regulates histone gene transcription. Moreover, we created a novel gene trap to disrupt FLASH in mice, and we show that homozygous deletion of FLASH results in early embryonic lethality, owing to arrest of FLASH(-/-) embryos at the morula stage. These results indicate that FLASH is an essential, non-redundant regulator of histone transcription and cell cycle during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Cola
- IDI-IRCCS Biochemistry Laboratory, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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16
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French H, Cusack T, Brennan A, Fitzpatrick M, Caffrey A, Gilsenan C, Cuddy V, White B, Kane D, O'Connell P, FitzGerald O, McCarthy GM, Yoshida K, Gregory JS, Mason B, Reid I, Reid DM, Soni A, Nuesch E, Juni P, Reichenbach S, Dieppe P, White OB, Intekhab-Alam NY, Chowdrey HS, Knight RA, Locke IC, Wenham C, Grainger AJ, Hensor EM, Conaghan P, Abraham A, Pearce MS, Francis RM, Birrell F, Ferrell WR, Kelso EB, Lockhart JC, Burns E, Plevin R, McInnes IB. Osteoarthritis: 119. The Effectiveness of Exercise Therapy with and without Manual Therapy for Hip Osteoarthritis: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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18
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Knight RA, Vaux DL. A tumour suppressor function of caspase-8? Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1337-8. [PMID: 18711356 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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19
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O'Brien TK, Kendra JA, Stephens HAF, Knight RA, Barrett AJ. RECOGNITION OF MARROW ELEMENTS BY NATURAL KILLER CELLS: ARE NK CELLS INVOLVED IN HAEMOPOIETC REGULATION? Br J Haematol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.00153.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Lena AM, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Rivetti di Val Cervo P, Aberdam D, Knight RA, Melino G, Candi E. miR-203 represses 'stemness' by repressing DeltaNp63. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1187-95. [PMID: 18483491 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin composed of keratinocytes, is a stratified epithelium that functions as a barrier to protect the organism from dehydration and external insults. The epidermis develops depending on the transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. p63 is strongly expressed in the innermost basal layer where epithelial cells with high clonogenic and proliferative capacity reside. Deletion of p63 in mice results in a dramatic loss of all keratinocytes and loss of stratified epithelia, probably due to a premature proliferative rundown of the stem and transient amplifying cells. Here we report that microRNA (miR)-203 is induced in vitro in primary keratinocytes in parallel with differentiation. We found that miR-203 specifically targets human and mouse p63 3'-UTRs and not SOCS-3, despite bioinformatics alignment between miR-203 and SOCS-3 3'-UTR. We also show that miR-203 overexpression in proliferating keratinocytes is not sufficient to induce full epidermal differentiation in vitro. In addition, we demonstrate that miR-203 is downregulated during the epithelial commitment of embryonic stem cells, and that overexpression of miR-203 in rapidly proliferating human primary keratinocytes significantly reduces their clonogenic capacity. The results suggest that miR-203, by regulating the DeltaNp63 expression level, is a key molecule controlling the p63-dependent proliferative potential of epithelial precursor cells both during keratinocyte differentiation and in epithelial development. In addition, we have shown that miR-203 can regulate DeltaNp63 levels upon genotoxic damage in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, thus controlling cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lena
- Biochemistry Laboratory IDI-IRCCS and University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Rome, Italy
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Sayan AE, Sayan BS, Gogvadze V, Dinsdale D, Nyman U, Hansen TM, Zhivotovsky B, Cohen GM, Knight RA, Melino G. P73 and caspase-cleaved p73 fragments localize to mitochondria and augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2008; 27:4363-72. [PMID: 18362891 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The p73 protein, a member of the p53 family, has both developmental and tumorigenic functions. Here we show that p73 is cleaved by caspase-3 and -8 both in vitro and in vivo during apoptosis elicited by DNA-damaging drugs and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor ligation. TAp73 and some of its cleavage products are localized to mitochondria. siRNA-mediated downregulation of p73 expression induced a small but significant change in the susceptibility of HCT116 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. A transcription-deficient mutant of TAp73 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis suggesting that p73 protein has transcription-independent functions during death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, recombinant p73 protein induced cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria providing evidence that nonnuclear p73 may have additional functions in the progression of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Sayan
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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22
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Candi E, Rufini A, Terrinoni A, Dinsdale D, Ranalli M, Paradisi A, De Laurenzi V, Spagnoli LG, Catani MV, Ramadan S, Knight RA, Melino G. Differential roles of p63 isoforms in epidermal development: selective genetic complementation in p63 null mice. Cell Death Differ 2007; 13:1037-47. [PMID: 16601749 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal development requires the transcription factor p63, as p63-/- mice are born dead, without skin. The gene expresses two proteins, one with an amino-terminal transactivation domain (TAp63) and one without (deltaNp63), although their relative contribution to epidermal development is unknown. To address this issue, we reintroduced TAp63alpha and/or deltaNp63alpha under the K5 promoter into p63-/- mice by in vivo genetic complementation. Whereas p63-/- and p63-/-;TA mice showed extremely rare patches of poorly differentiated keratinocytes, p63-/-;deltaN mice showed significant epidermal basal layer formation. Double TAp63alpha/deltaNp63alpha complementation showed greater patches of differentiated skin; at the ultrastructural level, there was clear reformation of a distinct basal membrane and hemidesmosomes. At the molecular level, deltaNp63 regulated expression of genes characteristic of the basal layer (K14), interacting (by Chip, luc assay) with the third p53 consensus site. Conversely, TAp63 transcribed the upper layer's genes (Ets-1, K1, transglutaminases, involucrin). Therefore, the two p63 isoforms appear to play distinct cooperative roles in epidermal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Candi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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23
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Hansen TM, Rossi M, Roperch JP, Ansell K, Simpson K, Taylor D, Mathon N, Knight RA, Melino G. Itch inhibition regulates chemosensitivity in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:33-6. [PMID: 17640619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Itch is a member of the HECT family of ubiquitin E3 ligases, and regulates the stability of several proteins involved in response to genotoxic stress. We have previously shown that p73 and p63, two members of the p53 family of tumour suppressors, are targets for Itch-mediated ubiquitylation and degradation. Here, we show that depletion of Itch by RNA interference augments apoptosis upon treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. We also show that cells with no functional p53 are more sensitive to Itch depletion, highlighting the importance that changes in levels of Itch may play in majority of cancers, where p53 is absent or mutated. Furthermore, reintroduction of Itch in fibroblasts obtained from Itch deficient mice results in reduced cell death upon DNA damage. Overall our findings suggest that inhibition of Itch potentiates the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs revealing the pharmacological potentials of targeting Itch for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hansen
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Abstract
Human death has been recognised as a significant personal and social event for many thousands of years, and classical archaeologists have revealed the changing complexity of rituals associated with it. The study of cell death, however, is a much more recent event, although many of the molecular pathways involved have now been identified, at least in mammalian systems. In studying the loss of cells, the use of the term 'death' is, perhaps, not altogether appropriate both since it carries the cultural resonance associated with bodily death, and because we do not study cell death itself, but rather the processes that lead up to it. Mammalian cell death processes are complex and involve a dynamic equilibrium between death promoting and death inhibiting factors, suggesting that some components of death pathways may have a paradoxical survival function. Since parasites must survive an often hostile environment, they may be a useful model to study whether component molecules of mammalian death pathways originally formed modules of parasite survival strategies, and whether survival and death pathways coevolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester LE1 9HN.
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25
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Barcaroli D, Dinsdale D, Neale MH, Bongiorno-Borbone L, Ranalli M, Munarriz E, Sayan AE, McWilliam JM, Smith TM, Fava E, Knight RA, Melino G, De Laurenzi V. FLASH is an essential component of Cajal bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14802-7. [PMID: 17003126 PMCID: PMC1578500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604225103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cajal bodies are small nuclear organelles with a number of nuclear functions. Here we show that FLICE-associated huge protein (FLASH), originally described as a component of the apoptosis signaling pathway, is mainly localized in Cajal bodies and is essential for their structure. Reduction in FLASH expression by short hairpin RNA results in disruption of the normal architecture of the Cajal body and relocalization of its components. Because the function of FLASH in the apoptosis receptor signaling pathway has been strongly questioned, we have now identified a clear function for this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Barcaroli
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Fondazione S. Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Dinsdale
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - M. H. Neale
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - L. Bongiorno-Borbone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; and
- Fondazione S. Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Ranalli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; and
| | - E. Munarriz
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - A. E. Sayan
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. McWilliam
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - T. M. Smith
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - E. Fava
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Knight
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - G. Melino
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; and
- Fondazione S. Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - V. De Laurenzi
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; and
- Fondazione S. Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Barcaroli D, Bongiorno-Borbone L, Terrinoni A, Hofmann TG, Rossi M, Knight RA, Matera AG, Melino G, De Laurenzi V. FLASH is required for histone transcription and S-phase progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14808-12. [PMID: 17003125 PMCID: PMC1578501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604227103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cajal bodies are nuclear subdomains that are involved in maturation of small ribonucleoproteins and frequently associate with small nuclear RNA and histone gene clusters in interphase cells. We have recently identified FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) associated huge protein (FLASH) as an essential component of Cajal bodies. Here we show that FLASH associates with nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia, a component of the cell-cycle-dependent histone gene transcription machinery. Reduction of FLASH expression by RNA interference results in disruption of the normal Cajal body architecture and relocalization of nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia. Furthermore, FLASH down-regulation results in a clear reduction of histone transcription and a dramatic S-phase arrest of the cell cycle. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that FLASH interacts with histone gene promoter sequences. These results identify FLASH as an important component of the machinery required for histone precursor mRNA expression and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Barcaroli
- *Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, c/o Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Bongiorno-Borbone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, c/o Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Terrinoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - T. G. Hofmann
- Research Group Cellular Senescence, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - M. Rossi
- *Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Knight
- *Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - A. G. Matera
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4955
| | - G. Melino
- *Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, c/o Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - V. De Laurenzi
- *Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, c/o Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gietema JA, Hoekstra R, de Vos FYFL, Uges DRA, van der Gaast A, Groen HJM, Loos WJ, Knight RA, Carr RA, Humerickhouse RA, Eskens FALM. A phase I study assessing the safety and pharmacokinetics of the thrombospondin-1-mimetic angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:1320-7. [PMID: 16728485 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the safety profile, pharmacokinetics and potential drug interactions of the angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 combined with gemcitabine-cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors received gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 3-week cycle in combination with ABT-510. ABT-510 was administered subcutaneously twice daily at doses of 50 mg or 100 mg. Plasma samples for pharmacokinetics were obtained on days 1 (gemcitabine, cisplatin as single agents), 15 (ABT-510 as single agent) and 22 (gemcitabine, cisplatin and ABT-510 as combination). RESULTS Thirteen patients received ABT-510 as either 50 mg b.i.d. (seven patients) or 100 mg b.i.d. (six patients) in combination with gemcitabine-cisplatin. The most common reported adverse events reflected the known toxicity profile induced by gemcitabine-cisplatin without ABT-510. One episode of hemoptysis occurred in a patient with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after 13 days of treatment. No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between ABT-510, gemcitabine and platinum were observed. Three partial responses were observed in 12 evaluable patients (one head and neck cancer, one melanoma and one NSCLC). CONCLUSIONS Combining ABT-510 at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg with gemcitabine-cisplatin is feasible. Pharmacokinetic interactions were not observed and adding ABT-510 does not appear to increase toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Kroemer G, El-Deiry WS, Golstein P, Peter ME, Vaux D, Vandenabeele P, Zhivotovsky B, Blagosklonny MV, Malorni W, Knight RA, Piacentini M, Nagata S, Melino G. Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12 Suppl 2:1463-7. [PMID: 16247491 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Kroemer
- CNRS-UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
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Ebbinghaus SW, Hussain M, Tannir NM, Gordon MS, Desai AA, Knight RA, Carlson DM, Figlin RA. A randomized phase 2 study of the thrombospondin-mimetic peptide ABT-510 in patients with previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ebbinghaus
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M. Hussain
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N. M. Tannir
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M. S. Gordon
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - A. A. Desai
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - R. A. Knight
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - D. M. Carlson
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - R. A. Figlin
- Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ; Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Univ of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Houston, TX; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; David Geffen Sch of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Baker LH, Demetri GD, Mendelson DS, Rowinsky EK, McKeegan EM, Knight RA, Carlson DM, Lobell M. A randomized phase 2 study of the thrombospondin-mimetic peptide ABT-510 in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS). J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Baker
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - G. D. Demetri
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - D. S. Mendelson
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - E. K. Rowinsky
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - E. M. McKeegan
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - R. A. Knight
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - D. M. Carlson
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
| | - M. Lobell
- Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ctr for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Harvard, Boston, MA; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Scottsdale, AZ; Cancer Therapy & Research Ctr, San Antonio, TX; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL; Univ of Arizona, Arizona Cancer Ctr, Tucson, AZ
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Cao Y, Brown SL, Knight RA, Fenstermacher JD, Ewing JR. Effect of intravascular-to-extravascular water exchange on the determination of blood-to-tissue transfer constant by magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:282-93. [PMID: 15678542 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Water exchange across capillary walls couples intra- and extravascular (IV-EV) protons and their magnetization. A bolus i.v. injection of an extracellular MRI contrast agent (MRCA) causes a large increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate, R1, of water protons in the plasma and blood cells within the capillaries and changes the effective relaxation rate R1eff in tissue via IV-EV water exchange. An analysis of the effect of plasma-red cell and IV-EV water exchange on the MRI-measured influx and permeability of capillaries to the MRCA is presented and focused on the brain and the blood-brain barrier. The effect of arrival of a bolus of an MRCA in the capillary on the relaxation rate R1eff in tissue via IV-EV water exchange occurs more rapidly than the MRCA uptake in tissue and can dominate the initial time curve of the R1eff change before the MRCA uptake in tissue becomes significant. This raises the possibility that (tissue dependent) IV-EV rate of exchange of water molecules can affect estimates of MRCA transfer constant. We demonstrate that an approach that considers IV-EV water exchange and uses the theoretical model of blood-brain tracer distribution developed by Patlak et al. (J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983;3:1-7) can lead to an accurate estimate of the MRI-determined influx rate constant of the MRCA and to an underestimation of the tissue blood volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cao
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0010, USA.
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Lawrence KM, Kabir AMN, Bellahcene M, Davidson S, Cao XB, McCormick J, Mesquita RA, Carroll CJ, Chanalaris A, Townsend PA, Hubank M, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Marber MS, Latchman DS. Cardioprotection mediated by urocortin is dependent upon PKCε activation. FASEB J 2005; 19:831-3. [PMID: 15764590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2506fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn) is an endogenous cardioprotective agent that protects against the damaging effects of ischemia and reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. We have found that the mechanism of action of Ucn involves both acute activation of specific target molecules, and using Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) gene chip technology, altered gene expression of different end effector molecules. Here, from our gene chip data, we show that after a 24 h exposure to Ucn, there was a specific increase in mRNA and protein levels of the protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) isozyme in primary rat cardiomyocytes compared with untreated cells and in the Langendorff perfused ex vivo heart. Furthermore, a short 10 min exposure of these cells to Ucn caused a specific translocation/activation of PKCepsilon in vitro and in the Langendorff perfused ex vivo heart. The importance of the PKCepsilon isozyme in cardioprotection and its relationship to cardioprotection produced by Ucn was assessed using PKCepsilon-specific inhibitor peptides. The inhibitor peptide, when introduced into cardiomyocytes, caused an increase in apoptotic cell death compared with control peptide after ischemia and reperfusion. When the inhibitor peptide was present with Ucn, the cardioprotective effect of Ucn was lost. This loss of cardioprotection by Ucn was also seen in whole hearts from PKCepsilon knockout mice. These findings indicate that the cardioprotective effect of Ucn is dependent upon PKCepsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK.
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Knight RA. Cheating death: what can we learn from tumour resistance? Cell Death Differ 2004; 11 Suppl 1:S8-9. [PMID: 15243578 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Fenstermacher JD, Knight RA, Ewing JR, Nagaraja T, Nagesh V, Yee JS, Arniego PA. Estimating blood-brain barrier opening in a rat model of hemorrhagic transformation with Patlak plots of Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced MRI. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2004; 86:35-7. [PMID: 14753399 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0651-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Patlak plot processing of Gd-shifted T1 relaxation-time images from a rat model of hemorrhagic transformation yielded estimates and maps of the blood-to-brain influx rate constant of Gd-DTPA (K1). The Patlak plots also produced a heretofore unrecognized parameter, the distribution space of the intravascular-Gd-shifted protons (Vp), an index of blood-to-tissue transfer of water. The K1 values for Gd-DTPA were very high for the regions of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening and were similar to those of 14C-sucrose concurrently obtained by quantitative autoradiographic (QAR) analysis. In these same ROI's, Vp was five-fold greater than normal, which suggests that the permeability of the BBB to water was also increased. The 14C-sucrose space of distribution in the ischemic ROI's was around 8%, thus indicating a sizable interstitial space. The spatial resolving power of Gd-DTPA-deltaT1 imaging was rather good, although no match for 14C-sucrose-QAR. This study shows that quantitative deltaT1-MRI estimates of regional blood-brain transfer constants of Gd-DTPA and water distribution are possible when Patlak plots are employed to process the data. This approach may be useful for tracking the time-course of BBB barrier function in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Fenstermacher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 49202, USA.
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37
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Lawrence KM, Scarabelli TM, Turtle L, Chanalaris A, Townsend PA, Carroll CJ, Hubank M, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Latchman DS. Urocortin protects cardiac myocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating calcium insensitive phospholipase A2gene expression. FASEB J 2003; 17:2313-5. [PMID: 14563694 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0832fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have used Affymetrix gene chip technology to look for changes in gene expression caused by a 24 h exposure of rat primary neonatal cardiac myocytes to the cardioprotective agent urocortin. We observed a 2.5-fold down-regulation at both the mRNA and protein levels of a specific calcium-insensitive phospholipase A2 enzyme. Levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, a toxic metabolite of phospholipase A2, were lowered by 30% in myocytes treated with urocortin for 24 h and by 50% with the irreversible iPLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone compared with controls. Both 4 h ischemia and ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion caused a significant increase in lysophosphatidylcholine concentration compared with controls. When these myocytes were pretreated with urocortin, the ischemia-induced increase in lysophosphatidylcholine concentration was significantly lowered. Moreover, co-incubation of cardiac myocytes with urocortin, or the specific phospholipase A2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone, reduces the cytotoxicity produced by lysophosphatidylcholine or ischemia/reperfusion. Similarly, in the intact heart ex vivo we found that cardiac damage measured by infarct size was significantly increased when lysophoshatidylcholine was applied during ischemia, compared with ischemia alone, and that pre-treatment with both urocortin and bromoenol lactone reversed the increase in infarct size. This, to our knowledge, is the first study linking the cardioprotective effect of urocortin to a decrease in a specific enzyme protein and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of its cardiotoxic metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St., London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Lawrence KM, Chanalaris A, Scarabelli T, Hubank M, Pasini E, Townsend PA, Comini L, Ferrari R, Tinker A, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Latchman DS. K(ATP) channel gene expression is induced by urocortin and mediates its cardioprotective effect. Circulation 2002; 106:1556-62. [PMID: 12234964 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000028424.02525.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urocortin is a novel cardioprotective agent that can protect cardiac myocytes from the damaging effects of ischemia/reperfusion both in culture and in the intact heart and is effective when given at reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS We have analyzed global changes in gene expression in cardiac myocytes after urocortin treatment using gene chip technology. We report that urocortin specifically induces enhanced expression of the Kir 6.1 cardiac potassium channel subunit. On the basis of this finding, we showed that the cardioprotective effect of urocortin both in isolated cardiac cells and in the intact heart is specifically blocked by both generalized and mitochondrial-specific K(ATP) channel blockers, whereas the cardioprotective effect of cardiotrophin-1 is unaffected. Conversely, inhibiting the Kir 6.1 channel subunit greatly enhances cardiac cell death after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the altered expression of a K(ATP) channel subunit induced by a cardioprotective agent and demonstrates that K(ATP) channel opening is essential for the effect of this novel cardioprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
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Shori DK, Genter T, Hansen J, Koch C, Wyatt H, Kariyawasam HH, Knight RA, Hodson ME, Kalogeridis A, Tsanakas I. Altered sialyl- and fucosyl-linkage on mucins in cystic fibrosis patients promotes formation of the sialyl-Lewis X determinant on salivary MUC-5B and MUC-7. Pflugers Arch 2002; 443 Suppl 1:S55-61. [PMID: 11845304 DOI: 10.1007/s004240100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of the lungs as a consequence of recurrent infections with microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains the underlying cause of most morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). We have hypothesized that changes in the glycosylation of key tracheal mucins such as MUC5B and MUC7 might increase the risk of pulmonary disease in CF patients. However, in preference to sputum we have examined the sugar-chains on these mucins in saliva because in the latter not only can the glycoproteins be collected from controls, but they are essentially free from modifications made following bacterial infection in disease. Proteins in ductal or whole-mouth saliva from 20 CF patients with the Delta F-508 CFTR mutation and age-and sex-matched controls were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose and then probed with labelled lectins of known specificity. Linkage of terminal sialic acid on the blotted mucins was determined using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (detects the 2-->6 linkage) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (the 2-->3 linkage). Fucose was detected by Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (1-->2 linkage) and Aleuria aurantia agglutinin (1-->3 linkage). We found that each mucin shows a characteristic glycosylation pattern and in controls most of the sialic acid is 2-->6 linked on MG1 (MUC 5B) and 2-->3 linked on MG2 (MUC 7). CF is associated with a shift from a 2-->6 linkage to a 2-->3 linkage on MG1 with some patients showing almost no 2-->6 linkage; 2-->3 linkage on MG2 is similarly increased in disease in some individuals. The expression of fucose on these mucins is also raised in CF patients. These shift to a 2-->3 linkage of sialic acid, and with increased fucosylation this promotes the formation of sialyl-Lewis X antigen detected on CF mucins in our study. These changes will be tested for their correlation with the severity of lung disease. We gratefully acknowledge support from the European Union Biomed-II Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Shori
- Dept. of Oral Pathology, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Shori DK, Kariyawasam HH, Knight RA, Hodson ME, Genter T, Hansen J, Koch C, Kalogeridis A. Sulphation of the salivary mucin MG1 (MUC-5B) is not correlated to the degree of its sialylation and is unaffected by cystic fibrosis. Pflugers Arch 2002; 443 Suppl 1:S50-4. [PMID: 11845303 DOI: 10.1007/s004240100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Defective acidification of intracellular organelles, particularly the trans-Golgi network, has been proposed to explain the decreased sialylation and increased sulphation of secreted proteins in cystic fibrosis (CF). To test this hypothesis we compared expression of sulphate and sialic acid on three salivary mucins namely MG1 (MUC-5B), MG2 (MUC-7) and GL. Proteins in whole mouth saliva (WMS) from four individuals were separated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on a Superdex 200 column and the partially purified mucins slot-blotted and assayed for sulphate content by staining with Alcian Blue. Sulphation varied with the individual and with the mucin: MG1 was the most sulphated and contributed almost the entire sulphate content of WMS. These results allowed us to test small volumes of WMS from 20 CF patients and age- and sex-matched controls for estimates of sulphate content on MG1. Wherever possible sulphate on MG1 was also visualised by staining washed SDS-PAGE gels with Alcian Blue at pH 1.0. To assess the sialic acid content of salivary mucins, electroblots of SDS-PAGE gels were probed with labelled Triticum vulgaris agglutinin. In summary, our results show MG1 to be the main sulphated protein in whole mouth saliva and there are large differences in the expression of sulphate and of sialic acid on this mucin, both in control and CF groups. CF led neither a decrease in sialylation nor an increase in sulphation and direct comparisons of sialic acid content with sulphate in MG1 failed to reveal any obvious link between the two in health or in disease. Our data thus do not support the hypothesis of defective acidification as the underlying cause of altered glycosylation in CF, but point instead to inter-individual differences in expression/functioning of terminal glycosyltransferases for published observations. We thank the European Union Biomed II programme for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Shori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Rayne Institute, King's College, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Brar BK, Railson J, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Latchman DS. Urocortin increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 in rat cardiac myocytes in a MEK1/2-dependent manner. J Endocrinol 2002; 172:283-93. [PMID: 11834446 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1720283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that urocortin protects cultured cardiac myocytes from ischaemic and reoxygenation injury and decreases the infarct size in the rat heart exposed to regional ischaemia and reperfusion. Urocortin-mediated cardioprotection is via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase, MEK1/2) pathway. In addition, it is well documented that heat shock protein (hsp) 70 and hsp90 are cardioprotective against lethal stress. In this study we show, for the first time, that urocortin induces the expression of hsp90 but not hsp70 in primary cultures of rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. Levels of hsp90 protein increase by 1.5-fold over untreated cells within 10 min of urocortin treatment and are sustained for 24 h with a maximal increase of 2.5-fold at 60 min (P<0.05 at all time points). The increase in hsp90 expression by urocortin was not inhibited by actinomycin D, and urocortin failed to increase hsp90 promoter activity. Urocortin induction of hsp90 was inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (P<0.001) and by cycloheximide, and both inhibitors abrogate urocortin-mediated cardioprotection (P<0.05 for cycloheximide, P<0.001 for PD98059). Hence, MEK1/2 and protein synthesis are involved in the cardioprotective effect of urocortin against hypoxic-mediated cell death, possibly due to an increase in expression of hsp90 protein. This is the first report of heat shock protein induction by urocortin or any other member of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone family.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Brar
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Stephanou A, Scarabelli TM, Brar BK, Nakanishi Y, Matsumura M, Knight RA, Latchman DS. Induction of apoptosis and Fas receptor/Fas ligand expression by ischemia/reperfusion in cardiac myocytes requires serine 727 of the STAT-1 transcription factor but not tyrosine 701. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28340-7. [PMID: 11309387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101177200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that ischemia results in apoptosis and is accompanied by phosphorylation on Tyr-701 and increased expression and transcriptional activity of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1). In the present study, we show that exposure of cardiomyocytes to ischemia induced the phosphorylation of STAT-1 at another site, Ser-727. Moreover, STAT-1 is critical for the induction of Fas receptor and Fas ligand expression by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Transcriptional activation of Fas and FasL was dependent on Ser-727 of STAT-1 but was independent of Tyr-701. Similarly, Ser-727 but not Tyr-701 was required for enhancement of cardiomyocyte cell death by STAT-1 during I/R. In addition, inhibition of the p38 pathway prevented the induction and transcriptional activation of Fas and FasL in cardiac cells exposed to I/R, whereas inhibition of p42/p44 MAPK had no effect. Finally, I/R also induced phosphorylation of STAT-1 on Ser-727 and expression of Fas/FasL in ventricular myocytes in the intact heart ex vivo. These results indicate that Fas/FasL genes and apoptosis are activated by STAT-1 in cardiac myocytes exposed to I/R and these effects are dependent on the Ser-727 but not the Tyr-701 phosphorylation sites of STAT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stephanou
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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Bloor CA, Knight RA, Kedia RK, Spiteri MA, Allen JT. Differential mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 splice variants in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:265-72. [PMID: 11463599 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.2.2003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a highly mitogenic polypeptide detectable in human lung. Using competitive reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), expression of four IGF-1 transcripts was examined in bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALC) from normal subjects, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), stage I/II (no fibrosis), and stage III/IV (confirmed fibrosis) pulmonary sarcoidosis patients, and fibroblast strains isolated from normal and IPF lungs. Transcripts studied were Class 1 and Class 2 (exons 1 or 2, respectively) with IGF-1Eb or IGF-1Ea (exons 5 or 6, respectively). Total IGF-1 expression was downregulated in BALC of both patients with IPF (p < 0.01) and patients with sarcoidosis (p < 0.04) compared with healthy subjects. In contrast, both constitutive (p < 0.003) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)- induced (p < 0.02) IGF-1 expression was higher in fibrotic, compared with normal, fibroblasts. These changes were associated with differential expression of IGF-1 splice variants. Healthy subjects and sarcoidosis patients without fibrosis showed similar expression of Class 1/Class 2 and IGF-1Ea/IGF-1Eb. However, patients with fibrosis demonstrated discordant, increased relative abundance of Class 1 transcripts (p < 0.01). In parallel, all fibrosis patients failed to express Class 2, IGF-1Eb forms and sarcoidosis patients with fibrosis did not express the Class 1, IGF-1Eb variant either. Fibrotic fibroblasts expressed higher constitutive levels of Class 1, IGF-1Ea transcripts compared with normal fibroblasts. Class 2, IGF-1Eb forms were moderately expressed by fibroblasts only after stimulation with TGF-beta, which also further increased levels of Class 1, IGF-1Ea transcripts. Our findings suggest that transition from a healthy to a fibrotic phenotype occurs in association with a changing pattern of IGF-1 mRNA heterogeneity and leads us to hypothesize a potential role for specific IGF-1 variants in fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bloor
- Lung Injury and Inflammation Research Group, Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, North Staffordshire Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, United Kingdom.
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Knight RA, Silverstein SM. A process-oriented approach for averting confounds resulting from general performance deficiencies in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11261389 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The most pervasive and least well-addressed problem in cognitive studies of schizophrenia is the propensity of schizophrenia patients to show inferior performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. Consequently, apparent specific cognitive abnormalities may actually reflect the interaction of task discriminating power with generalized deficit. L. J. Chapman and J. P. Chapman (1973a) suggested psychometric approaches for eliminating such artifactual group differences. Unfortunately, their solution neglects important issues of process specification and does not provide a viable strategy for process-oriented investigators. Psychometric remediation of artifactual Group x Task interactions inevitably confounds the processes being measured, resulting in theoretically ambiguous findings. Moreover, evidence that changes in measurement reliability can both increase and decrease group discrimination challenges a basic underlying assumption of the Chapmans' matching solution. This article presents a process-oriented approach to solving this problem in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- Department of Psychology, MS 062, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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Jacobs MA, Zhang ZG, Knight RA, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Goussev AV, Peck DJ, Chopp M. A model for multiparametric mri tissue characterization in experimental cerebral ischemia with histological validation in rat: part 1. Stroke 2001; 32:943-9. [PMID: 11283395 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.4.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE After stroke, brain tissue undergoes time-dependent heterogeneous histopathological change. These tissue alterations have MRI characteristics that allow segmentation of ischemic from nonischemic tissue. Moreover, MRI segmentation generates different zones within the lesion that may reflect heterogeneity of tissue damage. METHODS A vector tissue signature model is presented that uses multiparametric MRI for segmentation and characterization of tissue. An objective (unsupervised) computer segmentation algorithm was incorporated into this model with the use of a modified version of the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA). The ability of the model to characterize ischemic tissue after permanent middle cerebral ischemia occlusion in the rat was tested. Multiparametric ISODATA measurements of the ischemic tissue were compared with quantitative histological characterization of the tissue from 4 hours to 1 week after stroke. RESULTS The ISODATA segmentation of tissue identified a gradation of cerebral tissue damage at all time points after stroke. The histological scoring of ischemic tissue from 4 hours to 1 week after stroke on all the animals was significantly correlated with ISODATA segmentation (r=0.78, P<0.001; n=20) when a multiparametric (T2-, T1-, diffusion-weighted imaging) data set was used, less correlated (r=0.70, P<0.01; n=20) when a T2- and T1-weighted data set was used, and not correlated (r=-0.12, P>0.47; n=20) when only a diffusion-weighted imaging data set was used. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that an integrated set of MRI parameters can distinguish and stage ischemic tissue damage in an objective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, Medical Image Analysis Research, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Stephanou A, Brar B, Liao Z, Scarabelli T, Knight RA, Latchman DS. Distinct initiator caspases are required for the induction of apoptosis in cardiac myocytes during ischaemia versus reperfusion injury. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:434-5. [PMID: 11550095 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Knight RA, Manoach DS, Elliott DS, Hershenson M. Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: the processing of symmetrical configurations. J Abnorm Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11195981 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the perceptual organization dysfunction of patients with poor premorbid schizophrenia is due to a deficit in global visual sensory store processing was tested by assessing their ability to process symmetrical configurations that develop early and have strong prepotent structures. Two same-different judgment tasks in which performance varies as a function of the symmetrical organization and task demands were administered to participants with good and poor premorbid schizophrenia, those with mood disorders, and normal controls. Like the other groups, poor premorbid schizophrenics' latency and error response patterns closely paralled the a priori model of adequate processing. The results support their competence in perceptually processing symmetrical configurations and disconfirm the hypothesis that their input deficiencies represent a general deficiency in all forms of perceptual organization. The implications for specifying their early input dysfunction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, MS 062, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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Knight RA, Silverstein SM. A process-oriented approach for averting confounds resulting from general performance deficiencies in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2001; 110:15-30. [PMID: 11261389 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The most pervasive and least well-addressed problem in cognitive studies of schizophrenia is the propensity of schizophrenia patients to show inferior performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. Consequently, apparent specific cognitive abnormalities may actually reflect the interaction of task discriminating power with generalized deficit. L. J. Chapman and J. P. Chapman (1973a) suggested psychometric approaches for eliminating such artifactual group differences. Unfortunately, their solution neglects important issues of process specification and does not provide a viable strategy for process-oriented investigators. Psychometric remediation of artifactual Group x Task interactions inevitably confounds the processes being measured, resulting in theoretically ambiguous findings. Moreover, evidence that changes in measurement reliability can both increase and decrease group discrimination challenges a basic underlying assumption of the Chapmans' matching solution. This article presents a process-oriented approach to solving this problem in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Knight
- Department of Psychology, MS 062, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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