1
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Sultana A, Geethakumari AM, Islam Z, Kolatkar PR, Biswas KH. BRET-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 oligonucleotide detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353479. [PMID: 38887615 PMCID: PMC11181354 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for the early detection of emerging pathogenic viruses and their newer variants has driven the urgent demand for developing point-of-care diagnostic tools. Although nucleic acid-based methods such as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have been developed, a more facile and robust platform is still required. To address this need, as a proof-of-principle study, we engineered a prototype-the versatile, sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor for oligonucleotide detection (BioOD). Specifically, we designed BioODs against the SARS-CoV-2 parental (Wuhan strain) and B.1.617.2 Delta variant through the conjugation of specific, fluorescently modified molecular beacons (sensor module) through a complementary oligonucleotide handle DNA functionalized with the NanoLuc (NLuc) luciferase protein such that the dissolution of the molecular beacon loop upon the binding of the viral oligonucleotide will result in a decrease in BRET efficiency and, thus, a change in the bioluminescence spectra. Following the assembly of the BioODs, we determined their kinetics response, affinity for variant-specific oligonucleotides, and specificity, and found them to be rapid and highly specific. Furthermore, the decrease in BRET efficiency of the BioODs in the presence of viral oligonucleotides can be detected as a change in color in cell phone camera images. We envisage that the BioODs developed here will find application in detecting viral infections with variant specificity in a point-of-care-testing format, thus aiding in large-scale viral infection surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfia Sultana
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anupriya M. Geethakumari
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R. Kolatkar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Kannaujiya VK, Qiao Y, Sheikh RH, Xue J, Dargaville TR, Liang K, Wich PR. pH-Responsive Micellar Nanoparticles for the Delivery of a Self-Amplifying ROS-Activatable Prodrug. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1775-1789. [PMID: 38377594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT) via a nanoparticle (NP) formulation using a novel amphiphilic biopolymer. We have designed a dimeric prodrug of CPT with the ability to self-amplify and respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this, we incorporated the intracellular ROS generator cinnamaldehyde into a ROS-cleavable thioacetal (TA) linker to obtain the dimeric prodrug of CPT (DCPT(TA)). For its efficient NP delivery, a pH-responsive block copolymer of acetalated dextran and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (AcDex-b-PEOz) was synthesized. The amphiphilic feature of the block copolymer enables its self-assembly into micellar NPs and results in high prodrug loading capacity and a rapid release of the prodrug under acidic conditions. Upon cellular uptake by HeLa cells, DCPT(TA)-loaded micellar NPs induce intracellular ROS generation, resulting in accelerated prodrug activation and enhanced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that this system holds significant potential as an effective prodrug delivery strategy in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Kannaujiya
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yijie Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rakib H Sheikh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jueyi Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim R Dargaville
- ARC Centre for Cell & Tissue Engineering Technologies, QUT Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Wich
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Engel N, Dirauf M, Czaplewska JA, Nischang I, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. Determination of ω-end functionalities in tailored poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231008. [PMID: 38328565 PMCID: PMC10846952 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The in-depth analytical characterization of polymers, in particular regarding intended biomedical applications, is becoming increasingly important to elucidate their structure-property relationships. Specifically, end group analysis of e.g. polymers featuring a 'stealth effect' towards the immune system is of particular importance because of their use in coupling reactions to bioactive compounds. Herein, we established a liquid chromatography (LC) protocol to analyse bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne-functionalized poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (POx)s as promising functional polymers that can be applied in strain-promoted click reactions. This work involved the synthesis of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) by living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) with different molar masses ranging from 2 up to 17.5 kDa and, to our knowledge, the first liquid chromatographic analysis of PMeOx. The developed analytical protocol enables the quantitative determination of post-polymerization reaction sequences with respect to the conversion of the ω-end groups. All synthesized polymers were straightforwardly analysed on a C18-derivatized silica monolithic column under reversed-phase chromatographic conditions with a binary mobile phase gradient comprising a mixture of acetonitrile and water. Subsequent mass spectrometry of collected elution fractions enabled the confirmation of the desired ω-end group functionalities and the identification of synthetic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Engel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- NGP Polymers GmbH, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena
| | - Justyna A. Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Polymers in Energy Applications Jena (HIPOLE Jena), Lessingstraße 12–14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Jana S, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2‐oxazoline)s: A comprehensive overview of polymer structures and their physical properties – An update. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somdeb Jana
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281‐S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281‐S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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6
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Clapacs Z, ONeill CL, Shrimali P, Lokhande G, Files M, Kim DD, Gaharwar AK, Rudra JS. Coiled Coil Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels Dampen Macrophage-Driven Inflammation. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1183-1194. [PMID: 35170303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alginate hydrogels are widely used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their excellent biocompatibility. A facile and commonly used strategy to crosslink alginate is the addition of Ca2+ that leads to hydrogelation. However, extracellular Ca2+ is a secondary messenger in activating inflammasome pathways following physical injury or pathogenic insult, which carries the risk of persistent inflammation and scaffold rejection. Here, we present graft copolymers of charge complementary heterodimeric coiled coil (CC) peptides and alginate that undergo supramolecular self-assembly to form Ca2+ free alginate hydrogels. The formation of heterodimeric CCs was confirmed using circular dichroism spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed a significant difference in crosslink density and homogeneity between Ca2+ and CC crosslinked gels. The resulting hydrogels were self-supporting and display shear-thinning and shear-recovery properties. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells cultured in the CC crosslinked gels exhibited a 10-fold reduction in secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β compared to Ca2+ crosslinked gels. A similar response was also observed in vivo upon peritoneal delivery of Ca2+ or CC crosslinked gels. Analysis of peritoneal lavage showed that macrophages in mice injected with Ca2+ crosslinked gels display a more inflammatory phenotype compared to macrophages from mice injected with CC crosslinked gels. These results suggest that CC peptides by virtue of their tunable sequence-structure-function relationship and mild gelation conditions are promising alternative crosslinkers for alginate and other biopolymer scaffolds used in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Clapacs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, United States
| | - Conor L ONeill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, United States
| | - Paresh Shrimali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, United States
| | - Giriraj Lokhande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Megan Files
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Darren D Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, United States
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, United States
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7
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Borova S, Schlutt C, Nickel J, Luxenhofer R. A Transient Initiator for Polypeptoids Postpolymerization
α
‐Functionalization via Activation of a Thioester Group. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solomiia Borova
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilans‐University of Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg Bavaria 97070 Germany
| | - Christine Schlutt
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilans‐University of Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg Bavaria 97070 Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University Hospital of Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg Bavaria 97070 Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilans‐University of Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg Bavaria 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science University of Helsinki P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
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8
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Gil Alvaradejo G, Glassner M, Kumar R, Trouillet V, Welle A, Wang Y, de la Rosa VR, Sekula-Neuner S, Hirtz M, Hoogenboom R, Delaittre G. Thioacetate-Based Initiators for the Synthesis of Thiol-End-Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 41:e2000320. [PMID: 33463837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New functional initiators for the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines are described to introduce a thiol moiety at the α terminus. Both tosylate and nosylate initiators carrying a thioacetate group are obtained in multigram scale, from commercial reagents in two steps, including a phototriggered thiol-ene radical addition. The nosylate derivative gives access to a satisfying control over the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, with dispersity values lower than 1.1 during the entire course of the polymerization, until full conversion. Cleavage of the thioacetate end group is rapidly achieved using triazabicyclodecene, thereby leading to a mercapto terminus. The latter gives access to a new subgeneration of α-functional poly(2-oxazoline)s (butyl ester, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, furan) by Michael addition with commercial (meth)acrylates. The amenability of the mercapto-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) for covalent surface patterning onto acrylated surfaces is demonstrated in a microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS) experiment, characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Organic Functional Molecules, Organic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstrasse 20, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
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9
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Arslan M, Bolu BS, Sanyal R, Sanyal A. A modular and orthogonally reactive platform for fabrication of polymer–drug conjugates for targeted delivery. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interest in utilization of polymeric systems in targeted drug delivery has necessitated fabrication of polymers that undergo facile functionalization with targeting groups and therapeutic agents in a modular and orthogonal fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Chemistry
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Burcu Sumer Bolu
- Department of Chemistry
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies
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10
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Ozkose UU, Yilmaz O, Alpturk O. Synthesis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) conjugates by a new modular strategy. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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12
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13
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Kim JS, Sirois AR, Cegla AJV, Jumai’an E, Murata N, Buck ME, Moore SJ. Protein-Polymer Conjugates Synthesized Using Water-Soluble Azlactone-Functionalized Polymers Enable Receptor-Specific Cellular Uptake toward Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1220-1231. [PMID: 30920802 PMCID: PMC6608588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of proteins to drug-loaded polymeric structures is an attractive strategy for facilitating target-specific drug delivery for a variety of clinical needs. Polymers currently available for conjugation to proteins generally have limited chemical versatility for subsequent drug loading. Many polymers that do have chemical functionality useful for drug loading are often insoluble in water, making it difficult to synthesize functional protein-polymer conjugates for targeted drug delivery. In this work, we demonstrate that reactive, azlactone-functionalized polymers can be grafted to proteins, conjugated to a small-molecule fluorophore, and subsequently internalized into cells in a receptor-specific manner. Poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone), synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, was modified post-polymerization with substoichiometric equivalents of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether to yield reactive water-soluble, azlactone-functionalized copolymers. These reactive polymers were then conjugated to proteins holo-transferrin and ovotransferrin. Protein gel analysis verified successful conjugation of proteins to polymer, and protein-polymer conjugates were subsequently purified from unreacted proteins and polymers using size exclusion chromatography. Internalization experiments using a breast cancer cell line that overexpresses the transferrin receptor on its surface showed that the holo-transferrin-polymer conjugate was successfully internalized by cells in a mechanism consistent with receptor-mediated endocytosis. Internalization of protein-polymer conjugate demonstrated that the protein ligand maintained its overall structure and function following conjugation to polymer. Our approach to protein-polymer conjugate synthesis offers a simple, tailorable strategy for preparing bioconjugates of interest for a broad range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Kim
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Allison R. Sirois
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Eugenie Jumai’an
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Naomi Murata
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Maren E. Buck
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
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14
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Alvaradejo GG, Nguyen HVT, Harvey P, Gallagher NM, Le D, Ottaviani MF, Jasanoff A, Delaittre G, Johnson JA. Polyoxazoline-Based Bottlebrush and Brush-Arm Star Polymers via ROMP: Syntheses and Applications as Organic Radical Contrast Agents. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:473-478. [PMID: 31289694 PMCID: PMC6615754 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of functional poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) (PAOx) copolymers with complex nanoarchitectures using a graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) approach is described. First, well-defined norbornene-terminated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) macromonomers (MM) were prepared by cationic ringopening polymerization. ROMP of these MMs produced bottlebrush copolymers with PEtOx side chains. In addition, PEtOx-based branched MMs bearing a terminal alkyne group were prepared and conjugated to an azide-containing bis-spirocyclohexyl nitroxide via Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). ROMP of this branched MM, followed by in situ cross-linking, provided PEtOx-based brush-arm star polymers (BASPs) with nitroxide radicals localized at the core-shell interface. These PEtOx-based nitroxide-containing BASPs displayed relaxivity values on par with state-of-the-art polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nitroxide materials, making them promising as organic radical contrast agents for metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Harvey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nolan M. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Le D, Wagner F, Takamiya M, Hsiao IL, Gil Alvaradejo G, Strähle U, Weiss C, Delaittre G. Straightforward access to biocompatible poly(2-oxazoline)-coated nanomaterials by polymerization-induced self-assembly. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3741-3744. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00407f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) chain transfer agents are employed in photoinitiated RAFT PISA, providing access to biocompatible core–shell polymeric nanostructures with various morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
| | - Friederike Wagner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- School of Food Safety
| | - Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
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Lorson T, Lübtow MM, Wegener E, Haider MS, Borova S, Nahm D, Jordan R, Sokolski-Papkov M, Kabanov AV, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s based biomaterials: A comprehensive and critical update. Biomaterials 2018; 178:204-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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