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Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Alvarez-Corzo I, Xu K, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Upscaling Thermoelectrics: Micron-Thick, Half-a-Meter-Long Carbon Nanotube Films with Monolithic Integration of p- and n-Legs. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:2978-2987. [PMID: 38828035 PMCID: PMC11137818 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In order for organic thermoelectrics to successfully establish their own niche as energy-harvesting materials, they must reach several crucial milestones, including high performance, long-term stability, and scalability. Performance and stability are currently being actively studied, whereas demonstrations of large-scale compatibility are far more limited and for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are still missing. The scalability challenge includes material-related economic considerations as well as the availability of fast deposition methods that produce large-scale films that simultaneously satisfy the thickness constraints required for thermoelectric modules. Here we report on true solutions of CNTs that form gels upon air exposure, which can then be dried into micron-thick films. The CNT ink can be extruded using a slot-shaped nozzle into a continuous film (more than half a meter in the present paper) and patterned into alternating n- and p-type components, which are then folded to obtain the finished thermoelectric module. Starting from a given n-type film, differentiation between the n and p components is achieved by a simple postprocessing step that involves a partial oxidation reaction and neutralization of the dopant. The presented method allows the thermoelectric legs to seamlessly interconnect along the continuous film, thus avoiding the need for metal electrodes, and, most importantly, it is compatible with large-scale printing processes. The resulting thermoelectric legs retain 80% of their power factor after 100 days in air and about 30% after 300 days. Using the proposed methodology, we fabricate two thermoelectric modules of 4 and 10 legs that can produce maximum power outputs of 1 and 2.4 μW, respectively, at a temperature difference ΔT of 46 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Corzo
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Kai Xu
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
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2
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Evers C, Vondrasek B, Jolowsky CN, Park JG, Czabaj MW, Ku BE, Thagard KR, Odegard GM, Liang Z. Scalable High Tensile Modulus Composite Laminates Using Continuous Carbon Nanotube Yarns for Aerospace Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:11260-11268. [PMID: 37469508 PMCID: PMC10353548 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
An approach is established for fabricating high-strength and high-stiffness composite laminates with continuous carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns for scaled-up mechanical tests and potential aerospace structure applications. Continuous CNT yarns with up to 80% degree of nanotube alignment and a unique self-assembled graphitic CNT packing result in their specific tensile strengths of 1.77 ± 0.07 N/tex and an apparent specific modulus of 92.6 ± 3.2 N/tex. Unidirectional CNT yarn reinforced composite laminates with a CNT concentration of greater than 80 wt % and minimal microscale voids are fabricated using filament winding and aerospace-grade resin matrices. A specific tensile strength of up to 1.71 GPa/(g cm-3) and specific modulus of 256 GPa/(g cm-3) are realized; the specific modulus exceeds current state-of-the-art unidirectional carbon fiber composite laminates. The specific modulus of the laminates is 2.76 times greater than the specific modulus of the constituent CNT yarns, a phenomenon not observed in carbon fiber reinforced composites. The results demonstrate an effective approach for fabricating high-strength CNT yarns into composites for applications that require specific tensile modulus properties that are significantly beyond state-of-the-art carbon fiber composites and potentially open an unexplored performance region in the Ashby chart for composite material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil
E. Evers
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
| | - Britannia Vondrasek
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Claire N. Jolowsky
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
| | - Jin Gyu Park
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
| | - Michael W. Czabaj
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bailee E. Ku
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
| | - Kaylee R. Thagard
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Mechanical
Engineering—Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, 2005 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida 32311, United States
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3
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Mansouri M, Rezagholipour Dizaji H, Saeidi MR, Mirzaheydari A, Vaezzadeh M. Interplay Between Competition Pinch Effect and Repulsion Force in Carbon Nanotubes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x22500053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sehrawat M, Rani M, Dariyal P, Bharadwaj S, Dhakate SR, Singh BP. Highly conductive CNT aerogel synthesized via an inert FC-CVD technique: a step towards a greener approach. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of hydrogen gas molecules generated in situ as a byproduct of chemical reactions enhances the reducing ambient conditions of the otherwise inert FC-CVD reactor which improves the quality of the CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sehrawat
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mamta Rani
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pallvi Dariyal
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sony Bharadwaj
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S. R. Dhakate
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhanu Pratap Singh
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Bulmer JS, Kaniyoor A, Elliott JA. A Meta-Analysis of Conductive and Strong Carbon Nanotube Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008432. [PMID: 34278614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A study of 1304 data points collated over 266 papers statistically evaluates the relationships between carbon nanotube (CNT) material characteristics, including: electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties; ampacity; density; purity; microstructure alignment; molecular dimensions and graphitic perfection; and doping. Compared to conductive polymers and graphitic intercalation compounds, which have exceeded the electrical conductivity of copper, CNT materials are currently one-sixth of copper's conductivity, mechanically on-par with synthetic or carbon fibers, and exceed all the other materials in terms of a multifunctional metric. Doped, aligned few-wall CNTs (FWCNTs) are the most superior CNT category; from this, the acid-spun fiber subset are the most conductive, and the subset of fibers directly spun from floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition are strongest on a weight basis. The thermal conductivity of multiwall CNT material rivals that of FWCNT materials. Ampacity follows a diameter-dependent power-law from nanometer to millimeter scales. Undoped, aligned FWCNT material reaches the intrinsic conductivity of CNT bundles and single-crystal graphite, illustrating an intrinsic limit requiring doping for copper-level conductivities. Comparing an assembly of CNTs (forming mesoscopic bundles, then macroscopic material) to an assembly of graphene (forming single-crystal graphite crystallites, then carbon fiber), the ≈1 µm room-temperature, phonon-limited mean-free-path shared between graphene, metallic CNTs, and activated semiconducting CNTs is highlighted, deemphasizing all metallic helicities for CNT power transmission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bulmer
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
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Zhang S, Ma Y, Suresh L, Hao A, Bick M, Tan SC, Chen J. Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Strong Carbon Matrix Composites. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9282-9319. [PMID: 32790347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As an excellent candidate for lightweight structural materials and nonmetal electrical conductors, carbon nanotube reinforced carbon matrix (CNT/C) composites have potential use in technologies employed in aerospace, military, and defense endeavors, where the combinations of light weight, high strength, and excellent conductivity are required. Both polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP) and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) methods have been widely studied for CNT/C composite fabrications with diverse focuses and various modifications. Progress has been reported to optimize the performance of CNT/C composites from broad aspects, including matrix densification, CNT alignment, microstructure control, and interface engineering, etc. Recent approaches, such as using resistance heating for PIP or CVI, contribute to the development of CNT/C composites. To deliver a timely and up-to-date overview of CNT/C composites, we have reviewed the most recent trends in fabrication processes, summarized the mechanical reinforcement mechanism, and discussed the electrical and thermal properties, as well as relevant case studies for high-temperature applications. Conclusions and perspectives addressing future routes for performance optimization are also presented. Hence, this review serves as a rundown of recent advances in CNT/C composites and will be a valuable resource to aid future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yan Ma
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textiles and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P.R. China
| | - Lakshmi Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Ayou Hao
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Michael Bick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Kim H, Choi E, Jung M, Sul O, Lee SB. Buckled carbon nanotube network thin-film fabricated using chemically swelled elastomer substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:285501. [PMID: 30913552 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of buckled carbon nanotube thin-film networks (CNTN) that increases in conductivity with applied tactile pressure. When tactile pressure was applied, the buckled nanotubes collapsed and increased in interconnected density and as a result increased the thin-film conductivity. Unlike conventional methods using mechanically expanded elastomers, we utilize chemically swollen elastomers as the expanded substrate to transfer the CNTN. As the chemical evaporates, it compresses the CNTN causing the thin-film to buckle. The CNTN compression can be controlled by using organic solvents with differing elastomer absorption rates. Our method requires no mechanical instruments and shows in-plane multi-axial uniform strain for the entire substrate surface. Since the buckling was controlled chemically, the buckled CNTN can be produced reliably, furthering the possibility of its application as the active sensing material for highly sensitive tactile pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Rojas J, Ardila-Rodríguez L, Diniz M, Gonçalves M, Ribeiro B, Rezende M. Highly porous multiwalled carbon nanotube buckypaper using electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber as a sacrificial material. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01386. [PMID: 30963122 PMCID: PMC6434183 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was solubilized in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and the electrospinning process has been employed to obtain PAN nanofibers (PF). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were dispersed with the aid of Triton X-100 surfactant and subsequently centrifugated. Buckypapers (BP/PF) were prepared by vacuum filtration procedure of MWCNT suspension supernatant stacking four PF layers over a nylon membrane. The PF removal was carried out by immersing the BP/PF system in DMF and removal periods of 10 and 30 min were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has not shown any PAN residue in the MWCNT network resulting in highly porous BP. However, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) a PAN band was found around of 2243 cm-1 corresponding to nitrile group (C≡N). Besides, PAN leftover was evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), electrical characterization through four-point probe, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Rojas
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231280, Brazil
| | - L.A. Ardila-Rodríguez
- Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), Division of Fundamental Science, São José dos Campos, SP, 12228, Brazil
| | - M.F. Diniz
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA), Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE), São José dos Campos, SP, 12228904, Brazil
| | - M. Gonçalves
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231280, Brazil
| | - B. Ribeiro
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231280, Brazil
| | - M.C. Rezende
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231280, Brazil
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Herman AP, Boncel S. Oxidised carbon nanotubes as dual-domain synergetic stabilizers in electroconductive carbon nanotube flexible coatings. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30712-30716. [PMID: 35548761 PMCID: PMC9086579 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05902k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that combining oxidised carbon nanotubes (O-CNTs) and pristine CNTs may be the answer for more electroconductive composites. Short (<1 μm) oxidised multi-wall CNTs (O-MWCNTs) acted as an unobvious and excellent conductivity enhancer in MWCNT-based composite thin films. 'Blending' O-MWCNTs (1.5 wt%) with 250 μm-long MWCNTs (98.5 wt%), both of well-defined morphology and physicochemistry, led to a 3- and 26-fold increase in specific conductivity as compared to purely MWCNT- or purely O-MWCNT-based thin films, respectively. We explain the enhanced conductivity by the effect of a dual-domain structure of O-MWCNTs. The scale-up method, i.e. screen-printing, opens a route to application in textronics (i.e. electrical and electronic textiles) and hence targets for medicine, civil/military engineering, wellness, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur P Herman
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 12 72
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Department of Experimental Physics Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Sławomir Boncel
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 12 72
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Nguyen N, Zhang S, Oluwalowo A, Park JG, Yao K, Liang R. High-Performance and Lightweight Thermal Management Devices by 3D Printing and Assembly of Continuous Carbon Nanotube Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27171-27177. [PMID: 30020763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing carbon nanotube films or buckypaper can provide a significant platform to develop practical applications of nanocarbon materials. For this research, buckypaper with high thermal conductivity (20 W/m K) and large surface area (350 m2/g) was mass produced in-house to investigate for use in lightweight thermal management devices. Floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition carbon nanotube sheets were also studied in this work. We introduced two manufacturing techniques to use the sheets for heat dissipation: (1) printing conductive composite ink on the sheets to make lightweight thermal devices, such as heat sinks and (2) assembling the sheets directly into 3D structures that were mounted on the back of heat-generating devices. These manufacturing techniques resulted in extremely lightweight, high-performance heat dissipation devices compared with other heat sink materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nguyen
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Songlin Zhang
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Abiodun Oluwalowo
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Jin Gyu Park
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Kang Yao
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Richard Liang
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy Avenue , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
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