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Hernández-Tenorio R. Hydroxylated transformation products of pharmaceutical active compounds: Generation from processes used in wastewater treatment plants and its environmental monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140753. [PMID: 38006923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are organic pollutants detected in wastewater and aquatic environments worldwide in concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1. Wastewater effluents containing PhACs residues is discharged in municipal sewage and, subsequently collected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) where are not entirely removed. Thus, PhACs and its transformation products (TPs) are discharged into water bodies. In the current work, the transformation of PhACs under treatments used in municipal WWTPs such as biological, photolysis, chlorination, and ozonation processes was reviewed. Data set of the major transformation pathways were obtained of studies that performed the PhACs removal and TPs monitoring during batch-scale experiments using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS/MS). Several transformation pathways as dealkylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, acetylation, aromatic ring opening, chlorination, dehalogenation, photo-substitution, and ozone attack reactions were identified during the transformation of PhACs. Especially, hydroxylation reaction was identified as transformation pathway in all the processes. During the elucidation of hydroxylated TPs several isobaric compounds as monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated were identified. However, hydroxylated TPs monitoring in wastewater and aquatic environments is a topic scarcely studied due to that has no environmental significance, lack of available analytic standars of hydroxylated TPs and lack of analytic methods for their identification. Thus, screening strategy for environmental monitoring of hydroxylated TPs was proposed through target and suspect screening using GC/LC-MS/MS systems. In the next years, more studies on the hydroxylated TPs monitoring are necessary for its detection in WWTPs effluents as well as studies on their environmental effects in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Hernández-Tenorio
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño Del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Sede Noreste, Vía de La Innovación 404, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto Km 10, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, C.P. 66628, Mexico.
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Hernández F, Fabregat-Safont D, Campos-Mañas M, Quintana JB. Efficient Validation Strategies in Environmental Analytical Chemistry: A Focus on Organic Micropollutants in Water Samples. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:401-428. [PMID: 37068748 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091222-112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article critically reviews analytical method validation and quality control applied to the environmental chemistry field. The review focuses on the determination of organic micropollutants (OMPs), specifically emerging contaminants and pesticides, in the aquatic environment. The analytical technique considered is (gas and liquid) chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution MS for wide-scope screening purposes. An analysis of current research practices outlined in the literature has been performed, and key issues and analytical challenges are identified and critically discussed. It is worth emphasizing the lack of specific guidelines applied to environmental analytical chemistry and the minimal regulation of OMPs in waters, which greatly affect method development and performance, requirements for method validation, and the subsequent application to samples. Finally, a proposal is made for method validation and data reporting, which can be understood as starting points for further discussion with specialists in environmental analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
- Applied Metabolomics Research Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Campos-Mañas
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Qiao YT, Lu YX, Yu PF, Feng NX, Li YW, Zhao HM, Cai QY, Xiang L, Mo CH, Li QX. A novel method based on solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry warrants occurrence of trace xanthates in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136770. [PMID: 36228724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Huge volumes of wastewater containing organic flotation reagents such as xanthates have been released into the environment via mining activities, greatly threatening the eco-environment safety. A simple and fast method is urgently needed for accurate analysis of various xanthates in mining and environmental water. Here, a robust method is realized for simultaneous determination of three trace xanthates (i.e., potassium ethyl xanthate, potassium butyl xanthate, and potassium isopropyl xanthate) in environmental water samples, including eutrophic water and flotation wastewater using solid phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC-MS/MS. HPLC-MS/MS parameters, SPE cartridges and eluting solvents, pH values, and SPE procedures were optimized. The new method had an excellent linearity in the range of 1-1000 μg/L (R2 ≥ 0.998), low limits of detection (0.02-0.68 μg/L), and satisfactory accuracy and precision (72.9%-107.6% of average recoveries and <5% of relative standard deviations at 1, 10, 50, and 500 μg/L of xanthates). This is a first method developed for determination of trace xanthates in water samples. It was successfully applied to determine the target analytes in outdated flotation wastewater and river water samples, warranting the occurrence of trace xanthates (0.13-16.9 μg/L) in water and necessity of systematic investigation on environmental fate and risk of xanthates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying-Xin Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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4
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He Y, Zhang Y, Ju F. Metformin Contamination in Global Waters: Biotic and Abiotic Transformation, Byproduct Generation and Toxicity, and Evaluation as a Pharmaceutical Indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13528-13545. [PMID: 36107956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug and one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. Because of its ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and demonstrated ecotoxicity, metformin, as with other pharmaceuticals, has become a concerning emerging contaminant. Metformin is subject to transformation, producing numerous problematic transformation byproducts (TPs). The occurrence, removal, and toxicity of metformin have been continually reviewed; yet, a comprehensive analysis of its transformation pathways, byproduct generation, and the associated change in adverse effects is lacking. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the transformation fate of metformin during water treatments and natural processes and compile the 32 organic TPs generated from biotic and abiotic pathways. These TPs occur in aquatic systems worldwide along with metformin. Enhanced toxicity of several TPs compared to metformin has been demonstrated through organism tests and necessitates the development of complete mineralization techniques for metformin and more attention on TP monitoring. We also assess the potential of metformin to indicate overall contamination of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, and compared to the previously acknowledged ones, metformin is found to be a more robust or comparable indicator of such overall pharmaceutical contamination. In addition, we provide insightful avenues for future research on metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 310024, Hangzhou, China
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Konda S, Asati A, Williams M, Mudiam MKR. Development and evaluation of a multi‐class analytical method based on solid‐phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in urban wastewater samples. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyanand Konda
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Ankita Asati
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Mike Williams
- CSIRO Land and Water Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
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6
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From monitoring to treatment, how to improve water quality: The pharmaceuticals case. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Omotola EO, Oluwole AO, Oladoye PO, Olatunji OS. Occurrence, detection and ecotoxicity studies of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous ecosystems- a systematic appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103831. [PMID: 35151848 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) have globally emerged as a significant group of environmental contaminants due to the constant detection of their residues in the environment. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the African occurrence of selected PCs in environmental matrices in comparison with those outside Africa and their respective toxic actions on both aquatic and non-aquatic biota through ecotoxicity bioassays. To achieve this objective, the study focused on commonly used and detected pharmaceutical drugs (residues). Based on the conducted literature survey, Africa has the highest levels of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, lamivudine, acetaminophen, and diclofenac while Europe has the lowest of all these PC residues in her physical environments. For ecotoxicity bioassays, the few data available are mostly on individual groups of pharmaceuticals whereas there is sparsely available data on their combined forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode PMB 2118, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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9
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Mazouzi Y, Miche A, Loiseau A, Beito B, Méthivier C, Knopp D, Salmain M, Boujday S. Design and Analytical Performances of a Diclofenac Biosensor for Water Resources Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3485-3493. [PMID: 34436869 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the broadly consumed pain killer diclofenac (DCF) is a recognized pollutant, monitoring of its concentration is routinely performed in surface waters. As a valuable alternative to chromatographic and immunochemical assays, we developed a piezoelectric immunosensor to quantify DCF, first in buffer (PBS) and then in river water samples. A sensing layer comprising DCF was built up on the surface of silica-coated quartz sensors using a robust coupling chemistry. Binding of a highly affine monoclonal anti-DCF antibody was monitored in real time by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements from which were determined a dissociation constant KD of 0.24 nM and an acoustic antibody surface coverage of 1120 ng/cm2 at saturation. On the other hand, an optical antibody surface coverage of 260 ng/cm2 was determined by combined nanoplasmonic sensing measurement, giving a hydration percentage of 75% for the antibody monolayer. DCF assay was further set up following a competitive format for which binding of antibody to the sensing layer is inhibited by DCF in solution. The piezoelectric sensor response expressed as frequency shift ΔF was inversely related to the concentration of DCF with a dynamic range of 15-46 nM and a limit of detection (LoD) of 9.5 nM (2.8 μg/L) in PBS. This piezoelectric immunosensor was eventually applied to the assay of DCF in surface water samples taken at three different locations in the Seine and Marne rivers. The calculated concentration of DCF in these samples was in good agreement with official data published by the French center of water analysis eaufrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Mazouzi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Miche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Loiseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Beito
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Méthivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Technical University Munich, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Souhir Boujday
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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Raysyan A, Moerer R, Coesfeld B, Eremin SA, Schneider RJ. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of diclofenac in wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:999-1007. [PMID: 33241445 PMCID: PMC7813709 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active compounds are often detected in wastewater and surface waters. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) was included in the European watch list of substances that requires its environmental monitoring in the member states. DCF may harmfully influence the ecosystem already at concentrations ≤ 1 μg L-1. The fast and easy quantification of DCF is becoming a subject of global importance. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous mix-and-read method which does not require the immobilization of reagents. FPIA can be performed in one phase within 20-30 min, making it possible to analyse wastewater without any complicated pre-treatment. In this study, new tracer molecules with different structures, linking fluorophores to derivatives of the analyte, were synthesized, three homologous tracers based on DCF, two including a C6 spacer, and one heterologous tracer derived from 5-hydroxy-DCF. The tracer molecules were thoroughly assessed for performance. Regarding sensitivity of the FPIA, the lowest limit of detection reached was 2.0 μg L-1 with a working range up to 870 μg L-1. The method was validated for real wastewater samples against LC-MS/MS as reference method with good agreement of both methods. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raysyan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12200, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Moerer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Coesfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Chemical Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12200, Berlin, Germany.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Omotola EO, Olatunji OS. Quantification of selected pharmaceutical compounds in water using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Heliyon 2020; 6:e05787. [PMID: 33426324 PMCID: PMC7779709 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection and quantitation of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in different environmental matrices is still a challenge, due to their extremely low (ng-μg) concentrations and the lack of rapid and sensitive analytical techniques. A number of techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chromatography, electrophoresis, and electrochemical methods have been explored. These methods are limited by their poor sensitivity. In this study, a hyphenated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method was developed, validated, and tested for the detection and quantification of seven active pharmaceutical compounds, with solid-phase extraction for analytes recovery and separation of interference from the aqueous matrix. The sensitivity achieved for the method allowed for LODs (μg/L) of 0.0439, 0.0684, 0.1219, 0.0710, 0.1129, 0.0447, 0.0837 and LOQs (μg/L) of 0.1462, 0.2281, 0.4065, 0.2367, 0.3763, 0.1492, 0.2792, for lamivudine, acetaminophen, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, and ivermectin, respectively, within a linear range of 0.01-0.1 μg/mL. Other ICH validation parameters are also discussed. The different PCs were positive in 61 % of the tested surface waters, with diclofenac present only in two of the sampling points. The concentrations at which they occurred were variable and ranged between ND and 398.98 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria
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12
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Sadutto D, Picó Y. Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction. Molecules 2020; 25:E5204. [PMID: 33182304 PMCID: PMC7664861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are abundantly used by people, and some of them are excreted unaltered or as metabolites through urine, with the sewage being the most important source to their release to the environment. These compounds are in almost all types of water (wastewater, surface water, groundwater, etc.) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L. The isolation and concentration of the PPCPs from water achieves the appropriate sensitivity. This step is mostly based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) but also includes other approaches (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), buckypaper, SPE using multicartridges, etc.). In this review article, we aim to discuss the procedures employed to extract PPCPs from any type of water sample prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Furthermore, we put forward not only the merits of the different methods available but also a number of inconsistencies, divergences, weaknesses and disadvantages of the procedures found in literature, as well as the systems proposed to overcome them and to improve the methodology. Environmental applications of the developed techniques are also discussed. The pressing need for new analytical innovations, emerging trends and future prospects was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sadutto
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Desertification Research Centre—CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Desertification Research Centre—CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
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13
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Kafeenah HIS, Osman R, Bakar NKA. Effect of Mobile Phase pH on the Electrospray Ionization Efficiency and Qualitative Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in ESI + LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 57:847-854. [PMID: 31512731 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of mobile phase pH on positive ionization process and retention time of nine pharmaceuticals on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was discussed. The effective use of high and low mobile phase pH in LC-MS/MS qualitative analyses method was also evaluated by comparing the instrument detection limit, quantification limit, precision, linearity and signal to noise (S/N) under low and high mobile phase pH. In this work, six mobile phase pH that ranged between pH 2 and pH 10 were used to evaluate the effect of the mobile phase pH changes on the ionization process in electrospray ionization. Results revealed that high mobile phase pH ionized more pharmaceuticals molecules and gave a higher signal than low mobile phase pH in positive ionization mode. The results proved that ammonium ion was better as a proton donor in high pH mobile phase than the hydronium ion in acidic mobile phase. The results revealed that the qualitative LC-MS/MS analyses method by using high mobile phase pH has better performance for most analytes in terms of sensitivity, precision, linearity and S/N than the low mobile phase pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam I S Kafeenah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N K A Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sathishkumar P, Meena RAA, Palanisami T, Ashokkumar V, Palvannan T, Gu FL. Occurrence, interactive effects and ecological risk of diclofenac in environmental compartments and biota - a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134057. [PMID: 31783460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug has turned into a contaminant of emerging concern; hence, it was included in the previous Watch List of the EU Water Framework Directive. This review paper aims to highlight the metabolism of diclofenac at different trophic levels, its occurrence, ecological risks, and interactive effects in the water cycle and biota over the past two decades. Increased exposure to diclofenac not only raises health concerns for vultures, aquatic organisms, and higher plants but also causes serious threats to mammals. The ubiquitous nature of diclofenac in surface water (river, lake canal, estuary, and sea) is compared with drinking water, groundwater, and wastewater effluent in the environment. This comprehensive survey from previous studies suggests the fate of diclofenac in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and may predict its persistence in the environment. This review offers evidence of fragmentary available data for the water environment, soil, sediment, and biota worldwide and supports the need for further data to address the risks associated with the presence of diclofenac in the environment. Finally, we suggest that the presence of diclofenac and its metabolites in the environment may represent a high risk because of their synergistic interactions with existing contaminants, leading to the development of drug-resistant strains and the formation of newly emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | | | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thayumanavan Palvannan
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Feng Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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