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Gong Q, Li Y, Nie X, Liu F. Theoretical Insights into Aggregation-Induced Emission with the Ionic π Fluorophore: The Importance of Choosing the Dimer QM Model in the ONIOM Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7148-7155. [PMID: 37595363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
In understanding the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission (AIE), the multilevel ONIOM framework has been demonstrated as one of the efficient tools that can capture the essential mechanistic information by choosing a single fluorophore as the quantum mechanics (QM) model and putting all surrounding molecules in the low-level region. Recently, the ionic styryl-pyridine salt (namely, SPH) has been reported as a new class of AIEgen with a high fluorescence yield. In the SPH crystal, a pair of ionic SPH molecules are closely stacked with each other in an antiparallel, head-to-tail pattern, thus the choice of QM models (an individual or dimeric structure) becomes critical in the ONIOM study. Herein we report the AIE mechanism of the ionic SPH at the QM ((TD)-CAM-B3LYP) and ONIOM(QM:MM) levels. As usual, the fluorescence quenching of SPH in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution is attributed to a nonradiative relaxation via the central C═C bond rotation, with a rather low barrier of 2.7 kcal/mol. In crystals, either with a monomer or dimer model, the fluorescence quenching channel is found to be restricted due to the obvious C═C rotation barriers. Compared with the monomer model, the dimer model, by treating the orbital interaction of the two SPH molecules at the QM level, provides significantly increased barriers and a red-shifted emission wavelength that better matches the experimental value. In addition, the calculated exciton coupling in the fluorescence emission state can be discovered only by a dimer model. The findings here emphasize not only the importance of choosing a proper model in the ONIOM study of AIE but also expanding our understanding of novel AIE systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yazhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoke Nie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
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Magadla A, Openda YI, Nyokong T. The implications of Ortho-, Meta- and Para- Directors on the In-Vitro Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Activity of Cationic Pyridyl-dihydrothiazole Phthalocyanines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103029. [PMID: 35872353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cationic Zn phthalocyanine complexes derived by alkylation reaction of tetra-(pyridinyloxy) phthalocyanines at the ortho, meta, and para positions to form Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(2-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (2), Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(3-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (4) and Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(4-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (6). The photophysicochemical behaviours of the Pc complexes are assessed. The meta and para-substituted complexes demonstrate high singlet oxygen quantum yields. The cationic Pcs demonstrate good planktonic antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with the highest log reduction values of 9.29 and 8.55, respectively. The cationic complexes also demonstrate a significant decrease in the viability of in vitro biofilms after photo-antimicrobial chemotherapy at 100 µM for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviwe Magadla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Yolande Ikala Openda
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Oloub M, Hosseinzadeh R, Tajbakhsh M, Mohadjerani M. A new fluorescent boronic acid sensor based on carbazole for glucose sensing via aggregation-induced emission. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26201-26205. [PMID: 36275092 PMCID: PMC9473643 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04110c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble fluorescent sensor based on carbazole pyridinium boronic acid (CPBA) was designed and synthesized. Its structure has been confirmed by CHN and 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, and MS spectral data. Fluorescence studies of the synthesized chemosensor CPBA showed a selective ratiometric fluorescent response for glucose among different monosaccharides. The results specified that CPBA is a pH-sensitive sensor that behaves differently in the absence and presence of glucose in the pH range 4–10. The pH, DLS, Job's plot, UV-visible, and fluorescence titration studies showed that the selectivity of CPBA towards glucose is through the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon. The fluorescence emission intensity of CPBA changes by more than 2100 fold by adding glucose, whereas it is 2 fold for fructose. The calculated binding constant value of CPBA for glucose (K = 2.3 × 106 M−1) is 85 times greater than for fructose, indicating the high affinity of the sensor for glucose. An amphiphilic chemosensor for a highly selective ratiometric fluorescent response toward glucose via AIE is introduced. High binding constant (K = 2.3 × 106 M−1) and low detection limit (5.9 × 10−7 M) make it an efficient chemosensor for glucose.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Oloub
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Rahman Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohadjerani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Leduskrasts K, Suna E. Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Luminescence by Self-Assembly of Pyridinium Luminophores in Solutions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1081-1086. [PMID: 34676691 PMCID: PMC8532008 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing a luminophore for application both in solution and in the solid state is a highly challenging task given the distinct nature of intermolecular interactions in these phases. In this context, we demonstrate that self-assembly of non-emissive charged pyridinium luminophores enables luminescence in solutions through a mechanism that is characteristic for the crystal state. Specifically, protonation of pyridine luminophore subunits in a solution promotes oligomer formation through intermolecular π+ -π interactions, leading to an intermolecular charge-transfer type luminescence. The luminescence turn-on by protonation is utilized for a highly efficient solution-state luminescent sensing of hydrogen chloride and sulfonic acids (TfOH, TsOH and MsOH) with detection limits spanning the range from 0.06 to 0.33 ppm. The protonation followed by self-assembly results in a bathochromic shift of the emission from 420 nm to 550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic SynthesisAizkraukles 211006RigaLatvia
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Xu Z, Hean D, Climent C, Casanova D, Wolf MO. Switching between TADF and RTP: anion-regulated photoluminescence in organic salts and co-crystals. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2021; 2:5777-5784. [PMID: 34527950 PMCID: PMC8406714 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are two photophysical phenomena which utilize triplet excitons. In this work, we demonstrate how variation of the anion in organic salts with carbazole and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide donors and pyridinium and quinolinium acceptors may be used to switch between TADF and RTP. These compounds adopt similar molecular structures and packing modes with different anions and exhibit different types of photophysical behavior due to the electronic effects of the anions. With bromide anions, the salts exhibit TADF with some RTP. These compounds show fast reverse intersystem crossing and a short delayed lifetime, which is key to application in efficient and robust OLEDs. With BF4 - and PF6 - anions, RTP with long-lived lifetimes and afterglow are observed by eye. This behavior can be utilized for data encryption and anti-counterfeiting applications. Emission wavelengths and lifetimes are also anion-dependent. These results open up an avenue for developing novel luminescent materials through anion tuning and present a molecular model to understand the interplay of RTP and TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid E-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science 48013 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Michael O Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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He J, Rauch F, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Finze M, Marder TB. Two derivatives of phenylpyridyl-fused boroles with contrasting electronic properties: decreasing and enhancing the electron accepting ability. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:355-361. [PMID: 33320139 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two derivatives of phenylpyridyl-fused boroles were prepared via functionalization of the pyridyl groups, namely to an electron-rich dihydropyridine moiety (compound 1) and an electron-deficient N-methylpyridinium cation (compound 2). Due to strong conjugation between the dihydropyridine moiety and the boron atom, the reduction potential of compound 1 shifts cathodically. In contrast, compound 2 exhibits three reduction processes with a first reversible reduction potential anodically shifted in comparison to its precursor (TipPBB2) or the non-borylated framework 1-methyl-2-phenylpyridin-1-ium triflate (3). The significantly anodically shifted reduction potential indicates the extreme electron deficiency of compound 2, which also leads to the reversible coordination of THF. Photophysical properties of both compounds in different solvents were investigated. Theoretical studies further support the strong conjugation in the ground state of compound 1 and the electron-deficient property of compound 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Belyaev A, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. Cationic Organophosphorus Chromophores: A Diamond in the Rough among Ionic Dyes. Chemistry 2021; 27:537-552. [PMID: 32492231 PMCID: PMC7821147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tunable electron-accepting properties of the cationic phosphorus center, its geometry and unique preparative chemistry that allows combining this unit with diversity of π-conjugated motifs, define the appealing photophysical and electrochemical characteristics of organophosphorus ionic chromophores. This Minireview summarizes the achievements in the synthesis of the π-extended molecules functionalized with P-cationic fragments, modulation of their properties by means of structural modification, and emphasizes the important effect of cation-anion interactions, which can drastically change physical behavior of these two-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) UniversityTaipei106Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
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Abstract
The aggregation-induced emission properties of extended viologens, particularly the effect of π-conjugation, were methodically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Tonga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
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Leduskrasts K, Suna E. Aggregation induced emission in one easy step: pyridinium AIEgens and counter ion effect. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38107-38113. [PMID: 35515191 PMCID: PMC9057177 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonation of pyridines with a strong acid is a general and straightforward approach to achieve efficient aggregation induced emission (AIE) in structurally remarkably simple organic molecules that lack any of the conventional luminophores. The relationship between the nature of counter ion and the AIE efficiency is demonstrated. The superiority of the perchlorate counter ion is attributed to efficient stabilization of the key intermolecular π+-π interactions between neighboring luminophore molecules in the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 LV-1006 Riga Latvia
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Leduskrasts K, Kinens A, Suna E. Cation–π interactions secure aggregation induced emission of planar organic luminophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12663-12666. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-covalent intermolecular π+–π interactions between quaternary pyridinium or imidazolium cations and aromatic π systems is an efficient approach to achieve AIE in planar purely organic luminophores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artis Kinens
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga
- Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga
- Latvia
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