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Oropesa AL, González-Sánchez B, Beltrán FJ. Sensitivity of cholinesterases and carboxylesterases to pharmaceutical products in Tinca tinca. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3856-3871. [PMID: 38558378 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Discharges to the aquatic environment of pharmaceuticals represent a hazard to the aquatic organisms. Subchronic assay with 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and in vitro essays with pharmaceuticals of environmental concern were conducted to examine the sensitivity of tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities of Tinca tinca to them. Subchronic exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 caused significant effects on brain, liver, and muscle CbE, but no on AChE activities. Most of the pharmaceuticals tested in vitro were considered as weak inhibitors of tissular AChE activity. Depending on the tissues, some compounds were classified as moderate inhibitors of CbE activity while other were categorized as weak enzymatic inhibitors. An opposite trend was observed depending on the tissue, while brain and liver CbE activities were inhibited, the muscle CbE activity was induced. Changes experienced on enzymatic activities after exposure to pharmaceuticals might affect the physiological functions in which these enzymes are involved. In vitro exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 in tench could be an informative, but not a surrogate model to know the effect of this synthetic estrogen on AChE and CbE activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Lourdes Oropesa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biotecnología Ganadera y Cinegética (INBIO G+C), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Fernando J Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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2
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Kucera C, Ramalingam A, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Carll AP. Nicotine Formulation Influences the Autonomic and Arrhythmogenic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:536-544. [PMID: 38011908 PMCID: PMC11033561 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence is mounting that electronic cigarette (e-cig) use induces cardiac sympathetic dominance and electrical dysfunction conducive to arrhythmias and dependent upon nicotine. A variety of nicotine types and concentrations are available in e-cigs, but their relative cardiovascular effects remain unclear. Here we examine how different nicotine forms (racemic, free base, and salt) and concentrations influence e-cig-evoked cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis and provide a mechanism for nicotine-salt-induced autonomic imbalance. METHODS ECG-telemetered C57BL/6J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or e-cig aerosols from propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin solvents either without nicotine (vehicle) or with increasing nicotine concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) for three 9-minute puff sessions per concentration. Spontaneous ventricular premature beat (VPB) incidence rates, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared between treatments. Subsequently, to test the role of β1-adrenergic activation in e-cig-induced cardiac effects, mice were pretreated with atenolol and exposed to either FA or 2.5% nicotine salt. RESULTS During puffing and washout phases, ≥2.5% racemic nicotine reduced heart rate and increased HRV relative to FA and vehicle controls, indicating parasympathetic dominance. Relative to both controls, 5% nicotine salt elevated heart rate and decreased HRV during washout, suggesting sympathetic dominance, and also increased VPB frequency. Atenolol abolished e-cig-induced elevations in heart rate and declines in HRV during washout, indicating e-cig-evoked sympathetic dominance is mediated by β1-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that inhalation of e-cig aerosols from nicotine-salt-containing e-liquids could increase the cardiovascular risks of vaping by inducing sympathetic dominance and cardiac arrhythmias. IMPLICATIONS Exposure to e-cig aerosols containing commercially relevant concentrations of nicotine salts may increase nicotine delivery and impair cardiac function by eliciting β1-adrenoceptor-mediated sympathoexcitation and provoking ventricular arrhythmias. If confirmed in humans, our work suggests that regulatory targeting of nicotine salts through minimum pH standards or limits on acid additives in e-liquids may mitigate the public health risks of vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Kucera
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine (ULSOM), Louisville, KY, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Anand Ramalingam
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex P Carll
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine (ULSOM), Louisville, KY, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
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Liu ML, Chen ZJ, Huang XQ, Wang H, Zhao JL, Shen YD, Luo L, Wen XW, Hammock B, Xu ZL. A bispecific nanobody with high sensitivity/efficiency for simultaneous determination of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol in the soil and rice samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122265. [PMID: 37517641 PMCID: PMC10529271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol is essential for risk assessment of pesticide exposure in agricultural and environmental samples. Herein, several bispecific nanobodies (BsNbs) with different lengths of hydrophilic linkers and junction sites were prepared and characterized for the simultaneous recognition of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol. It was found that the affinity of BsNbs to the analytes could be regulated by controlling linker length and linking terminal. Additionally, molecular simulation revealed that linker lengths affected the conformation of BsNbs, leading to alteration in sensitivity. The BsNb with G4S linker, named G4S-C-N-VHH, showing good thermal stability and sensitivity was used to develop a bispecific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bic-ELISA). The assay demonstrated a limit of detection of 0.8 ng/mL for carbaryl and 0.4 ng/mL for 1-naphthol in buffer system. Good recoveries from soil and rice samples were obtained, ranging from 80.0% to 112.7% (carbaryl) and 76.5%-110.8% (1-naphthol), respectively. Taken together, this study firstly provided a BsNb with high sensitivity and efficiency against environmental pesticide and its metabolite, and firstly used molecular dynamics simulation to explore the influence of linker on recognition. The results are valuable for the application of immunoassay with high efficiency in the fields of environment and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zi-Jian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Zhaoqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou, 510410, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jin-Li Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou, 510410, China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Berman ML, Zettler PJ, Jordt SE. Synthetic Nicotine: Science, Global Legal Landscape, and Regulatory Considerations. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2023; 1047:35-60. [PMID: 37745838 PMCID: PMC10516533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Berman
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University
- Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University
- Cancer Control Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Patricia J Zettler
- Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University
- Cancer Control Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Depts. of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine
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Prakash A, Marwah M, Mehta D, Chaudhuri TK, Ojha H, Agrawala PK. Biophysical studies of the binding of histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin-A) with bovine serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37578048 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2246071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), a potential radiomitigator in pre-clinical models, inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme family preferentially. In the current study, the ADME assessment of TSA was explored in terms of its binding affinity for serum protein via spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to examine changes in the protein microenvironment, and affinity was quantified in terms of binding constant and stoichiometry. Post binding conformational changes were observed using circular dichroism (CD) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Specific binding was visualized using molecular docking to support experimental studies. UV-vis spectra demonstrated a blue shift in the interaction of TSA to BSA. The calculated binding constants ranged from 3.10 to 0.78 x 10 5(M-1) and quenching constants from 2.75 to 2.15 x 104 (l mol-1), indicating TSA has a strong binding affinity for BSA. Based on the FRET theory, the distance between BSA (donor) and TSA (acceptor) was calculated to be 2.83 nm. The Stern-Volmer plot revealed (Ksv) static quenching. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, and a negative ΔG value showed that the interaction is spontaneous. The CD spectra analysis further revealed a change in the protein's secondary structure, indicating TSA-BSA interaction. The molecular docking studies also indicated strong binding affinity of TSA with BSA. The results indicate that good bio-availability of TSA is possible because of the spontaneous and strong binding affinity with BSA.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Prakash
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Marwah
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Devanshu Mehta
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapan K Chaudhuri
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Ojha
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, New Delhi, India
| | - Paban K Agrawala
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, New Delhi, India
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Ma S, Qiu Z, Chen J, Shang C. Synthetic nicotine e-liquids sold in US online vape shops. Prev Med Rep 2023; 33:102222. [PMID: 37181243 PMCID: PMC10172710 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nicotine (relative to tobacco-derived, or "natural" nicotine) is an emerging feature of e-cigarettes including e-liquids in the online marketplace. This study investigated a total of 11,161 unique nicotine e-liquids sold in online stores in the US during 2021, using keyword matching approach to identify the feature of synthetic nicotine based on product description texts. We showed that in 2021, 2.13% of nicotine-containing e-liquids in our sample were marketed as synthetic nicotine e-liquids. About a quarter of the synthetic nicotine e-liquids that we identified were salt-based; the nicotine strength varied; and those synthetic nicotine e-liquids had a variety of flavor profiles. Synthetic nicotine containing e-cigarettes are likely to remain in the market and manufacturers might market those products as "tobacco-free," to attract consumers who this feature as healthier or less addictive. It is important to monitor synthetic nicotine in the e-cigarette marketplace and assess how this feature influences consumer behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Ma
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zefeng Qiu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ce Shang
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Corresponding authors at: The Ohio State University Center for Tobacco Research, 3650 Olentangy River Road, 1st Floor, Suite 110, Columbus OH 43214, USA.
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7
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Li Y, Zhao L, Li J, Xie S, Liang N. Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-based MOFs incorporating amino acid chiral ligands for chiral separation of naproxen enantiomers. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3-(((1 S,3 S)-3-(( R)-Hydroxy(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-4-oxocyclohexyl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione: Design and Synthesis of New Stereopure Multi-Target Antidiabetic Agent. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103265. [PMID: 35630740 PMCID: PMC9146474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chiral drug candidates have more effective binding affinities for their specific protein or receptor site for the onset of pharmacological action. Achieving all carbon stereopure compounds is not trivial in chemical synthesis. However, with the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, the synthesis of certain vital chiral drug candidates is now possible. In this research, we have synthesized 3-(((1S,3S)-3-((R)-hydroxy(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-4-oxocyclohexyl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione (S,S,R-5) and have evaluated it potential as multi-target antidiabetic agent. The stereopure compound S,S,R-5 was synthesized with a 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. The synthesized compound gave encouraging results against all in vitro antidiabetic targets, exhibiting IC50 values of 6.28, 4.58, 0.91, and 2.36 in α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPPH targets, respectively. The molecular docking shows the binding of the compound in homology models of the respective enzymes. In conclusion, we have synthesized a new chiral molecule (S,S,R-5). The compound proved to be a potential inhibitor of the tested antidiabetic targets. With the observed results and molecular docking, it is evident that S,S,R-5 is a potential multitarget antidiabetic agent. Our study laid the baseline for the animal-based studies of this compound in antidiabetic confirmation.
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Peng W, Wang T, Liang XR, Yang YS, Wang QZ, Cheng HF, Peng YK, Ding F. Characterizing the potentially neuronal acetylcholinesterase reactivity toward chiral pyraclofos: Enantioselective insights from spectroscopy, in silico docking, molecular dynamics simulation and per-residue energy decomposition studies. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 110:108069. [PMID: 34773872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chiral organophosphorus agents are distributed ubiquitously in the environment, but the neuroactivity of these asymmetric chemicals to humans remains uncertain. This scenario was to explore the stereoselective neurobiological response of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to chiral pyraclofos at the enantiomeric scale, and then decipher the microscopic basis of enantioselective neurotoxicity of pyraclofos enantiomers. The results indicated that (R)-/(S)-pyraclofos can form the bioconjugates with AChE with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, but the neuronal affinity of (R)-pyraclofos (K = 6.31 × 104 M-1) with AChE was larger than that of (S)-pyraclofos (K = 1.86 × 104 M-1), and significant enantioselectivity was existed in the biochemical reaction. The modes of neurobiological action revealed that pyraclofos enantiomers were situated at the substrate binding domain, and the strength of the overall noncovalent bonds between (S)-pyraclofos and the residues was weaker than that of (R)-pyraclofos, resulting in the high inhibitory effect of (R)-pyraclofos toward the activity of AChE. Dynamic enantioselective biointeractions illustrated that the intervention of inherent conformational flexibility in the AChE-(R)-pyraclofos was greater than that of the AChE-(S)-pyraclofos, which arises from the big spatial displacement and the conformational flip of the binding domain composed of the residues Thr-64~Asn-89, Gly-122~Asp-134, and Thr-436~Tyr-449. Energy decomposition exhibited that the Gibbs free energies of the AChE-(R)-/(S)-pyraclofos were ΔG° = -37.4/-30.2 kJ mol-1, respectively, and the disparity comes from the electrostatic energy during the stereoselective neurochemical reactions. Quantitative conformational analysis further confirmed the atomic-scale computational chemistry conclusions, and the perturbation of (S)-pyraclofos on the AChE's ordered conformation was lower than that of (R)-pyraclofos, which is germane to the interaction energies of the crucial residues, e.g. Tyr-124, Tyr-337, Asp-74, Trp-86, and Tyr-119. Evidently, this attempt will contribute mechanistic information to uncovering the neurobiological effects of chiral organophosphates on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Liang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yu-Sen Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qi-Zhao Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong-Fei Cheng
- School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yu-Kui Peng
- Xining Center for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Duell AK, Kerber PJ, Luo W, Peyton DH. Determination of ( R)-(+)- and ( S)-(-)-Nicotine Chirality in Puff Bar E-Liquids by 1H NMR Spectroscopy, Polarimetry, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1718-1720. [PMID: 34196534 PMCID: PMC10861124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco products generally contain tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN; having ∼99+% (S)-(-)-nicotine). Recent United States regulation has led some producers to transition to synthetic ("tobacco-free") nicotine. For example, Puff Bar is now marketed with tobacco-free nicotine (TFN; presumed to be racemic). To evaluate the claim that these new products contain TFN, we evaluated the presence of the two nicotine optical isomers by 1H NMR spectroscopy, polarimetry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Older Puff Bars were found to contain (S)-(-)-nicotine, and newer "TFN" Puff Bars were found to contain both (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) isomers-indicating TFN, albeit with slightly more of the (S)-(-)-nicotine form.
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11
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Gan N, Sun Q, Suo Z, Zhang S, Zhao L, Xiang H, Wang W, Li Z, Liao X, Li H. How hydrophilic group affects drug-protein binding modes: Differences in interaction between sirtuins inhibitors Tenovin-1/Tenovin-6 and human serum albumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114121. [PMID: 34020341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of hydrophilic groups can improve the solubility of leading drugs but inevitably affect their interaction with proteins. This study selected sirtuin inhibitors Tenovin-1 (T1) and Tenovin-6 (T6) as drug models to determine differences in binding mode to human serum albumin (HSA). T1 and T6 quenched the endogenous fluorescence of HSA via static quenching mechanism. Introduction of hydrophilic groups greatly reduced the binding constant, i.e., from 1.302 × 104 L mol-1 for the HSA-T6 system to 0.128 × 104 L mol-1 for the HSA-T1 system. HSA-T1 system was mainly driven by electrostatic interactions while that of HSA-T6 system was hydrophobic interaction and both systems were spontaneous reactions. Site marker experiments and molecular docking indicated that both systems mainly bound to the hydrophobic site I of HSA. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis further revealed that Tyr148, Tyr150 and Arg257 residues played a key role in this recognition process for both systems. In particular, T6 maintained additional several hydrogen bonds with the surrounding residues. T1 had almost no effect on the esterase-like activity of HSA, but T6 inhibited the hydrolysis of p-NPA. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (VP-DSC), circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that HSA in the T6 system undergone a more significant conformational transition than that in the T1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaomei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zili Suo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ludan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongzhao Xiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 367, Hongjin Road, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Liao
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 367, Hongjin Road, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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12
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De Boer D, Nguyen N, Mao J, Moore J, Sorin EJ. A Comprehensive Review of Cholinesterase Modeling and Simulation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:580. [PMID: 33920972 PMCID: PMC8071298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article reviews published efforts to study acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase structure and function using computer-based modeling and simulation techniques. Structures and models of both enzymes from various organisms, including rays, mice, and humans, are discussed to highlight key structural similarities in the active site gorges of the two enzymes, such as flexibility, binding site location, and function, as well as differences, such as gorge volume and binding site residue composition. Catalytic studies are also described, with an emphasis on the mechanism of acetylcholine hydrolysis by each enzyme and novel mutants that increase catalytic efficiency. The inhibitory activities of myriad compounds have been computationally assessed, primarily through Monte Carlo-based docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Pharmaceutical compounds examined herein include FDA-approved therapeutics and their derivatives, as well as several other prescription drug derivatives. Cholinesterase interactions with both narcotics and organophosphate compounds are discussed, with the latter focusing primarily on molecular recognition studies of potential therapeutic value and on improving our understanding of the reactivation of cholinesterases that are bound to toxins. This review also explores the inhibitory properties of several other organic and biological moieties, as well as advancements in virtual screening methodologies with respect to these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna De Boer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Nguyet Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jia Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jessica Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Eric J. Sorin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
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Ding F, Peng W, Peng YK, Liu BQ. Elucidating the potential neurotoxicity of chiral phenthoate: Molecular insight from experimental and computational studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:127007. [PMID: 32416396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organophosphorus pollutants are existed ubiquitously in the ecological environment, but the enantioselective toxicities of these nerve agents to humans and their molecular bases have not been fully elucidated. Using experimental and computational approaches, this story was to explore the neurotoxic response process of the target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to chiral phenthoate and further decipher the microscopic mechanism of such toxicological effect at the enantiomeric level. The results showed that the toxic reaction of AChE with chiral phenthoate exhibited significant enantioselectivity, and (R)-phenthoate (K=1.486 × 105 M-1) has a bioaffinity for the nerve enzyme nearly three times that of (S)-phenthoate (K=4.503 × 104 M-1). Dynamic research outcomes interpreted the wet experiments, and the inherent conformational flexibility of the target enzyme has a great influence on the enantioselective neurotoxicological action processes, especially reflected in the conformational changes of the three key loop regions (i.e. residues His-447, Gly-448, and Tyr-449; residues Gly-122, Phe-123, and Tyr-124; and residues Thr-75, Leu-76, and Tyr-77) around the reaction patch. This was supported by the quantitative results of conformational studies derived from circular dichroism spectroscopy (α-helix: 34.7%→30.2%/31.6%; β-sheet: 23.6%→19.5%/20.7%; turn: 19.2%→22.4%/21.9%; and random coil: 22.5%→27.9%/25.8%). Meanwhile, via analyzing the modes of toxic action and free energies, we can find that (R)-phenthoate has a strong inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of AChE, as compared with (S)-phenthoate, and electrostatic energy (-23.79/-17.77 kJ mol-1) played a critical role in toxicological reactions. These points were the underlying causes of chiral phenthoate displaying different degrees of enantioselective neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Yu-Kui Peng
- Center for Food Quality Supervision, Inspection & Testing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bing-Qi Liu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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14
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Ding F, Peng W, Peng YK, Liu BQ. Estimating the potential toxicity of chiral diclofop-methyl: Mechanistic insight into the enantioselective behavior. Toxicology 2020; 438:152446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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