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Bacaicoa S, Stenkvist S, Sundén H. Redox Active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Oxidative NHC Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:3114-3118. [PMID: 38551486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) covalently linked to a quinone introduces a novel avenue for internal oxidations within oxidative NHC catalysis. The deployment of this hybrid NHC class promotes intramolecular electronic flow in the oxidation of the Breslow intermediate to acyl azolium. The use of the redox active NHC as a catalyst is facilitated by employing aerobic regeneration, yielding carboxylic esters with efficiencies of ≤99%, while generating water as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bacaicoa
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Stenkvist
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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De Risi C, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A, Bortolini O. Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202467. [PMID: 36205918 PMCID: PMC10099058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis is a by now consolidated organocatalytic platform for a number of synthetic (asymmetric) transformations via diverse reaction modes/intermediates. In addition to the typical umpolung processes involving acyl anion/homoenolate equivalent species, implementation of protocols under oxidative conditions greatly expands the possibilities of this methodology. Oxidative NHC-catalysis allows for oxidative and oxygenative transformations through specific manipulations of Breslow-type species depending upon the oxidant used (external oxidant or O2 /air), the derived NHC-bound intermediates paving the way to non-umpolung processes through activation of carbon atoms and heteroatoms. This review is intended to update the state of the art in oxidative NHC-catalyzed reactions that appeared in the literature from 2014 to present, with a strong focus to crucial intermediates and their mechanistic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed AgrarieUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della PrevenzioneUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed AgrarieUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed AgrarieUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed AgrarieUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della PrevenzioneUniversità di FerraraVia L. Borsari, 4644121FerraraItaly
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3
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Bacaicoa S, Goossens E, Sundén H. Aerobic Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Formal [3+3] Cyclization for the Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Benzene Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:9146-9150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bacaicoa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellymay Goossens
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Poletti L, Ragno D, Bortolini O, Presini F, Pesciaioli F, Carli S, Caramori S, Molinari A, Massi A, Di Carmine G. Photoredox Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Aryl Glycines Mediated by Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to the Synthesis of Non-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids (NPAAs) Decorated with Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7826-7837. [PMID: 35621232 PMCID: PMC9207928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
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Indole-decorated
glycine derivatives are prepared through an environmentally
benign cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl
glycine analogues and indoles (yield of ≤81%). Merging heterogeneous
organocatalysis and photocatalysis, C–H functionalization has
been achieved by selective C-2 oxidation of N-aryl
glycines to afford the electrophilic imine followed by Friedel–Crafts
alkylation with indole. The sustainability of the process has been
taken into account in the reaction design through the implementation
of a metal-free recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst and a green
reaction medium. Scale-up of the benchmark reaction (gram scale, yield
of 69%) and recycling experiments (over seven runs without a loss
of efficiency) have been performed to prove the robustness of the
protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies were conducted employing electron
paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to unveil the roles of the photocatalyst
and oxygen in the formation of odd-electron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 42, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Molinari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Ragno D, De Risi C, Massi A, Di Carmine G, Toldo S, Leonardi C, Bortolini O. Regiodivergent Synthesis of Benzothiazole‐based Isosorbide Imidates by Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ragno
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences ITALY
| | - Carmela De Risi
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences ITALY
| | - Alessandro Massi
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara DepartmentEnvironmental and Prevention Sciences ITALY
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences ITALY
| | - Sofia Toldo
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara Environmental and Prevention Sciences ITALY
| | - Costanza Leonardi
- University of Ferrara: Universita degli Studi di Ferrara Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences ITALY
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Universita of Ferrara DepartmentEnvironmental and Prevention Sciences Via Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara ITALY
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6
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Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Vannini M, Bortolini O, Perrone D, Buoso S, Bertoldo M, Massi A. Organocatalytic Synthesis of Poly(hydroxymethylfuroate) via Ring-Opening Polymerization of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-Based Cyclic Oligoesters. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of hydroxymethylfuroate macrocyclic oligoesters c(HMF)n promoted by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalyst is herein presented together with the subsequent organocatalytic, entropically-driven ring-opening polymerization (ED-ROP) leading to the fully...
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7
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Di Carmine G, Forster L, Wang S, Parlett C, Carlone A, D'Agostino C. NMR relaxation time measurements of solvent effects in an organocatalysed asymmetric aldol reaction over silica SBA-15 supported proline. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of solvents in solid-supported proline organocatalysts is explored using NMR relaxation measurements coupled with reaction screening. Solvents with a lower affinity for the solid surface lead to a higher reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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8
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Li Y, Pang J, Lou J, Sun W, Liu J, Wu B. Chemo‐ and Site‐Selective Fischer Esterification Catalyzed by B(C
6
F
5
)
3. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Lan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Yu Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Ji‐Cong Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Wu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Ji‐Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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9
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A, D'Agostino C. Oxidative Coupling of Aldehydes with Alcohol for the Synthesis of Esters Promoted by Polystyrene-Supported N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Unraveling the Solvent Effect on the Catalyst Behavior Using NMR Relaxation. Org Lett 2020; 22:4927-4931. [PMID: 32383888 PMCID: PMC7341527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous organocatalysts hold great potential as they offer practical advantages in terms of purification and reusability compared with the homogeneous counterpart. A puzzling aspect is the solvent effect on their catalytic performance. Here we propose a new approach whereby T1/T2 NMR relaxation measurements are used to evaluate the strength of solvent-surface interactions in the polystyrene-supported N-heterocyclic carbene-promoted oxidation of aldehydes. The results reveal that solvents with high surface affinity lead to a decrease in catalyst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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11
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Brandolese A, Ragno D, Leonardi C, Di Carmine G, Bortolini O, De Risi C, Massi A. Enantioselective N
-Acylation of Biginelli Dihydropyrimidines by Oxidative NHC Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science; The University of Manchester; M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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12
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De Risi C, Bortolini O, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A. Recent advances in continuous-flow organocatalysis for process intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progresses on continuous-flow organocatalysis from 2016 to early 2020 are reviewed with focus on transition from batch to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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13
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Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Brandolese A, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Fantin G, Bertoldo M, Massi A. Oxidative NHC-Catalysis as Organocatalytic Platform for the Synthesis of Polyester Oligomers by Step-Growth Polymerization. Chemistry 2019; 25:14701-14710. [PMID: 31486558 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis to the polycondensation of diols and dialdehydes under oxidative conditions is herein presented for the synthesis of polyesters using fossil-based (ethylene glycol, phthalaldehydes) and bio-based (furan derivatives, glycerol, isosorbide) monomers. The catalytic dimethyl triazolium/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene couple and stoichiometric quinone oxidant afforded polyester oligomers with a number-average molecular weight (Mn ) in the range of 1.5-7.8 kg mol-1 as determined by NMR analysis. The synthesis of a higher molecular weight polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) by an NHC-promoted two-step procedure via oligoester intermediates is also illustrated together with the catalyst-controlled preparation of cross-linked or linear polyesters derived from the trifunctional glycerol. The thermal properties (TGA and DSC analyses) of the synthesized oligoesters are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fantin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Bertoldo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti, 101-40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutica Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Brandolese A, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Bernardi T, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Pandoli OG, Altomare A, Massi A. Aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid and its derivatives by heterogeneous NHC-catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:8955-8964. [PMID: 30403257 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of the oxidative system composed of a heterogeneous triazolium pre-catalyst, iron(ii) phthalocyanine and air is described for the selective conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into the added-value 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). The disclosed one-pot two-step procedure involved sequential oxidative esterifications of HMF to afford a polyester oligomer having hydroxyl and carboxyl terminal groups (Mw = 389-1258), which in turn was hydrolyzed by a supported base (Ambersep 900 OH) to yield HMFCA in 87% overall yield. The same strategy was adopted for the effective synthesis of ester and amide derivatives of HMFCA by nucleophilic depolymerization of the oligomeric intermediate with methanol and butylamine, respectively. The utilization of the disclosed oxidative system for the direct conversion of HMF and furfural into their corresponding ester, amide, and thioester derivatives is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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