1
|
Zhu Z, Xu G. Hydrogenation of Furfural over Biomass-Based Electron-Deficient Co-NC Nanotube Catalyst. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:788. [PMID: 38727382 PMCID: PMC11085387 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol is one of the most significant reactions from industrial-scale produced biomass platform molecules to value-added chemicals. In this work, biomass-based chitosan was used as both a carbon source and nitrogen source to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon. With the addition of cobalt, the optimized 7.5Co-NC-900 catalyst had the largest surface area and the graphite nanotube structure with the least defects. It was employed for the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol and reached a nearly full conversion and an equivalent yield at 130 °C in 4 MPa initial H2. The structure-function relationship study indicated that the N could interact with the neighbor Co in this catalyst and formed an electron-deficient Co center which was in favor of the adsorption of furfural in the nanotube and had high catalytic activity. The interactions between Co and N stabilized the catalyst so that it could remain stable in five runs of catalytic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guangyue Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts (CnCs) for Biomass Valorization and Hazardous Organics Remediation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101679. [PMID: 35630900 PMCID: PMC9147642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase of the demand in merchandise and fuels augments the need of modern approaches for the mass-production of renewable chemicals derived from abundant feedstocks, like biomass, as well as for the water and soil remediation pollution resulting from the anthropogenic discharge of organic compounds. Towards these directions and within the concept of circular (bio)economy, the development of efficient and sustainable catalytic processes is of paramount importance. Within this context, the design of novel catalysts play a key role, with carbon-based nanocatalysts (CnCs) representing one of the most promising class of materials. In this review, a wide range of CnCs utilized for biomass valorization towards valuable chemicals production, and for environmental remediation applications are summarized and discussed. Emphasis is given in particular on the catalytic production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from cellulose or starch-rich food waste, the hydrogenolysis of lignin towards high bio-oil yields enriched predominately in alkyl and oxygenated phenolic monomers, the photocatalytic, sonocatalytic or sonophotocatalytic selective partial oxidation of 5-HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and the decomposition of organic pollutants in aqueous matrixes. The carbonaceous materials were utilized as stand-alone catalysts or as supports of (nano)metals are various types of activated micro/mesoporous carbons, graphene/graphite and the chemically modified counterparts like graphite oxide and reduced graphite oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and fullerenes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang W, Cao JP, Xie JX, Zhao L, Zhang C, Zhu C, Zhao XY, Zhao YP, Zhang JL. MOF-derived Ru@ZIF-8 catalyst with the extremely low metal Ru loading for selective hydrogenolysis of C–O bonds in lignin model compounds under mild conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A MOF-derived Ru@ZIF-8 catalyst with extremely low Ru loading effectively cleaved the C–O bonds of lignin model compounds under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Pei Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Xie
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panyadee R, Saengsrichan A, Posoknistakul P, Laosiripojana N, Ratchahat S, Matsagar BM, Wu KCW, Sakdaronnarong C. Lignin-Derived Syringol and Acetosyringone from Palm Bunch Using Heterogeneous Oxidative Depolymerization over Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts under Microwave Heating. Molecules 2021; 26:7444. [PMID: 34946525 PMCID: PMC8707958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass valorization to building block chemicals in food and pharmaceutical industries has tremendously gained attention. To produce monophenolic compounds from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), EFB was subjected to alkaline hydrothermal extraction using NaOH or K2CO3 as a promotor. Subsequently, EFB-derived lignin was subjected to an oxidative depolymerization using Cu(II) and Fe(III) mixed metal oxides catalyst supported on γ-Al2O3 or SiO2 as the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The highest percentage of total phenolic compounds of 63.87 wt% was obtained from microwave-induced oxidative degradation of K2CO3 extracted lignin catalyzed by Cu-Fe/SiO2 catalyst. Main products from the aforementioned condition included 27.29 wt% of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 19.21 wt% of syringol, 9.36 wt% of acetosyringone, 3.69 wt% of acetovanillone, 2.16 wt% of syringaldehyde, and 2.16 wt% of vanillin. Although the total phenolic compound from Cu-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was lower (49.52 wt%) compared with that from Cu-Fe/SiO2 catalyst (63.87 wt%), Cu-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst provided the greater selectivity of main two value-added products, syringol and acetosyrigone, at 54.64% and 23.65%, respectively (78.29% total selectivity of two products) from the NaOH extracted lignin. The findings suggested a promising method for syringol and acetosyringone production from the oxidative heterogeneous lignin depolymerization under low power intensity microwave heating within a short reaction time of 30 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangsalid Panyadee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 999 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand; (R.P.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Aphinan Saengsrichan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 999 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand; (R.P.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Pattaraporn Posoknistakul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 999 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand; (R.P.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mot, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand;
| | - Sakhon Ratchahat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 999 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand; (R.P.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Babasaheb M. Matsagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; (B.M.M.); (K.C.-W.W.)
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; (B.M.M.); (K.C.-W.W.)
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-MAT), National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chularat Sakdaronnarong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 999 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand; (R.P.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ru-gC3N4 Catalyzed Hydrodebenzylation of Benzyl Protected Alcohol and Acid Groups Using Sodium Hypophosphite as a Hydrogen Source. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A straightforward process for hydrodebenzylation of benzyl protected acid and alcohol derivatives to the corresponding acids and alcohols using sodium hypophosphite in the presence of Ru-GCN catalyst is reported. The developed Ru-GCN catalyst is cost effective compared to other noble metal-based catalysts and has been explored to exhibit excellent activity for catalytic hydrodebenzylation reactions under moderate reaction conditions. The non-corrosive sodium hypophosphite has been found as a better hydrogen donor compared to alkali metal formats in presence of Ru-GCN catalyst. The stated catalyst was characterized using several spectrometric and material characterization methods such as PXRD, IR, SEM, TEM, XPS, and TGA. The Ru-GCN catalyst corroborated good reusability and stability for multiple cycles. The catalyst preparation is facile and the developed process is simple and safe as it avoids use of high hydrogen pressure. The developed protocol can also be replicated on industrial scale on account of excellent recyclability and retained activity after multiple cycles and makes the process sustainable. Gram scale reaction was performed to verify the industrial potential of reported catalyst.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kramer CAC, de Carvalho LS. α-Oxidation of banana lignin with atmospheric oxygen catalyzed by Co 3O 4. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Banana lignin was subjected to oxidation, converting alpha hydroxyl to carbonyl. In this process, atmospheric oxygen acted as an oxidizing agent, CO3O4 as a catalyst under mild conditions of temperature and pressure.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar A, Biswas B, Bhaskar T. Effect of cobalt on titania, ceria and zirconia oxide supported catalysts on the oxidative depolymerization of prot and alkali lignin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122589. [PMID: 31865149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of phenolics by oxidative depolymerization of prot lignin and alkali lignin were studied in the presence of cobalt impregnated TiO2, CeO2 and ZrO2 catalysts at 140 °C for 1 h. Maximum bio-oil yield of 78.0 and 60.2 wt% were observed with Co/CeO2 catalyst for prot lignin and alkali lignin, respectively. The characterizations of the bio-oils were carried out using GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H NMR. The GC-MS compounds have been classified into four categories (G, H, S-type and others). The depolymerization of prot lignin showed a mixture of G, H and S type phenolic monomers. Interestingly, higher selectivity of acetosyringone (47.1%) was obtained in the presence of Co/TiO2 catalyst with prot lignin. The depolymerization of alkali lignin exhibited only G-type phenolic monomers production, and was effectively produced 67.4% (G-type monomer) in the presence of Co/ZrO2 catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Kumar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Bijoy Biswas
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Si XG, Zhao YP, Song QL, Cao JP, Wang RY, Wei XY. Hydrogenolysis of lignin-derived aryl ethers to monomers over a MOF-derived Ni/N–C catalyst. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient Ni/N–C catalyst was synthesized by facile pyrolysis of a Ni-MOF, and its catalytic hydrogenolysis performance towards C–O bonds in lignin was evaluated in detail using diphenyl ether (DPE) as a model compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Gang Si
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education)
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221116
- China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education)
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221116
- China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Coal Science and Technology Co-founded by Shanxi Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology
| | - Qing-Lu Song
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education)
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221116
- China
| | - Jing-Pei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education)
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221116
- China
| | - Rui-Yu Wang
- Low Carbon Energy Institute
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221008
- China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education)
- China University of Mining & Technology
- Xuzhou 221116
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kar AK, Kaur SP, Kumar TJD, Srivastava R. Efficient hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers over Ce-MOF supported Pd NPs under mild conditions: mechanistic insight using density functional theoretical calculations. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The significant Pd0 content and optimum bonding of the reactant & product (higher adsorption energy of benzyl phenyl ether and lower desorption energy for phenol) are responsible for the exceptional catalytic activity of Pd/Ce-MOF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Kar
- Catalysis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - Surinder Pal Kaur
- Catalysis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - T. J. Dhilip Kumar
- Catalysis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - Rajendra Srivastava
- Catalysis Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao Y, Chen SS, Zhang S, Ok YS, Matsagar BM, Wu KCW, Tsang DCW. Advances in lignin valorization towards bio-based chemicals and fuels: Lignin biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121878. [PMID: 31377047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most promising renewable sources for aromatic hydrocarbons, while effective depolymerization towards its constituent monomers is a particular challenge because of the structural complexity and stability. Intensive research efforts have been directed towards exploiting effective valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels. The present contribution aims to provide a critical review of key advances in the identification of exact lignin structure subjected to various fractionation technologies and demonstrate the key roles of lignin structures in depolymerization for unique functionalized products. Various technologies (e.g., thermocatalytic approaches, photocatalytic conversion, and mechanochemical depolymerization) are reviewed and evaluated in terms of feasibility and potential for further upgrading. Overall, advances in pristine lignin structure analysis and conversion technologies can facilitate recovery and subsequent utilization of lignin towards tailored commodity chemicals and fungible fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Babasaheb M Matsagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matsagar BM, Wang Z, Sakdaronnarong C, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Wu KC. Effect of Solvent, Role of Formic Acid and Rh/C Catalyst for the Efficient Liquefaction of Lignin. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng‐Yen Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chularat Sakdaronnarong
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringMahidol University Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Season S. Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong ZS946 P. R. China
| | - Daniel C. W. Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong ZS946 P. R. China
| | - Kevin C.‐W. Wu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-MAT)National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University (NTU-MST) Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Energy and fuels derived from biomass pose lesser impact on the environmental carbon footprint than those derived from fossil fuels. In order for the biomass-to-energy and biomass-to-chemicals processes to play their important role in the loop of the circular economy, highly active, selective, and stable catalysts and the related efficient chemical processes are urgently needed. Lignin is the most thermal stable fraction of biomass and a particularly important resource for the production of chemicals and fuels. This mini review mainly focuses on lignin valorizations for renewable chemicals and fuels production and summarizes the recent interest in the lignin valorization over Ni and relevant bimetallic metal catalysts on various supports. Particular attention will be paid to those strategies to convert lignin to chemicals and fuels components, such as pyrolysis, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenolysis. The review is written in a simple and elaborated way in order to draw chemists and engineers’ attention to Ni-based catalysts in lignin valorizations and guide them in designing innovative catalytic materials based on the lignin conversion reaction.
Collapse
|