Biofilm Microenvironment-Sensitive Anti-Virulent and Immunomodulatory Nano-on-Nanodroplets to Combat Refractory Biofilm Infection Through Toxin Neutralization and Phagocytosis

Biofilm-associated wound infection is principally perceived as the bacterial defense mechanism that hinders antibiotic penetration, causes toxin impairment, and suppresses the immunological responses of the host immune system. Several antibiofilm agents have been developed, but the least of these agents can simultaneously cornerstone on the biofilm-associated immunosuppression and bacterial toxin-induced cellular dysfunction. Inspired by the fusogenic property of nanodroplets and immunomodulatory functions of metal nanoparticles, biofilm targeted anti-virulent immunomodulatory cationic nanoparticle shelled nanodroplets (C-AgND) is fabricated to completely disintegrate and eradicate the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilm. The specific binding of C-AgND neutralizes the negatively charged EPS layer, causing their destabilization followed by penetration of the nanoformulation into the biofilm matrix, killing the persister cells. Consequently, C-AgND eliminates the virulence property of the S. aureus biofilm through α-hemolysin neutralization. C-AgND promotes a strong immunomodulatory effect by polarizing macrophages into their M1 phenotype to induce phagocytosis of the disintegrated biofilm-released residual cells, rejuvenating the host's innate immune responses for the complete eradication of the biofilm. Moreover, the ex vivo skin wound infection model illustrates an excellent biofilm eradication efficacy of C-AgND in comparison to the commercial ones, rendering them to be a promising replacement of existing antibiofilm agents in clinical application.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles employing hamdard joshanda extract: putative antimicrobial potential against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

The bio-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles offers a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Joshanda extract, a commercially available herbal formulation derived from a traditional medicinal plant, as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibited a prominent absorption peak at 430 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. DLS analysis revealed the size distribution of the nanoparticles, ranging from 80 to 100 nm, and zeta potential measurements indicated a surface charge of - 14.4 mV. The XRD analysis provide evidence for the presence of a face-centered cubic structure within the silver nanoparticles. FTIR analysis further elucidated the interaction of bioactive compounds from the Joshanda extract with the AgNPs' surface. Strong peaks at 765-829 cm-1 indicated C-Cl stretching vibrations of alkyl halides, while the stretching of alkenes C=C was observed at 1641 cm-1. Moreover, the presence of alcohols and phenol (OH) groups was identified at 3448 cm-1, suggesting their involvement in nanoparticle stabilization. The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive Streptococcus mutans using zone of inhibition assays. The AgNPs exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against both types of bacteria. Additionally, AgNPs-treated groups demonstrated a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, indicating potential of as-synthesized AgNPs in disruption of the target microbial membranes. Furthermore, the as-synthesized AgNPs exhibited notable anti-biofilm properties by effectively hindering the development of mature biofilms. This study highlights the efficient green synthesis of AgNPs using Joshanda extract and also provides insights into their physico-chemical properties of as-synthesized nanoparticles. The demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, along with biofilm inhibition potential, underscores the promising applications of the as-synthesized AgNPs in the field of biomedical and environmental sciences. The study bridges traditional knowledge with contemporary nanotechnology, offering a novel avenue for the development of eco-friendly antimicrobial agents.

A membrane targeted multifunctional cationic nanoparticle conjugated fusogenic nanoemulsion (CFusoN): induced membrane depolarization and lipid solubilization to accelerate the killing of Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are one of the growing concerns for human health care management globally. Antibiotic-associated adverse effects and the emergence of bacterial resistant strains necessitate the development of an alternative yet effective approach. Nanoemulsion-based therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to combat bacterial infestation. Herein, we designed a cationic metal nanoparticle-conjugated fusogenic nanoemulsion (CFusoN) as a lipid solubilizing nanovesicle for the effective treatment of S. aureus infection with a killing efficiency of 99.999%. The cationic nanoparticle-conjugated nanoemulsion (viz. NECNP) (24.4 ± 2.9 mV) electrostatically bound with the negatively charged bacterial cell membrane (-10.2 ± 3.7 mV) causing alteration of the bacterial surface charge. The fluorometric and flow cytometry studies confirmed the bacterial membrane depolarization and altered cell membrane permeability leading to cell death. The atomic force microscopic studies further demonstrated the damage of the cellular ultrastructure, while the transmission electron microscopic image and membrane lipid solubilization analysis depicted the solubilization of the bacterial membrane lipid bilayer along with the leakage of the intracellular contents. The cell membrane fatty acid analysis revealed that the methyl esters of palmitic acid, stearic acid and octadecadienoic acid isomers were solubilized after the treatment of S. aureus with CFusoN. The bactericidal killing efficiency of CFusoN is proposed to occur through the synergistic efficacy of the targeted attachment of CNP to the bacterial cells along with the lipid solubilization property of NE. Interestingly, NECNP didn't elicit any in vitro hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity against red blood cells (RBCs) and L929 fibroblast cells, respectively, at its bactericidal concentration. Furthermore, a porcine skin wound infection model exhibited the enhanced wound cleansing potency of CFusoN in comparison to the commercially available wound cleansers. The obtained antibacterial activity, biocompatibility and skin wound disinfection efficacy of the NECNP demonstrated the formulation of a cell targeted CFusoN as a promising translatable strategy to combat bacterial infection.

Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and in vitro and in vivo studies of potential medicinal applications

This research explores the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from acetone (AgNPs-acetone) and aqueous (AgNPs-H2O) extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria. The nanoparticles exhibit isometric morphology and uniform size distribution, as elucidated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analyses. The utilization of Scanning Transmission Microscopy (STEM) with High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) imaging and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) confirms the crystalline nature of AgNPs. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis reveals identical functional groups in the plant extracts and their corresponding AgNPs, suggesting the involvement of phytochemicals in the reduction of silver ions. Spectrophotometric monitoring of the synthesis process, influenced by various parameters, provides insights into the kinetics and optimal conditions for AgNP formation. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs are evaluated through DPPH and ABTS methods, highlighting AgNPs-acetone as a potent antioxidant. Third-instar larvae exposed to the extracts have differential effects on DNA damage, with the acetone extract demonstrating antigenotoxic properties. Similarly, biosynthesized AgNPs-acetone displays antigenotoxic effects against EMS-induced DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of water extract and AgNPs-acetone was dose-dependent. Hemolytic potential is assessed on rat erythrocytes, revealing that low concentrations of AgNPs-acetone and AgNPs-H2O had a nontoxic effect on erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrate time-dependent and dose-dependent effects, with AgNPs-acetone exhibiting superior cytotoxicity. Proapoptotic activity is confirmed through apoptosis induction, emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs reveals concentration-dependent effects. AgNPs-H2O display better antibacterial activity, while antifungal activities are comparable between the two nanoparticle types.

Deploying a Novel Approach to Prepare Silver Nanoparticle Bellamya bengalensis Extract Conjugate Coating on Orthopedic Implant Biomaterial Discs to Prevent Potential Biofilm Formation

This study is based on the premise of investigating antibacterial activity through a novel conjugate of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in line with a green synthesis approach by developing antimicrobial-coated implants to prevent bacterial resistance. The AMPs were obtained from Bellamya Bengalensis (BB), a freshwater snail, to prepare the nanocomposite conjugate, e.g., AgNPs@BB extract, by making use of UV-Visible spectroscopy. The antimicrobial assessment of AgNPs@BB extract conjugate was performed using the Resazurin Microtiter Assay Method (REMA), followed by the use of three biocompatible implant materials (titanium alloys, Ti 6AL-4V stainless steel 316L, and polyethylene). Finally, the coating was analyzed under confocal microscopy. The results revealed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the surfaces of implants coated with conjugate (AgNPs@BB extract) in comparison to uncoated implants. For the MTT assay, no significant changes were recorded for the cells grown on the AgNPs/AMP++ sample in high concentrations. Staphylococcus epidermidis, however, showed more prominent growth on all implants in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus. It is evident from the results that Staphylococcus epidermidis is more susceptible to AgNPs@BB extract, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of AgNPs@BB extract conjugates and biosynthesized AgNPs was also on the higher side. This study indicates that AgNPs@BB extract carries antibacterial activity, and concludes that an excessive concentration of AgNPs@BB extract may affect the improved biocompatibility. This study recommends using robust, retentive, and antimicrobial coatings of AgNPs@BB extract for implantable biocompatible materials in accordance with the novel strategy of biomaterial applications.

1,4-α-Glucosidase from Fusarium solani for Controllable Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Multifunctional Applications

In the study, monodispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average diameter of 9.57 nm were efficiently and controllably biosynthesized by a reductase from Fusarium solani DO7 only in the presence of β-NADPH and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The reductase responsible for AgNP formation in F. solani DO7 was further confirmed as 1,4-α-glucosidase. Meanwhile, based on the debate on the antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs, this study elucidated in further depth that antibacterial action of AgNPs was achieved by absorbing to the cell membrane and destabilizing the membrane, leading to cell death. Moreover, AgNPs could accelerate the catalytic reaction of 4-nitroaniline, and 86.9% of 4-nitroaniline was converted to p-phenylene diamine in only 20 min by AgNPs of controllable size and morphology. Our study highlights a simple, green, and cost-effective process for biosynthesizing AgNPs with uniform sizes and excellent antibacterial activity and catalytic reduction of 4-nitroaniline.

Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag-NPs using Endostemon viscosus (Lamiaceae): Antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal, photocatalytic dye degradation activity and toxicity in zebrafish embryos

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary area of study that has grown significantly in serving many functions and impacting human society. New fields of science have been facilitated by the clean, non-toxic, and biocompatible nature of plant-derived nanoparticles. The present study deals with the first green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Endostemon viscosus, and their synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by different spectral methods (UV-vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). The change initially observed the production of Ag-NPs in color from green to ash and then confirmed by SPR band at 435 nm in UV-vis spectral analysis. The FTIR findings indicate that many functional groups belong to the pharmaceutically useful phytochemicals, which interact as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The predominant peaks in the XRD pattern belong to the planes 210°, 111°, 200°, 241°, and 311° and thus demonstrated the Ag-NPs FCC crystal structure. TEM analysis exhibited spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 13 nm, and the EDAX band showed a distinctive metallic silver peak at 3.0 keV. The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs tested to show a maximum zone of inhibition of 19 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 mm for Escherichia coli at 100 μg/mL, respectively. Bio-fabricated Ag-NPs were assessed for antioxidant activity (DPPH with % inhibition 57.54% and FRAP with % inhibition 70.89%). The biosynthesized Ag-NPs demonstrated potential larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti with more than 90% at 250 μg/mL. Histological profiles were altered while treating with Ag-NPs at 250 μg/mL. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized E. viscosus Ag-NPs was tested against methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), and the maximum degradation efficiency was found as 90 and 94%, respectively. Furthermore, the toxicity test on zebrafish embryos demonstrated that aberrations have only been induced at concentrations higher than 500 μg/mL. We conclude that the greenly produced Ag-NPs may find use in biomedical applications based on bacteria and cost-effective industrial wastewater treatment.

Development of Decellularized Fish Skin Scaffold Decorated with Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Accelerated Burn Wound Healing

In this study, decellularized fish skin (DFS) scaffold decorated with silver nanoparticles was prepared for accelerating burn wound healing. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by the green and facile method using Aloe vera leaf at different incubating times were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy). The different characterizations confirmed that the sizes of AgNPs prepared by incubating for 6 hours and 12 hours were 29.1 nm and 35.2 nm, respectively. After that, the different concentrations of the smallest AgNPs were used to dope the DFS scaffold to determine the cell viability. Additionally, an agar well diffusion method was used to screen for antimicrobial activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used to correlate the concentration of AgNPs with its bactericidal effect which was seen from 50 μg/ml. Then, the toxicity with human cells was investigated using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with no significant cell viability from the concentration of 50 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml compared to the cocultured and commercial treatments.

Characterization, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill and J. A. Nyberg extract

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that exhibited great expansion all over the world. It is becoming an epidemic disease adding a major burden to the health care system, particularly in developing countries.

Methods

The plant under investigation in the current study Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill and J. A. Nyberg is traditionally used in Saudi Arabia for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) of the plant and pure gallic acid (40 mg/kg), a major metabolite of the plant, as well as their silver nanoparticle formulae (AgNPs) were evaluated for their antidiabetic activity.

Results and Discussion

The results showed a decrease in body fat, obesity, an improvement in lipid profiles, normalization of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia, and an improvement in liver tissue structure and function. However, the results obtained from AgNPs for both extract and the pure gallic acid were better in most measured parameters. Additionally, the activity of both the crude extract of the plant and its AgNPs were evaluated against a number of gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Although the activity of the crude extract ranged from moderate to weak or even non-active, the AgNPs of the plant extract clearly enhanced the antimicrobial activity. AgNPs of the extract demonstrated remarkable activity, especially against the Gram-negative pathogens Proteus vulgaris (MIC 2.5 μg/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 5 μg/ml). Furthermore, a promising antimicrobial activity was shown against the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus mutants (MIC 1.25 μg/ml).

Application of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles (PDNP) in Food-Producing Animals as a Bio-Control Agent against Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens

Antibiotics are regularly used in animal husbandry to treat diseases. This practice is beneficial to animals' health and helps ensure food security. However, the misuse of antibiotics, especially in food-producing animals, has resulted in the advent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its dissemination among foodborne pathogens. The occurrence of AMR in bacteria pathogens that cause infections in animals and those associated with food spoilage is now considered a global health concern affecting humans, animals and the environment. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has kindled the interest of many researchers. Among the alternatives, using plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) for treating microbial dysfunctions in food-producing animals has gained significant attention. In traditional medicine, plant extracts are considered as safe, efficient and natural antibacterial agents for various animal diseases. Given the complexity of the AMR and concerns about issues at the interface of human health, animal health and the environment, it is important to emphasize the role of a One Health approach in addressing this problem. This review examines the potential of PDNPs as bio-control agents in food-producing animals, intending to provide consumers with microbiologically safe food while ensuring food safety and security, better health for animals and humans and a safe environment.

Antimicrobial benefits of flavonoids and their nanoformulations

Abstract:

Nowadays, there is an urgent need to discover and develop long-term and effective antimicrobial and biofilm-inhibiting compounds. Employing combination therapies using novel drug delivery systems and also natural antimicrobial substances is a promising strategy in this field. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based materials have become well appreciated in recent times due to serve as antimicrobial agents or the carriers for promoting the bioavailability and effectiveness of antibiotics. Flavonoids belong to the promising groups of bioactive compounds abundantly found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants with strong antimicrobial features. Flavonoids and NPs have potential as alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents, both on their own as well as in combination. Different classes of flavonoid NPs may be particularly advantageous in handling microbial infections. The most important antimicrobial mechanisms of flavonoid NPs include oxidative stress induction, non-oxidative mechanisms, and metal ion release. However, the efficacy of flavonoid NPs against pathogens and drug-resistant pathogens changes according to their physicochemical characteristics as well as the particular structure of microbial cell wall and enzymatic composition. In this review, we provide an outlook on the antimicrobial mechanism of flavonoid-based NPs and the crucial factors that are involved.

Nanomaterials: The New Antimicrobial Magic Bullet

Bacterial infections are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, despite decades of use of numerous existing antibiotics and constant efforts by researchers to discover new antibiotics. The emergence of infections associated with antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, has amplified the pressure to develop additional bactericidal therapies or new unorthodox approaches that can deal with antimicrobial resistance. Nanomaterial-based strategies, particularly those that do not rely on conventional small-molecule antibiotics, offer promise in part due to their ability to dodge existing mechanisms used by drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the use of nanomaterial-based formulations has attracted attention in the field of antibiotic therapy. In this Review, we highlight novel and emerging nanomaterial-based formulations along with details about the mechanisms by which nanoparticles can target bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance. A detailed discussion about types and the activities of nanoparticles is presented, along with how they can be used as either delivery systems or as inherent antimicrobials, or a combination of both. Lastly, we highlight some toxicological concerns for the use of nanoparticles in antibiotic therapies.

Contributions of photochemistry to bio-based antibacterial polymer materials

Surgical site infections constitute a major health concern that may be addressed by conferring antibacterial properties to surgical tools and medical devices via functional coatings. Bio-sourced polymers are particularly well-suited to prepare such coatings as they are usually safe and can exhibit intrinsic antibacterial properties or serve as hosts for bactericidal agents. The goal of this Review is to highlight the unique contribution of photochemistry as a green and mild methodology for the development of such bio-based antibacterial materials. Photo-generation and photo-activation of bactericidal materials are illustrated. Recent efforts and current challenges to optimize the sustainability of the process, improve the safety of the materials and extend these strategies to 3D biomaterials are also emphasized.

Antibacterial and Antibiofouling Activities of Antimicrobial Peptide-Functionalized Graphene-Silver Nanocomposites for the Inhibition and Disruption of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Owing to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, bacterial infection and biofilm formation are growing concerns in healthcare management. Herein, we report an eco-benign strategy for the synthesis and functionalization of graphene-silver (rGOAg) nanocomposites with an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. The synthesis of rGOAg nanocomposites was carried out by simple microwave reduction, and the as-synthesized rGOAg was covalently functionalized with an AMP. As a natural AMP, poly-l-lysine (PLL) functionalization of rGOAg enhanced the antibacterial efficacy and target specificity against the S. aureus biofilm. The robust bactericidal efficiency and biofilm disruption by AMP-functionalized rGOAg (designated as GAAP) occurred through the "contact-kill-release" mode of action, where the electrostatic interaction with bacterial cells together with intracellular ROS generation induced physical disruption to the cell membrane. The internalization of GAAP into the cytoplasm through the damaged cell membrane caused an outburst of intracellular proteins and DNA. Crystal violet staining along with fluorescence and confocal microscopic images showed an effective inhibition and disruption of the S. aureus biofilm upon treatment with GAAP. PLL functionalization also prevented the dissolution of Ag⁺ ions and thereby minimized the in vitro toxicity of GAAP to the 3 T6 fibroblast and human red blood cells. The ex vivo rat skin disinfection model further demonstrated the potency of GAAP in eliminating the biofilm formation and disruption of the S. aureus biofilm. The obtained results demonstrated a general approach for designing a functional nanocomposite material to disrupt the mature biofilm and provided a promising strategy for treating bacterial infection.

Nanotechnology as a Processing and Packaging Tool to Improve Meat Quality and Safety

Nanoparticles are gaining momentum as a smart tool towards a safer, more cost-effective and sustainable food chain. This study aimed to provide an overview of the potential uses, preparation, properties, and applications of nanoparticles to process and preserve fresh meat and processed meat products. Nanoparticles can be used to reinforce the packaging material resulting in the improvement of sensory, functional, and nutritional aspects of meat and processed meat products. Further, these particles can be used in smart packaging as biosensors to extend the shelf-life of fresh and processed meat products and also to monitor the final quality of these products during the storage period. Nanoparticles are included in product formulation as carriers of health-beneficial and/or functional ingredients. They showed great efficiency in encapsulating bioactive ingredients and preserving their properties to ensure their functionality (e.g., antioxidant and antimicrobial) in meat products. As a result, nanoparticles can efficiently contribute to ensuring product safety and quality whilst reducing wastage and costs. Nevertheless, a wider implementation of nanotechnology in meat industry is highly related to its economic value, consumers' acceptance, and the regulatory framework. Being a novel technology, concerns over the toxicity of nanoparticles are still controversial and therefore efficient analytical tools are deemed crucial for the identification and quantification of nanocomponents in meat products. Thus, migration studies about nanoparticles from the packaging into meat and meat products are still a concern as it has implications for human health associated with their toxicity. Moreover, focused economic evaluations for implementing nanoparticles in meat packaging are crucial since the current literature is still scarce and targeted studies are needed before further industrial applications.

Role of Synthetic Plant Extracts on the Production of Silver-Derived Nanoparticles

The main antioxidants present in plant extracts-quercetin, β-carotene, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin and scopoletin-are able to synthesize silver nanoparticles when reacting with a Ag NO3 solution. The UV-visible absorption spectrum recorded with most of the antioxidants shows the characteristic surface plasmon resonance band of silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesised with ascorbic, hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, and gallic acids and scopoletin are spherical. Nanoparticles synthesised with quercetin are grouped together to form micellar structures. Nanoparticles synthesised by β-carotene, were triangular and polyhedral forms with truncated corners. Pentagonal nanoparticles were synthesized with catechin. We used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to check that the biomolecules coat the synthesised silver nanoparticles. X-ray powder diffractograms showed the presence of silver, AgO, Ag2O, Ag3O4 and Ag2O3. Rod-like structures were obtained with quercetin and gallic acid and cookie-like structures in the nanoparticles obtained with scopoletin, as a consequence of their reactivity with cyanide. This analysis explained the role played by the various agents responsible for the bio-reduction triggered by nanoparticle synthesis in their shape, size and activity. This will facilitate targeted synthesis and the application of biotechnological techniques to optimise the green synthesis of nanoparticles.

Acid-Induced Self-Catalyzing Platform Based on Dextran-Coated Copper Peroxide Nanoaggregates for Biofilm Treatment

Nanoantibacterial agents based on catalytic activity were limited due to the low levels of endogenous H₂O₂ in the microenvironment of bacterial biofilms. However, the additional H₂O₂ will trigger more side effects to healthy surroundings, which is still a great challenge. Herein, we report an acid-induced self-catalyzing platform based on dextran-coated copper peroxide nanoaggregates (DCPNAs) for antibiofilm and local infection therapy applications. The dextran-functionalized DCPNAs were mediated and conveniently purified via a dextran and ethanol precipitation method, which can also cluster nanodots into nanoaggregates and show good penetrability as well as biocompatibility. Bacterial biofilms were inhibited and destroyed by the reactive oxygen species generated from the Fenton reaction between the Cu²⁺ and H₂O₂ released from DCPNAs in an acidic environment, which did not require additional H₂O₂. As expected, the DCPNAs exhibit low cytotoxicity and excellent acid-induced antibacterial and antibiofilm ability. Moreover, the DCPNAs realized great therapeutic outcomes in the application for in vivo wound healing. The overall excellent properties associated with the DCPNAs highlight that they could be considered as a kind of ideal antimicrobial agents for microbial biofilm infection treatment.

Protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles encapsulating gentamycin for the therapy of bacterial biofilm infections

Aim: An antibiotic-conjugated protein-stabilized nanoparticle hybrid system was developed to combat the challenges faced during the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm-associated infections. Materials & methods: Biocompatible silver nanoparticles were synthesized using intracellular protein and gentamycin was attached. The resulting nanohybrid was characterized and its antibacterial efficiency was assessed against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and drug-resistant bacteria. Results: Spectroscopic and electron microscopic analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical with a diameter of 2-6 nm. Red-shifting of the surface plasmon peak and an increase in hydrodynamic diameter confirmed attachment of gentamycin. The nanohybrid exhibited antibacterial efficiency against a range of bacteria with the ability to inhibit and disrupt bacterial biofilm. Conclusion: A unique nanohybrid was designed that has potential to be used to control drug-resistant bacterial infections in the future.

Synthetic Antimicrobial Polymers in Combination Therapy: Tackling Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a critical global healthcare issue that urgently needs new effective solutions. While small molecule antibiotics have been safeguarding us for nearly a century since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, the emergence of a new class of antimicrobials in the form of synthetic antimicrobial polymers, which was driven by the advances in controlled polymerization techniques and the desire to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides, could play a key role in fighting multidrug resistant bacteria in the near future. By harnessing the ability to control chemical and structural properties of polymers almost at will, synthetic antimicrobial polymers can be strategically utilized in combination therapy with various antimicrobial coagents in different formats to yield more potent (synergistic) outcomes. In this review, we present a short summary of the different combination therapies involving synthetic antimicrobial polymers, focusing on their combinations with nitric oxide, antibiotics, essential oils, and metal- and carbon-based inorganics.

More than skin deep: using polymers to facilitate topical delivery of nitric oxide

Skin, the largest organ in the human body, provides several important functions, including providing protection from mechanical impacts, micro-organisms, radiation and chemicals; regulation of body temperature; the sensations of touch and temperature; and the synthesis of several substances including vitamin D, melanin, and keratin. Common dermatological disorders (CDDs) include inflammatory or immune-mediated skin diseases, skin infection, skin cancer, and wounds. In the treatment of skin disorders, topical administration has advantages over other routes of administration, and polymers are widely used as vehicles to facilitate the delivery of topical therapeutic agents, serving as matrices to keep therapeutic agents in contact with the skin. Nitric oxide (NO), a cellular signalling molecule, has attracted significant interest in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including various skin disorders. However, there are a number of challenges in effectively delivering NO. It must be delivered in a controlled manner at sufficient concentrations to be efficacious and the delivery system must be stable during storage. The use of polymer-based systems to deliver NO topically can be an effective strategy to overcome these challenges. There are three main approaches for incorporating NO with polymers in topical delivery systems: (i) physical incorporation of NO donors into polymer bases; (ii) covalent attachment of NO donors to polymers; and (iii) encapsulation of NO donors in polymer-based particles. The latter two approaches provide the greatest control over NO release and have been used by numerous researchers in treating CDDs, including chronic wounds and skin cancer.

PNIPAM-immobilized gold-nanoparticles with colorimetric temperature-sensing and reusable temperature-switchable catalysis properties

The temperature-responsive core–shell hybrid nanoparticles PNIPAMs-AuNP have dual-functional applications as colorimetric temperature-sensors and reusable temperature-switchable catalysts.

Bioengineered Hybrid Collagen Scaffold Tethered with Silver-Catechin Nanocomposite Modulates Angiogenesis and TGF-β Toward Scarless Healing in Chronic Deep Second Degree Infected Burns

Management of burn wounds with diabetes and microbial infection is challenging in tissue engineering. The delayed wound healing further leads to scar formation in severe burn injury. Herein, a silver-catechin nanocomposite tethered collagen scaffold with angiogenic and antibacterial properties is developed to enable scarless healing in chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa under diabetic conditions. Histological observations of the granulation tissues collected from an experimental rat model show characteristic structural organizations similar to normal skin, whereas the open wound and pristine collagen scaffold treated animals display elevated dermis with thick epidermal layer and lack of appendages. Epidermal thickness of the hybrid scaffold treated diabetic animals is lowered to 33 ± 2 µm compared to 90 ± 2 µm for pristine collagen scaffold treated groups. Further, the scar elevation index of 1.3 ± 0.1 estimated for the bioengineered scaffold treated diabetic animals is closer to the normal skin. Immunohistochemical analyses provide compelling evidence for the enhanced angiogenesis as well as downregulated transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) and upregulated TGF-β3 expressions in the hybrid scaffold treated animal groups. The insights from this study endorse the bioengineered collagen scaffolds for applications in tissue regeneration without scar in chronic burn wounds.

Mesoporous Silica Supported Silver-Bismuth Nanoparticles as Photothermal Agents for Skin Infection Synergistic Antibacterial Therapy

The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria has resulted in plenty of stubborn nosocomial infections and severely threatens human health. Developing novel bactericide and therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. Herein, mesoporous silica supported silver-bismuth nanoparticles (Ag-Bi@SiO₂ NPs) are constructed for synergistic antibacterial therapy. In vitro experiments indicate that the hyperthermia originating from Bi NPs can disrupt cell integrity and accelerate the Ag ions release, further exhibiting an excellent antibacterial performance toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Besides, under laser irradiation, Ag-Bi@SiO₂ NPs at 100 µg mL^-1 can effectively obliterate mature MRSA biofilm and cause a 69.5% decrease in the biomass, showing a better therapeutic effect than Bi@SiO₂ NPs with laser (26.8%) or Ag-Bi@SiO₂ NPs without laser treatment (30.8%) groups. More importantly, in vivo results confirm that ≈95.4% of bacteria in abscess are killed and the abscess ablation is accelerated using the Ag-Bi@SiO₂ NPs antibacterial platform. Therefore, Ag-Bi@SiO₂ NPs with photothermal-enhanced antibacterial activity are a potential nano-antibacterial agent for the treatment of skin infections.

Characterization of self-assembled bioflocculant from the microbial consortium and its applications

Bioflocculant has been recently exploited in various research activities. In this research, we report for the first time that a novel bioflocculant can self-assemble into nanoparticles with an irregular structure in solution. Bioflocculant has been developed from novel consortium encompassing Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Lysini bacillus sp., inoculated into the modified medium such as hydrolyzed wheat bran and rice bran extract. Characterization of bioflocculant shows that it is made up of mannose, fructose, raffinose, and galactose with a slightly negative charges. They are further characterized by FTIR and XPS. 3D-EEM and MALDITOF-MS are confirmed the proteoglycan nature of the bioflocculant. These bioflocculant not only exhibits greater biosorption of heavy metals by self-flocculating (or) self-aggregating activity, but also possesses mosquitocidal and anti-biofilm activity due to its cell surface modification. Further research have to be carried out regarding the mechanism of self-assembly nature of bioflocculant into nanoparticle in solution which provide a new path for bioremediation and biomedical application.

Antifogging/Antibacterial Coatings Constructed by N-Hydroxyethylacrylamide and Quaternary Ammonium-Containing Copolymers

Endoscopic surgery has gained widespread applications in various clinical departments, and endoscope surfaces with antifogging and antibacterial properties are essential for elaborate procedures. In this work, novel antifogging/antibacterial coatings were developed from a cationic copolymer and a hydrophilic copolymer, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(quaternary ammonium compound-co-2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) [POSS-P(QAC-co-AEMA)] and poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate) [P(HEAA-co-GMA)] via a facile and green blending method. Such transparent coatings showed excellent antifogging performance under both in vitro and in vivo fogging conditions, mainly attributed to the high water-absorbing capability of HEAA and QAC. Antibacterial assays proved that the blending coatings had a superior antibacterial property, which could be improved with the proportion of POSS-P(QAC-co-AEMA) because of the bactericidal efficiency of cationic QAC. Meanwhile, owing to the high hydratability of HEAA, the blending coatings exhibited a bacteria-repelling property. By simply tuning the blending ratio of POSS-P(QAC-co-AEMA) and P(HEAA-co-GMA), the comprehensive bacteria-killing and bacteria-repelling properties of the coatings were achieved. Moreover, after incubating with red blood cells, the prepared blending coatings presented a lower hemolytic rate of less than 5%. The findings provided a potential means for addressing the challenge of fogging and bacterial contamination occurring in endoscopic lenses and other medical devices.

Structure-Activity Relationships Analysis of Monomeric and Polymeric Polyphenols (Quercetin, Rutin and Catechin) Obtained by Various Polymerization Methods

Plant polyphenols, especially flavonoids, are active and pro-health substances found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin and its glycoside rutin are representatives of flavonoids, commonly found in plant products. Catechins found in large quantities in tea are also a well-known group of natural polyphenols. These compounds are based on the structure of flavan-3-ol, which is why the number, positions and types of substitutions affect the scavenging of radicals and other properties. Despite some inconsistent evidence, several structure-activity relationships of monomeric flavonoids are well established in vitro. However, the relationships between the activity and other properties of the polymeric forms of flavonoids and their structures are poorly understood so far. The aim of this article is to compare the data on polymerization of quercetin, rutin and catechin, as well as to systematize knowledge about the structure-activity relationship of the polymeric forms of these compounds.