1
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Drummond Turnbull R, Bell NL. f-Block hydride complexes - synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38953848 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Complexes formed between the heaviest and lightest elements in the periodic table yield the f-block hydrides, a unique class of compounds with wide-ranging utility and interest, from catalysis to light-responsive materials and nuclear waste storage. Recent developments in syntheses and analytics, such as exploiting low-oxidation state metal ions and improvements in X-ray diffraction tools, have transformed our ability to understand, access and manipulate these important species. This perspective brings together insights from binary metal hydrides, with molecular solution phase studies on heteroleptic complexes and gas phase investigations. It aims to provide an overview of how the f-element influences hydride formation, structure and reactivity including the sometimes-surprising power of co-ligands to tune their behaviour towards a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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2
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Lee VY, Gapurenko OA. Pyramidanes: newcomers to the anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel family. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10067-10086. [PMID: 37551825 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article, an overview of the chemistry of pyramidanes, as a novel class of main group element clusters, is given. A general introduction sets the scene, briefly presenting the non-classical pyramidal geometry of tetracoordinate carbon, as opposed to the classical tetrahedral configuration. Pyramidanes, as the simplest organic compounds possessing a pyramidal carbon atom, are then discussed from both computational and experimental viewpoints, to show the theoretical predictions on the stability and thus the feasibility of pyramidanes has finally culminated in the isolation of the first stable representatives of the pyramidane family featuring heavy main group elements at the apex of the square pyramid. Synthetic strategies towards pyramidanes, as well as their peculiar structural features, non-classical bonding situations, and specific reactivity, are presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Olga A Gapurenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation.
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3
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Peluzo BMTC, Makoś MZ, Moura RT, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Linear versus Bent Uranium(II) Metallocenes─A Local Vibrational Mode Study. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37478353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Uranium metallocenes have recently attracted attention driven by their use as catalysts in organometallic synthesis. In addition to bent U(IV) and U(III), an U(II) metallocene [(η5-C5i Pr5)2U] was synthesized with an unusual linear Cp-U-Cp angle. In this work, we investigated 22 U(II) metallocenes, (i) assessing the intrinsic strength of the U-ring interactions in these complexes with a novel bond strength measure based on our local vibrational mode analysis and (ii) systematically exploring what makes these U(II) metallocenes bent. We included relativistic effects through the NESCau Hamiltonian and complemented the local mode analysis with natural bonding orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) data. Our study led to the following results: (i) reduction of bulky U-ring ligand substituents does not lead to bent complexes for alkyl substituents (iPr and iBu) in contrast to SiMe3 ring substituents, which are all bent. (ii) The most bent complexes are [(η5-C5H4SiMe3)2U] (130°) and [η5-P5H5)2U] (143°). (iii) Linear complexes showed one hybridized NBO with s/d character, while bent structures were characterized by s/d/f mixing. (iv) We did not observe a correlation between the strength of the U-ring interaction and the amount of the ring-U-ring bend; the strongest interaction was found for [η5-Cp)2U] and the weakest for [η5-P5H5)2U]. In conclusion, our results provide a foundation for the design of U(II) metallocenes with specific physicochemical properties and increased reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M T C Peluzo
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Małgorzata Z Makoś
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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4
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Price AN, Gupta AK, de Jong WA, Arnold PL. Tris(carbene)borates; alternatives to cyclopentadienyls in organolanthanide chemistry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5433-5437. [PMID: 37070223 PMCID: PMC10222825 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of the tris-carbene anion phenyltris(3-alkyl-imidazoline-2-yliden-1-yl)borate, [C3Me]- ligand, is initiated for f-block metal cations. Neutral, molecular complexes of the form Ln(C3)2I are formed for cerium(III), while a separated ion pair [Ln(C3)2]I forms for ytterbium(III). DFT/QTAIM computational analyses of the complexes and related tridentate tris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) - supported analogs demonstrates the anticipated strength of the σ donation and confirms greater covalency in the metal-carbon bonds of the [C3Me]- complexes in comparison with those in the TpMe,Me complexes. The DFT calculations demonstrate the crucial role of THF solvent in accurately reproducing the contrasting molecular and ion-pair geometries observed experimentally for the Ce and Yb complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Price
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Ankur K Gupta
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wibe A de Jong
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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5
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Tsoureas N, Rajeshkumar T, Townrow OPE, Maron L, Layfield RA. Thorium- and Uranium-Mediated C-H Activation of a Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienyl Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20629-20635. [PMID: 36484644 PMCID: PMC9768750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutadienyl complexes of the f-elements are a relatively new yet poorly understood class of sandwich and half-sandwich organometallic compounds. We now describe cyclobutadienyl transfer reactions of the magnesium reagent [(η4-Cb'''')Mg(THF)3] (1), where Cb'''' is tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadienyl, toward thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) tetrachlorides. The 1:1 stoichiometric reactions between 1 and AnCl4 proceed with intact transfer of Cb'''' to give the half-sandwich complexes [(η4-Cb'''')AnCl(μ-Cl)3Mg(THF)3] (An = Th, 2; An = U, 3). Using a 2:1 reaction stoichiometry produces [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][(η4-Cb'''')An(η3-C4H(SiMe3)3-κ-(CH2SiMe2)(Cl)] (An = Th, [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][4]; An = U [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][5]), in which one Cb'''' ligand has undergone cyclometalation of a trimethylsilyl group, resulting in the formation of an An-C σ-bond, protonation of the four-membered ring, and an η3-allylic interaction with the actinide. Complex solution-phase dynamics are observed with multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both sandwich complexes. A computational analysis of the reaction mechanism leading to the formation of 4 and 5 indicates that the cyclobutadienyl ligands undergo C-H activation across the actinide center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France,
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.,
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6
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Popov IA, Billow BS, Carpenter SH, Batista ER, Boncella JM, Tondreau AM, Yang P. An Allyl Uranium(IV) Sandwich Complex: Are ϕ Bonding Interactions Possible? Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200114. [PMID: 35286723 PMCID: PMC9322041 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method to explore head‐to‐head ϕ back‐bonding from uranium f‐orbitals into allyl π* orbitals has been pursued. Anionic allyl groups were coordinated to uranium with tethered anilide ligands, then the products were investigated by using NMR spectroscopy, single‐crystal XRD, and theoretical methods. The (allyl)silylanilide ligand, N‐((dimethyl)prop‐2‐enylsilyl)‐2,6‐diisopropylaniline (LH), was used as either the fully protonated, singly deprotonated, or doubly deprotonated form, thereby highlighting the stability and versatility of the silylanilide motif. A free, neutral allyl group was observed in UI2(L1)2 (1), which was synthesized by using the mono‐deprotonated ligand [K][N‐((dimethyl)prop‐2‐enyl)silyl)‐2,6‐diisopropylanilide] (L1). The desired homoleptic sandwich complex U[L2]2 (2) was prepared from all three ligand precursors, but the most consistent results came from using the dipotassium salt of the doubly deprotonated ligand [K]2[N‐((dimethyl)propenidesilyl)‐2,6‐diisopropylanilide] (L2). This allyl‐based sandwich complex was studied by using theoretical techniques with supporting experimental spectroscopy to investigate the potential for phi (ϕ) back‐bonding. The bonding between UIV and the allyl fragments is best described as ligand‐to‐metal electron donation from a two carbon fragment‐localized electron density into empty f‐orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry The University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3601 USA
| | - Brennan S. Billow
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Stephanie H. Carpenter
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - James M. Boncella
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Pullman Washington 99164
- 902 Batelle Blvd Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory MS J514 Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
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7
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Costa Peluzo BMT, Kraka E. Uranium: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094655. [PMID: 35563047 PMCID: PMC9101921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments regarding the use of uranium as nuclear fuel, including recycling and health aspects, elucidated from a chemical point of view, i.e., emphasizing the rich uranium coordination chemistry, which has also raised interest in using uranium compounds in synthesis and catalysis. A number of novel uranium coordination features are addressed, such the emerging number of U(II) complexes and uranium nitride complexes as a promising class of materials for more efficient and safer nuclear fuels. The current discussion about uranium triple bonds is addressed by quantum chemical investigations using local vibrational mode force constants as quantitative bond strength descriptors based on vibrational spectroscopy. The local mode analysis of selected uranium nitrides, N≡U≡N, U≡N, N≡U=NH and N≡U=O, could confirm and quantify, for the first time, that these molecules exhibit a UN triple bond as hypothesized in the literature. We hope that this review will inspire the community interested in uranium chemistry and will serve as an incubator for fruitful collaborations between theory and experimentation in exploring the wealth of uranium chemistry.
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8
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200525. [PMID: 35108431 PMCID: PMC9302998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Replacing a monoanionic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand in dysprosium single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) with a dianionic cyclobutadienyl (Cb) ligand in the sandwich complexes [(η4‐Cb′′′′)Dy(η5‐C5Me4tBu)(BH4)]− (1), [(η4‐Cb′′′′)Dy(η8‐Pn†)K(THF)] (2) and [(η4‐Cb′′′′)Dy(η8‐Pn†)]− (3) leads to larger energy barriers to magnetization reversal (Cb′′′′=C4(SiMe3)4, Pn†=1,4‐di(tri‐isopropylsilyl)pentalenyl). Short distances to the Cb′′′′ ligands and longer distances to the Cp ligands in 1–3 are consistent with the crystal field splitting being dominated by the former. Theoretical analysis shows that the magnetic axes in the ground Kramers doublets of 1–3 are oriented towards the Cb′′′′ ligands. The theoretical axiality parameter and the relative axiality parameter Z and Zrel are introduced to facilitate comparisons of the SMM performance of 1–3 with a benchmark SMM. Increases in Z and Zrel when Cb′′′ replaces Cp signposts a route to SMMs with properties that could surpass leading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QR, UK
| | - Benjamin M Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QR, UK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | | | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QR, UK
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9
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single‐Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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10
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Woltornist RA, Collum DB. Ketone Enolization with Sodium Hexamethyldisilazide: Solvent- and Substrate-Dependent E- Z Selectivity and Affiliated Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17452-17464. [PMID: 34643382 PMCID: PMC10042305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketone enolization by sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) shows a marked solvent and substrate dependence. Enolization of 2-methyl-3-pentanone reveals E-Z selectivities in Et3N/toluene (20:1), methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE, 10:1), N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA)/toluene (8:1), TMEDA/toluene (4:1), diglyme (1:1), DME (1:22), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (1:90). Control experiments show slow or nonexistent stereochemical equilibration in all solvents except THF. Enolate trapping with Me3SiCl/Et3N requires warming to -40 °C whereas Me3SiOTf reacts within seconds. In situ enolate trapping at -78 °C using preformed NaHMDS/Me3SiCl mixtures is effective in Et3N/toluene yet fails in THF by forming (Me3Si)3N. Rate studies show enolization via mono- and disolvated dimers in Et3N/toluene, disolvated dimers in TMEDA, trisolvated monomers in THF/toluene, and free ions with PMDTA. Density functional theory computations explore the selectivities via the E- and Z-based transition structures. Failures of theory-experiment correlations of ionic fragments were considerable even when isodesmic comparisons could have canceled electron correlation errors. Swapping 2-methyl-3-pentanone with a close isostere, 2-methylcyclohexanone, causes a fundamental change in the mechanism to a trisolvated-monomer-based enolization in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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11
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Murillo J, Bhowmick R, Harriman KLM, Gomez-Torres A, Wright J, Meulenberg RW, Miró P, Metta-Magaña A, Murugesu M, Vlaisavljevich B, Fortier S. Actinide arene-metalates: ion pairing effects on the electronic structure of unsupported uranium-arenide sandwich complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13360-13372. [PMID: 34777754 PMCID: PMC8528047 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of [UI2(THF)3(μ-OMe)]2·THF (2·THF) to THF solutions containing 6 equiv. of K[C14H10] generates the heteroleptic dimeric complexes [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]2[U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]2·4THF (118C6·4THF) and {[K(THF)3][U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]}2 (1THF) upon crystallization of the products in THF in the presence or absence of 18-crown-6, respectively. Both 118C6·4THF and 1THF are thermally stable in the solid-state at room temperature; however, after crystallization, they become insoluble in THF or DME solutions and instead gradually decompose upon standing. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals 118C6·4THF and 1THF to be structurally similar, possessing uranium centres sandwiched between bent anthracenide ligands of mixed tetrahapto and hexahapto ligation modes. Yet, the two complexes are distinguished by the close contact potassium-arenide ion pairing that is seen in 1THF but absent in 118C6·4THF, which is observed to have a significant effect on the electronic characteristics of the two complexes. Structural analysis, SQUID magnetometry data, XANES spectral characterization, and computational analyses are generally consistent with U(iv) formal assignments for the metal centres in both 118C6·4THF and 1THF, though noticeable differences are detected between the two species. For instance, the effective magnetic moment of 1THF (3.74 μB) is significantly lower than that of 118C6·4THF (4.40 μB) at 300 K. Furthermore, the XANES data shows the U LIII-edge absorption energy for 1THF to be 0.9 eV higher than that of 118C6·4THF, suggestive of more oxidized metal centres in the former. Of note, CASSCF calculations on the model complex {[U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]2}2− (1*) shows highly polarized uranium–arenide interactions defined by π-type bonds where the metal contributions are primarily comprised by the 6d-orbitals (7.3 ± 0.6%) with minor participation from the 5f-orbitals (1.5 ± 0.5%). These unique complexes provide new insights into actinide–arenide bonding interactions and show the sensitivity of the electronic structures of the uranium atoms to coordination sphere effects. Use of Chatt metal-arene protocols with uranium leads to the synthesis of the first well-characterized, unsupported actinide–arenide sandwich complexes. The electronic structures of the actinide centres show a key sensitivity to ion pairing effects.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Murillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Rina Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Katie L M Harriman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Joshua Wright
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois 60616 USA
| | - Robert W Meulenberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor Technologies, University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Pere Miró
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Alejandro Metta-Magaña
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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12
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Qiao Y, Ganguly G, Booth CH, Branson JA, Ditter AS, Lussier DJ, Moreau LM, Russo DR, Sergentu DC, Shuh DK, Sun T, Autschbach J, Minasian SG. Enhanced 5f-δ bonding in [U(C 7H 7) 2] -: C K-edge XAS, magnetism, and ab initio calculations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9562-9565. [PMID: 34546232 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5f covalency in [U(C7H7)2]- was probed with carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electronic structure theory. The results revealed U 5f orbital participation in δ-bonding in both the ground- and core-excited states; additional 5f ϕ-mixing is observed in the core-excited states. Comparisons with U(C8H8)2 show greater δ-covalency for [U(C7H7)2]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Qiao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gaurab Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jacob A Branson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Daniel J Lussier
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liane M Moreau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Dominic R Russo
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
| | - David K Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Taoxiang Sun
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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13
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Tsoureas N, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Synthesis, bonding properties and ether activation reactivity of cyclobutadienyl-ligated hybrid uranocenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2948-2954. [PMID: 34164062 PMCID: PMC8179396 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of hybrid uranocenes consisting of uranium(iv) sandwiched between cyclobutadienyl (Cb) and cyclo-octatetraenyl (COT) ligands has been synthesized, structurally characterized and studied computationally. The dimetallic species [(η4-Cb'''')(η8-COT)U(μ:η2:η8-COT)U(THF)(η4-Cb'''')] (1) forms concomitantly with, and can be separated from, monometallic [(η4-Cb'''')U(THF)(η8-COT)] (2) (Cb'''' = 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadienyl, COT = cyclo-octatetraenyl). In toluene solution at room temperature, 1 dissociates into 2 and the unsolvated uranocene [(η4-Cb'''')U(η8-COT)] (3). By applying a high vacuum, both 1 and 2 can be converted directly into 3. Using bulky silyl substituents on the COT ligand allowed isolation of base-free [(η4-Cb'''')U{η8-1,4-(iPr3Si)2C8H6}] (4), with compounds 3 and 4 being new members of the bis(annulene) family of actinocenes and the first to contain a cyclobutadienyl ligand. Computational studies show that the bonding in the hybrid uranocenes 3 and 4 has non-negligible covalency. New insight into actinocene bonding is provided by the complementary interactions of the different ligands with uranium, whereby the 6d orbitals interact most strongly with the cyclobutadienyl ligand and the 5f orbitals do so with the COT ligands. The redox-neutral activation of diethyl ether by [(η4-Cb'''')U(η8-C8H8)] is also described and represents a uranium-cyclobutadienyl cooperative process, potentially forming the basis of further small-molecule activation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | | | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
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Goodwin CAP. Blocking like it's hot: a synthetic chemists' path to high-temperature lanthanide single molecule magnets. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14320-14337. [PMID: 33030172 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the synthesis, design, and characterisation of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) has expanded dramatically from curiosity driven beginnings to molecules that retain magnetization above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. This is in no small part due to the increasingly collaborative nature of this research where synthetic targets are guided by theoretical design criteria. This article aims to summarize these efforts and progress from the perspective of a synthetic chemist with a focus on how chemistry can modulate physical properties. A simple overview is presented of lanthanide electronic structure in order to contextualize the synthetic advances that have led to drastic improvements in the performance of lanthanide-based SMMs from the early 2000s to the late 2010s.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
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16
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Boronski JT, Wooles AJ, Liddle ST. Heteroleptic actinocenes: a thorium(iv)-cyclobutadienyl-cyclooctatetraenyl-di-potassium-cyclooctatetraenyl complex. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6789-6794. [PMID: 34094128 PMCID: PMC8159314 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast array of η n -carbocyclic C5-8 complexes reported for actinides, cyclobutadienyl (C4) remain exceedingly rare, being restricted to six uranium examples. Here, overcoming the inherent challenges of installing highly reducing C4-ligands onto actinides when using polar starting materials such as halides, we report that reaction of [Th(η8-C8H8)2] with [K2{C4(SiMe3)4}] gives [{Th(η4-C4[SiMe3]4)(μ-η8-C8H8)(μ-η2-C8H8)(K[C6H5Me]2)}2{K(C6H5Me)}{K}] (1), a new type of heteroleptic actinocene. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the thorium ion engages in π- and δ-bonding to the η4-cyclobutadienyl and η8-cyclooctatetraenyl ligands, respectively. Furthermore, the coordination sphere of this bent thorocene analogue is supplemented by an η2-cyclooctatetraenyl interaction, which calculations suggest is composed of σ- and π-symmetry donations from in-plane in- and out-of-phase C[double bond, length as m-dash]C 2p-orbital combinations to vacant thorium 6d orbitals. The characterisation data are consistent with this being a metal-alkene-type interaction that is integral to the bent structure and stability of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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17
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Makoś MZ, Zou W, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Metal–ring interactions in actinide sandwich compounds: A combined normalized elimination of the small component and local vibrational mode study. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1768314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Z. Makoś
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Boronski JT, Doyle LR, Wooles AJ, Seed JA, Liddle ST. Synthesis and Characterization of an Oxo-Centered Homotrimetallic Uranium(IV)–Cyclobutadienyl Dianion Complex. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Laurence R. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ashley J. Wooles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - John A. Seed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Durrant JP, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Enhanced single-molecule magnetism in dysprosium complexes of a pristine cyclobutadienyl ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4708-4711. [PMID: 32215423 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intact transfer of the cyclobutadienyl ligand [C4(SiMe3)4]2- to yttrium and dysprosium (M) produces the half-sandwich complexes [M{η4-C4(SiMe3)4}(BH4)2(THF)]- as coordination polymers with bridging sodium or potassium ions. The dysprosium versions are single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with energy barriers of 371(7) and 357(4) cm-1, respectively. The pristine cyclobutadienyl ligands provide a strong axial crystal field that enhances the SMM properties relative to related cyclopentadienyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QR, UK. and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5626, 130022 Changchun, China
| | | | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QR, UK.
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