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Baczewska P, Kulczykowski M, Zambroń B, Jaszczewska-Adamczak J, Pakulski Z, Roszak R, Grzybowski BA, Mlynarski J. Machine Learning Algorithm Guides Catalyst Choices for Magnesium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202318487. [PMID: 38878001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Organic-chemical literature encompasses large numbers of catalysts and reactions they can effect. Many of these examples are published merely to document the catalysts' scope but do not necessarily guarantee that a given catalyst is "optimal"-in terms of yield or enantiomeric excess-for a particular reaction. This paper describes a Machine Learning model that aims to improve such catalyst-reaction assignments based on the carefully curated literature data. As we show here for the case of asymmetric magnesium catalysis, this model achieves relatively high accuracy and offers out of-the-box predictions successfully validated by experiment, e.g., in synthetically demanding asymmetric reductions or Michael additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Baczewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kulczykowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Zambroń
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Pakulski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Roszak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis (CARS) of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 02-224, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Shere HTW, Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL. The borylamino-diborata-allyl anion. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7999-8007. [PMID: 38817583 PMCID: PMC11134337 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactions of β-diketiminato alkaline earth alkyldiboranate derivatives [(BDI)Ae{pinBB(R)pin}] (BDI = HC{(Me)CNDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3; Ae = Mg, R = n-Bu or Ae = Ca, R = n-hexyl) with t-BuNC provide access to the respective group 2 derivatives of unprecedented diborata-allyl, {(pinB)2CNBpin(t-Bu)}-, anions. Although the necessary mode of B-C bond cleavage implicated in these transformations could not be elucidated, further studies of the reactivity of magnesium triboranates toward isonitriles delivered a more general and rational synthetic access to analogous anionic moieties. Extending this latter reactivity to a less symmetric triboranate variant also provided an isomeric Mg-C-bonded dibora-alkyl species and sufficient experimental insight to prompt theoretical evaluation of this reactivity. DFT calculations, thus, support a reaction pathway predicated on initial RNC attack at a peripheral boron centre and the intermediacy of such dibora-alkyl intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T W Shere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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3
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Chen QC, Kress S, Molinelli R, Wuttig A. Interfacial Tuning of Electrocatalytic Ag Surfaces for Fragment-Based Electrophile Coupling. Nat Catal 2024; 7:120-131. [PMID: 38434422 PMCID: PMC10906991 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Construction of C‒C bonds in medicinal chemistry frequently draws on the reductive coupling of organic halides with ketones or aldehydes. Catalytic C(sp3)‒C(sp3) bond formation, however, is constrained by the competitive side reactivity of radical intermediates following sp3 organic halide activation. Here, an alternative paradigm deploys catalytic Ag surfaces for reductive fragment-based electrophile coupling compatible with sp3 organic halides. We use in-situ spectroscopy, electrochemical analyses, and simulation to uncover the catalytic interfacial structure and guide reaction development. Specifically, Mg(OAc)2 outcompetes the interaction between Ag and the aldehyde, thereby tuning the Ag surface for selective product formation. Data are consistent with an increased population of Mg-bound aldehyde facilitating the addition of a carbon-centered radical (product of Ag-electrocatalyzed organic halide reduction) to the carbonyl. Electron transfer from Ag to the resultant alkoxy radical yields the desired alcohol. Molecular interfacial tuning at reusable catalytic electrodes will accelerate development of sustainable organic synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Sarah Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Rocco Molinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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4
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Feng Q, Li S, Li Z, Yan Q, Lin X, Song L, Zhang X, Wu YD, Sun J. Ru-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Ynones Leads to a Nontraditional Mode of Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14846-14855. [PMID: 35900878 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although hydroboration of simple ketones and alkynes have been well-established, little is known about the unique hydroboration reactivity for ynones, a family of important building blocks. Herein we report a new reaction mode of ynones leading to structurally novel and synthetically useful but previously inaccessible products, vinyl α-hydroxylboronates, under mild ruthenium-catalyzed hydroboration conditions. This reaction features high efficiency, a broad scope, and complete chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity, in spite of many possible competitive pathways. Both control experiments and detailed DFT studies suggested a two-step mechanism, involving initial rate-determining conjugate addition of hydroborane to form the key boryl allenolate intermediate followed by a fast second hydroboration of the enolate motif of the allenolate. Notably, direct 1,4-addition of hydroborane to carbonyl-conjugated alkynes also represents a new mode of reactivity. Despite the overwhelming complexity of this process, which involves selectivity control in almost every step, a thorough and detailed computation on a large set of possible transition states explained the unusual reactivity and intrinsic origin of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shijia Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qiaolin Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiangfeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, HKUST, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Abstract
The addition of a B-H bond to an unsaturated bond (polarized or unpolarized) is a powerful and atom-economic tool for the synthesis of organoboranes. In recent years, s-block organometallics have appeared as alternative catalysts to transition-metal complexes, which traditionally catalyze the hydroboration of unsaturated bonds. Because of the recent and rapid development in the field of hydroboration of unsaturated bonds catalyzed by alkali (Li, Na, K) and alkaline earth (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) metals, we provide a detailed and updated comprehensive review that covers the synthesis, reactivity, and application of s-block metal catalysts in the hydroboration of polarized as well as unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Moreover, we describe the main reaction mechanisms, providing valuable insight into the reactivity of the s-block metal catalysts. Finally, we compare these s-block metal complexes with other redox-neutral catalytic systems based on p-block metals including aluminum complexes and f-block metal complexes of lanthanides and early actinides. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and critical assessment of the state of the art within this highly interesting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Magre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Szewczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Chemical Science Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Luján AP, Bhat MF, Saravanan T, Poelarends GJ. Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Photoenzymatic Ketone Reductions Using a Promiscuous Flavin‐dependent Nitroreductase. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prats Luján
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Mohammad Faizan Bhat
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- University of Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen NETHERLANDS
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8
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Heitkämper J, Herrmann J, Titze M, Bauch SM, Peters R, Kästner J. Asymmetric Hydroboration of Ketones by Cooperative Lewis Acid–Onium Salt Catalysis: A Quantum Chemical and Microkinetic Study to Combine Theory and Experiment. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heitkämper
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Justin Herrmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marvin Titze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Soeren M. Bauch
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Banerjee I, Panda TK. Recent developments in the reduction of unsaturated bonds by magnesium precursors. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy India
| | - Tarun K. Panda
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy India
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11
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Ton NNH, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Tropylium-Promoted Hydroboration Reactions: Mechanistic Insights Via Experimental and Computational Studies. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9117-9133. [PMID: 34134487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroboration reaction of alkynes is one of the most synthetically powerful tools to access organoboron compounds, versatile precursors for cross-coupling chemistry. This type of reaction has traditionally been mediated by transition-metal or main group catalysts. Herein, we report a novel method using tropylium salts, typically known as organic oxidants and Lewis acids, to promote the hydroboration reaction of alkynes. A broad range of vinylboranes can be easily accessed via this metal-free protocol. Similar hydroboration reactions of alkenes and epoxides can also be efficiently catalyzed by the same tropylium catalysts. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggested that the reaction follows an uncommon mechanistic pathway, which is triggered by the hydride abstraction of pinacolborane with tropylium ion. This is followed by a series of in situ counterion-activated substituent exchanges to generate boron intermediates that promote the hydroboration reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan N H Ton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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12
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Grundy ME, Yuan K, Nichol GS, Ingleson MJ. Zinc catalysed electrophilic C-H borylation of heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8190-8198. [PMID: 34194709 PMCID: PMC8208323 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic zinc Lewis acids catalyse the C-H borylation of heteroarenes using pinacol borane (HBPin) or catechol borane (HBCat). An electrophile derived from [IDippZnEt][B(C6F5)4] (IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) combined with N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT) proved the most active in terms of C-H borylation scope and yield. Using this combination weakly activated heteroarenes, such as thiophene, were amenable to catalytic C-H borylation using HBCat. Competition reactions show these IDipp-zinc cations are highly oxophilic but less hydridophilic (relative to B(C6F5)3), and that borylation proceeds via activation of the hydroborane (and not the heteroarene) by a zinc electrophile. Based on DFT calculations this activation is proposed to proceed by coordination of a hydroborane oxygen to the zinc centre to generate a boron electrophile that effects C-H borylation. Thus, Lewis acid binding to oxygen sites of hydroboranes represents an under-developed route to access reactive borenium-type electrophiles for C-H borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Grundy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Kang Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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13
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Stegner PC, Eyselein J, Ballmann GM, Langer J, Schmidt J, Harder S. Calcium catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular alkene hydroamination with chiral C2-symmetric bis-amide ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3178-3185. [PMID: 33594995 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chiral building block (R)-(+)-2,2'-diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl, (R)-BINAM, which is often used as backbone in privileged enantioselective catalysts, was converted to a series of N-substituted proligands R1-H2 (R = CH2tBu, C(H)Ph2, PPh2, dibenzosuberane, 8-quinoline). After double deprotonation with strong Mg or Ca bases, a series of alkaline earth (Ae) metal catalysts R1-Ae·(THF)n was obtained. Crystal structures of these C2-symmetric catalysts have been analyzed by quadrant models which show that the ligands with C(H)Ph2, dibenzosuberane and 8-quinoline substituents should give the best steric discrimination for the enantioselective intramolecular alkene hydroamination (IAH) of the aminoalkenes H2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCH2CR'2CH2NH2 (CR'2 = CPh2, CCy or CMe2). The dianionic R12- ligand in R1-Ae·(THF)n functions as reagent that deprotonates the aminoalkene substrate, while the monoanionic (R1-H)- ligand formed in this reaction functions as a chiral spectator ligand that controls the enantioselectivity of the ring closure reaction. Depending on the substituent R in the BINAM ligand, full cyclization of aminoalkenes to chiral pyrrolidine products as fast as 5 minutes was observed. Product analysis furnished enantioselectivities up to 57% ee, which marks the highest enantioselectivity reported for Ca catalyzed IAH. Higher selectivities are impeded by double protonation of the R12- ligand leading to complete loss of chiral information in the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C Stegner
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd M Ballmann
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Titze M, Heitkämper J, Junge T, Kästner J, Peters R. Highly Active Cooperative Lewis Acid-Ammonium Salt Catalyst for the Enantioselective Hydroboration of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5544-5553. [PMID: 33210781 PMCID: PMC7986937 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure secondary alcohols are fundamental high-value synthetic building blocks. One of the most attractive ways to get access to this compound class is the catalytic hydroboration. We describe a new concept for this reaction type that allowed for exceptional catalytic turnover numbers (up to 15 400), which were increased by around 1.5-3 orders of magnitude compared to the most active catalysts previously reported. In our concept an aprotic ammonium halide moiety cooperates with an oxophilic Lewis acid within the same catalyst molecule. Control experiments reveal that both catalytic centers are essential for the observed activity. Kinetic, spectroscopic and computational studies show that the hydride transfer is rate limiting and proceeds via a concerted mechanism, in which hydride at Boron is continuously displaced by iodide, reminiscent to an SN 2 reaction. The catalyst, which is accessible in high yields in few steps, was found to be stable during catalysis, readily recyclable and could be reused 10 times still efficiently working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Titze
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Juliane Heitkämper
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Theoretische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Thorsten Junge
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Theoretische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - René Peters
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
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15
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Titze M, Heitkämper J, Junge T, Kästner J, Peters R. Highly Active Cooperative Lewis Acid—Ammonium Salt Catalyst for the Enantioselective Hydroboration of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Titze
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Juliane Heitkämper
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Theoretische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Thorsten Junge
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Theoretische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Sehoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City 32000 Haifa Israel
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17
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de Bruin-Dickason CN, Rosengarten CA, Deacon GB, Jones C. Enantiopure dimagnesium(i) and magnesium(ii) hydride complexes incorporating chiral amidinate or β-diketiminate ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1599-1602. [PMID: 33459330 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A known chiral β-diketiminate, [HC{MeCN-(S)-(-)-CHMePh}(MeCNDip)]- (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) L1, and a new chiral amidinate, [ButC(NAr*){N-(S)-(-)-CHMePh}]- L2 (Ar* = C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Me-2,6,4) have been utilised in the synthesis of the first examples of enantiopure, dinuclear magnesium(i), [(L1)Mg-Mg(L1)], and magnesium(ii) hydride complexes, [(L2)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(L2)] and [(L2)(THF)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(THF)(L2)]. A related enantiopure β-diketiminato magnesium hydride cluster compound, [(L1)4Mg5H6], has also been synthesised, presumably forming via a partial redistribution of in situ generated [(L1)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(L1)].
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18
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Albalad J, Sumby CJ, Maspoch D, Doonan CJ. Elucidating pore chemistry within metal–organic frameworks via single crystal X-ray diffraction; from fundamental understanding to application. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to diverse chemical sectors is aided by their crystallinity, which permits the use of X-ray crystallography to characterise their pore chemistry and provides invaluable insight into their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Albalad
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)
- CSIC
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
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19
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Matveeva R, Blasius CK, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Reactivity of a T-shaped cobalt(I) pincer-complex. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6802-6810. [PMID: 34032245 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of a paramagnetic T-shaped cobalt(i) complex, [(iPrboxmi)Co], stabilised by a monoanionic bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)-isoindolate (boxmi) NNN pincer ligand is described. The exposure to carbon monoxide as an additional neutral ligand resulted in the square-planar species [(iPrboxmi)Co(CO)], accompanied by a change in the electronic spin state from S = 1 to S = 0. In contrast, upon treatment with trimethylphosphine the formation of the distorted tetrahedral complex [(iPrboxmi)Co(PMe3)] was observed (S = 1). Reacting [(iPrboxmi)Co] with iodine (I2), organic peroxides (tBu2O2, (SiMe3)2O2) and diphenyldisulphide (Ph2S2) yielded the tetracoordinated complexes [(iPrboxmi)CoI], [(iPrboxmi)Co(OtBu)], [(iPrboxmi)Co(OSiMe3)] and [(iPrboxmi)Co(SPh)], respectively, demonstrating the capability of the boxmi-supported cobalt(i) complex to homolytically cleave bonds and thus its distinct one-electron reactivity. Furthermore, a square-planar cobalt(ii) alkynyl complex [(iPrboxmi)Co(CCArF)] was identified as the main product in the reaction between [(iPrboxmi)Co] and a terminal alkyne, 4-fluoro-1-ethynylbenzene. Putting such species in the context of the previously investigated hydroboration catalysis, its stoichiometric reaction with pinacolborane revealed its potential conversion into a cobalt(ii) hydride complex, thus confirming its original attribution as off-cycle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Matveeva
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clemens K Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Bage AD, Nicholson K, Hunt TA, Langer T, Thomas SP. The Hidden Role of Boranes and Borohydrides in Hydroboration Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Bage
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Nicholson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Hunt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Langer
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Chemical Development U.K., AstraZeneca, Silk Road, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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21
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Blasius CK, Vasilenko V, Matveeva R, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Reaction Pathways and Redox States in α-Selective Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroborations of Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23010-23014. [PMID: 32889757 PMCID: PMC7756293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt(II) alkyl complexes supported by a monoanionic NNN pincer ligand are pre‐catalysts for the regioselective hydroboration of terminal alkynes, yielding the Markovnikov products with α:β‐(E) ratios of up to 97:3. A cobalt(II) hydride and a cobalt(II) vinyl complex appear to determine the main reaction pathway. In a background reaction the highly reactive hydrido species specifically converts to a coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(I) complex which was found to re‐enter the main catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladislav Vasilenko
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Matveeva
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Reaction Pathways and Redox States in α‐Selective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroborations of Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Blasius CK, Heinrich NF, Vasilenko V, Gade LH. Tackling
N
‐Alkyl Imines with 3d Metal Catalysis: Highly Enantioselective Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K. Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Niklas F. Heinrich
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Vladislav Vasilenko
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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24
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Blasius CK, Heinrich NF, Vasilenko V, Gade LH. Tackling N-Alkyl Imines with 3d Metal Catalysis: Highly Enantioselective Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15974-15977. [PMID: 32453491 PMCID: PMC7539954 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A readily activated iron alkyl precatalyst effectively catalyzes the highly enantioselective hydroboration of N-alkyl imines. Employing a chiral bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)isoindoline pincer ligand, the asymmetric reduction of various acyclic N-alkyl imines provided the corresponding α-chiral amines in excellent yields and with up to >99 % ee. The applicability of this base metal catalytic system was further demonstrated with the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals Fendiline and Tecalcet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K. Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Niklas F. Heinrich
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Vladislav Vasilenko
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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25
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Blasius CK, Ren BT, Bürgy D, Liu YK, Li B, Michalsky I, Wadepohl H, Deng QH, Gade LH. Expanding the Boxmi Ligand Family: Synthesis and Application of NON and NSN Ligands. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6719-6731. [PMID: 32286820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic strategies for a new family of neutral NON ligands featuring a "bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)isobenzofuran" framework (boxman) are reported. A Pd-mediated cyclization reaction forming the isobenzofuran core constitutes the key reaction in the eight-step synthetic route to the nonbackbone-methylated target compound H,Rboxman. In contrast, the introduction of two additional methyl groups provides stereochemical control during backbone construction and thereby access to the methylated derivative Me,Rboxman, which was synthesized in five steps and improved yields. In addition, the synthetic sequence was transferred to the thio analogue, providing access to the NSN ligand H,Rboxmene. Subsequent complexation experiments with iron and cobalt chloride precursors afforded the four-coordinated chlorido complexes Me,RboxmanMCl2 (R = Ph, iPr; M = Fe, Co) and established the boxman family as trans-chelating, bidentate bis(oxazoline) ligands. Application of the latter in the nickel(II)- and zinc(II)-catalyzed α-fluorination of β-ketoesters and oxindoles (up to 98% yield and 94% ee) demonstrated their suitability for enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Bing-Tao Ren
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - David Bürgy
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Yan-Kai Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Ina Michalsky
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Qing-Hai Deng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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26
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Liu W, Guo J, Xing S, Lu Z. Highly Enantioselective Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Diaryl Ketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:2532-2536. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shipei Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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27
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Agarwal R, Liao Y, Lin DJ, Yang ZX, Lai CF, Chen CT. Enantiodivergent reduction of α-keto amides catalyzed by high valent, chiral oxido-vanadium(v) complexes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01304k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Complementary asymmetric reductions of N-benzyl-α-keto amides were achieved for the first time by an air and moisture stable, reduced form of vanadyl(v) N-salicylidene-t-leucinate with HBPin and HBCat with up to 99% and 90% ee, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Yiya Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Dai-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Xing Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Lai
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
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