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Mathivanan M, Shanmugaraj K, Ilanchelian M, Haribabu J, Hidalgo PI, Novoa N. 3-Ethoxysalicylaldimine-based symmetrical azine-linked luminogen exhibiting ESIPT and bright orange colour AIE behaviour with live cell bioimaging application. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4892. [PMID: 39239788 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and development of a new cell-permeable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active 3-ethoxysalicylaldimine-based symmetrical azine molecule HDBE. The synthesized compound underwent comprehensive investigation of different spectroscopic methods, like NMR, mass and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The fluorophore HDBE exhibited the bright orange colour AIE behaviour in THF-H2O mixture. The drastic enhancement of emission was achieved upon adding the water to the THF solution of HDBE, with a concentration of 90%. Along with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) and quantum yield measurements, the formation of aggregates was also verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Further, HDBE demonstrated excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) characteristics in different polarity of solvents, which was corroborated by absorption, emission and lifetime spectroscopical investigations. The detailed scrutiny of X-ray structure of HDBE displayed the two strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, while solid-state fluorescent spectra showed dual emission that corresponds to enol and keto form confirming the ESIPT feature. Further, the synthesized AIE molecule was non-toxic and cell-permeable, making it easy to label as a biomarker in live HeLa cells via fluorescent bioimaging. These studies offer a quick and easy way to develop both AIE and ESIPT-coupled molecules for live cell bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moorthy Mathivanan
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Organometálica, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapo, Chile
- Chennai Institute of Technology (CIT), Chennai, India
| | - Paulina I Hidalgo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Néstor Novoa
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Organometálica, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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2
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Suhasini R, Venkatasubramanian U, Thiagarajan V. Modulation of excited state intramolecular proton transfer and intramolecular charge transfer pathways of symmetrical azines through micellar medium. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:956-968. [PMID: 38299663 DOI: 10.1111/php.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The photophysical studies of fluorescent probes in micellar medium can give a better insight about their interaction with biological membranes. This study attempts to access the photophysical properties of the dual emitting azine based probe diethylamino salicylidene azine dimer (DEASAD) in micellar media. DEASAD showed dual charge transfer emission due to the presence of open enol (480 nm) and closed enol (510 nm) forms in polar protic solvents. Upon increasing the concentration of ionic surfactants, there is a significant increase in the emission intensity of both the enol forms of DEASAD until premicellar concentration. After micellization, occurrence of a new anomalous keto form emission through excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was observed around 530 nm in ionic micelles and its intensity changes depend on the micellar surface charge. The emission studies revealed the position and interaction of DEASAD with the charge of micellar stern layer as confirmed through interaction of metal ion with the probe and control molecules with and without ESIPT and ICT moieties. In contrast, the new anomalous longer wavelength keto form of DEASAD emission was absent in neutral micelles like Triton X-100.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viruthachalam Thiagarajan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
- Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India
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3
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Meng Q, Yao J, Chen M, Dong Y, Liu X, Zhao S, Qiao R, Bai C, Qu C, Miao H. Using Cu 2+ to regulate the emission feature of near-infrared fluorescent sensor with AIE: To detect ascorbic acid in food samples and its application in bioimaging. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341602. [PMID: 37573096 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional ascorbic acid (AA) detection methods such as chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, colorimetry, electrochemical detection, and enzymatic analysis require expensive equipment and complicated operation. Simple, rapid, and accurate AA detection is essential to inspect food quality, diagnose diseases, and assess immunity in humans. In this study, the first near-infrared fluorescence sensor DBHM with aggregation-induced emission was developed to detect AA under the involvement of Cu2+. The DBHM + Cu2+ sensor showed high sensitivity to AA with a limit of detection of 2.37 μM. The AA detection mechanism was investigated by optical studies, 1H NMR titration, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy. AA was detected qualitatively and quantitatively by the DBHM + Cu2+ sensor in beverages, fruits, and Vitamin C tablets using a dual-mode (fluorescence and smartphone app) sensing platform. The new sensing system also showed low toxicity and excellent bioimaging in HeLa cells, C. elegans, and mice. This sensor could advance AA detection technology in the food industry and has potential bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Junxiong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Mengyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Yajie Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Shuyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China
| | - Rui Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China; Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Cuibing Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China; Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Changqing Qu
- Research Center of Anti-aging Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui Province, Fuyang, Anhui, 236037, PR China
| | - Hui Miao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236037, PR China.
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4
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Imran K, Pandey D, Kaur J, Naqvi S, Sharma A. An ESIPT solvatochromic fluorescent and colorimetric probe for sensitive and selective detection of copper ions in environmental samples and cell lines. Analyst 2023; 148:4513-4524. [PMID: 37580982 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the most important transition metals in our body for various physiological functions. An imbalance in the homeostasis of copper in our body can lead to various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, and Menkes disease. As a result, there is a need for the detection of excess copper present in the environment and the human system. In this work, we have designed a quinoline-based fluorescent/colorimetric probe (QHS) for rapid and selective detection of copper ions via quenching of fluorescence/color change from yellow to peach which is visible to the naked eye. The probe displayed high selectivity towards copper(II), i.e., Cu(II) in the presence of different metal analytes in water samples. The sensing mechanism of the probe was confirmed by NMR, HRMS, IR spectroscopy, and SEM. The detection limit of Cu(II) ions was found to be 0.493 μM which is lower than the tolerable limit of copper (20 μM) in drinking water as per the EPA. The probe was also utilized for the visualization of Cu(II) in cell lines. The probe was also demonstrated for its application in real-time detection of aqueous samples using portable paper strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondakamarla Imran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit Campus Lucknow, UP, India.
| | - Dheeraj Pandey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit Campus Lucknow, UP, India.
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology/Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit Campus Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Saba Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology/Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit Campus Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Transit Campus Lucknow, UP, India.
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Zhang J, Wang K, Sun Y. A Simple Schiff Base Probe for Quintuplicate-Metal Analytes with Four Emission-Wavelength Responses. Molecules 2023; 28:6400. [PMID: 37687230 PMCID: PMC10490265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A versatile mono-Schiff compound consisting of o-aminobenzene-hydroxyjulolidine (ABJ-MS) has been easily synthesized using a one-step reaction. ABJ-MS displays four diverse fluorescence responses to the addition of Zn2+/Al3+/Fe3+/Ag+, with the maximum fluorescence emission at 530 nm undergoing a hypsochromic shift to 502/490/440/430 nm, synchronously with the discriminating fluorescence enhancement being 10.6/22.8/2.6/7.1-fold, respectively. However, the addition of Cu2+ into ABJ-MS leads to an opposite behavior, namely, fluorescence quenching. Meanwhile, ABJ-MS also displays distinct absorption changes after adding these five metal ions due to different binding affinities between them and ABJ-MS, which gives ABJ-MS quite a versatile detecting nature for Cu2+/Zn2+/Al3+/Fe3+/Ag+. Moreover, ABJ-MS can mimic a series of versatile AND/OR/INH-consisting logic circuits on the basis of the Cu2+/Zn2+/Al3+/Fe3+/Ag+-mediated diverse optical responses. These will endow the smart ABJ-MS molecule and potential applications in the multi-analysis chemosensory and molecular logic material fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering (Beijing) Center for Industrial Wastewater Pollution Control, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yilu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Stoerkler T, Retailleau P, Jacquemin D, Ulrich G, Massue J. Heteroaryl-Substituted Bis-Anils: Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Derivatives with Tunable ESIPT Emission Color and pH Sensitivity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203766. [PMID: 36524677 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The two-step synthesis, structural, and photophysical properties of a series of heteroaryl-substituted bis-anil derivatives presenting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) coupled with an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process is described. The fluorescence color of the aggregates can be fine tuned by changing the electronic nature of the peripheral substitution, leading to a wide range of emission wavelengths (from green to the near infra-red). Moreover, upon introduction of strong electron-withdrawing groups such as cyano (CN), a competition between ESIPT and deprotonation is observed leading to the emission of the anionic species at low water percentage. This observation led to the synthesis of an additional mixed AIE fluorophore, functionalized by methoxy groups on one side and cyano groups on the other side. Upon addition of water, this dye displays first anionic emission, followed by typical AIE/ESIPT red fluorescence upon formation of the aggregates. TD-DFT calculations on selected AIE dyes were performed to rationalize the nature of the emissive transitions in these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Stoerkler
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Service de Cristallographie Structurale, ICSN-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bât. 27, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Julien Massue
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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7
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Bansal R, Kumar G, Luxami V. Experimental and Theoretical Study for Proton Transfer of Aggregated‐Induced Emission Active Fluorescent Schiff Bases. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bansal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147 004 India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147 004 India
- Department of Chemistry M. M. Engineering College Maharishi Markandeshwar University Mullana 133207 India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147 004 India
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8
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Santhiya K, Mathivanan M, Tharmalingam B, Anitha O, Ghorai S, Natarajan R, Murugesapandian B. A new 7-(diethylamino)coumarin and 4-(diethylamino)phenol appended unsymmetrical thiocarbohydrazone: Detection of moisture in organic solvent and sequential fluorimetric detection of Cu2+ ions and cysteine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Chinnasamy R, Ravi J, Vinay Pradeep V, Manoharan D, Emmerling F, Bhattacharya B, Ghosh S, Chandrasekar R. Adaptable Optical Microwaveguides From Mechanically Flexible Crystalline Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200905. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jada Ravi
- Advanced Organic Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vuppu Vinay Pradeep
- Advanced Organic Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Deepak Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 603 203 India
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 603 203 India
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Advanced Organic Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory School of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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Reinvestigation on Photoluminescence of 7-Hydroxyflavone in aqueous medium: Proficient fluorescence enhancement. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Amputu MN, Naimhwaka J, Uahengo V. An ESIPT-ICT steered naphthylthioic-based ionic probe with dual emissive channels exhibiting CHEF and CHEQ effects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27022-27043. [PMID: 36320834 PMCID: PMC9490809 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A naphthylthioic-based emissive probe (M) bearing a hydroxyl and amine group was designed and synthesized via a one-step Schiff base reaction process. The probe was characterized spectroscopically using 1H NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometers. The probe turned out to be spectroscopically and colorimetrically selective and sensitive to multiple cations and anions. Interestingly, the probe displayed characteristics of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-driven dual emissive channels; experiencing fluorescence enhancement upon the molar additions of Al3+ as well as the anions used, events presumably ascribed to chelation fluorescence enhancement (CHEF), hydrogen bonding and deprotonation effects. Moreover, the fluorometric titration with Hg2+ resulted in ratiometric spectral behaviors of M, with the disappearance of the peak at 450 nm, concomitant with the appearance of a new peak at 520 nm, distinguished by a clear isosbestic point, the same behaviors exhibited by Sn2+ and Ag+ analytes towards M. The introduction of all other cations used, resulted in fluorescence quenching, attributable to chelation enhanced fluorescence quenching (CHEQ), thereby inhibiting the ESIPT process. The experiments were all carried out in the aqueous environment medium of DMSO–H2O (9 : 1) at ambient temperature. Theoretical density functional theory calculations were carried out to gain insight into the interaction of M with cations and anions, and their influence on the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. A naphthylthioic-based emissive probe (M) bearing a hydroxyl and amine group was designed and synthesized via a one-step Schiff base reaction process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha N. Amputu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Windhoek, 9000, Namibia
| | - Johannes Naimhwaka
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Windhoek, 9000, Namibia
| | - Veikko Uahengo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Windhoek, 9000, Namibia
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12
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Controlling the photoswitching of 2-(4′-diethylamino-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine by pH. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Endjala PT, Naimhwaka J, Uahengo V. Investigation of fluorenyl-thioic-based ditopic as a functional colorimetric probe for heavy metal cations and anions with higher selectivity towards Cu2+ followed by Zn2+, displaying logic functions: Experimental and computational studies. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Dylong A, Dysz K, Bogdanowicz KA, Przybył W, Konieczny KA, Turowska-Tyrk I, Kaim A, Iwan A. Crystal Structure Determination of 4-[(Di-p-tolyl-amino)-benzylidene]-(5-pyridin-4-yl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-imine along with Selected Properties of Imine in Neutral and Protonated Form with Camforosulphonic Acid: Theoretical and Experimental Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1952. [PMID: 33924588 PMCID: PMC8070542 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure was determined for the first time for 4-[(di-p-tolyl-amino)benzylidene]-(5-pyridin-4-yl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-imine (trans-PPL9) by X-ray diffraction. The imine crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n space group with a = 18.9567(7) Å, b = 6.18597(17) Å, c = 22.5897(7) Å, and β = 114.009(4)°. Intermolecular interactions in the PPL9 crystal were only weak C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds investigated using the Hirshfeld surface. The electronic and geometric structure of the imine were investigated by the density functional theory and the time-dependent density-functional theory. The properties of the imine in neutral and protonated form with camforosulphonic acid (CSA) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical and experimental studies showed that for the 1:1 molar ratio the protonation occured on nitrogen in pyridine in the PPL9 structure, as an effect of Brönsted acid-base interactions. Thermographic camera was used to defined defects in constructed simple devices with ITO/PPL9 (or PPL9:CSA)/Ag/ITO architecture. In conclusion, a thermally stable imine was synthesized in crystalline form and by CSA doping, a modification of absorption spectra together with reduction of overheating process was observed, suggesting its potential application in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dylong
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.D.); (K.D.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Karolina Dysz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.D.); (K.D.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.D.); (K.D.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Wojciech Przybył
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.D.); (K.D.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Krzysztof A. Konieczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.K.); (I.T.-T.)
| | - Ilona Turowska-Tyrk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.K.); (I.T.-T.)
| | - Andrzej Kaim
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.D.); (K.D.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
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15
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Zhang YP, Teng Q, Yang YS, Cao JQ, Xue JJ. Aggregation-induced Emission Properties of Triphenylamine Chalcone Compounds. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:807-815. [PMID: 33725275 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two triphenylamine chalcone derivatives 1 and 2 were synthesized through the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. Through ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy experiments, it was confirmed that these two compounds exhibited good aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior in ethanol/water mixtures. The solvent effect test showed with the increase of the orientation polarizability of the solvent, the Stokes shift in the solvent of compound 1 and compound 2 shows a linear change trend. Through solid state fluorescence test and universal density function theory (DFT), the existence of π-π stacking interaction in the solid state of the compound has been studied, resulting in weak fluorescence emission. pH has no effect on the fluorescence intensity of the aggregate state of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecules in an acidic environment, but greatly weakens its fluorescence intensity in an alkaline environment. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) test shows that compound 1 was more prone to oxidation reaction than compound 2. The results of thermal stability test show that the thermal stability of compound 1 was better than that of compound 2, indicating that triphenylamine chalcone derivatives can improve the thermal stability of compounds by increasing the number of branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Peng Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Qi Teng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yun-Shang Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Jing-Qi Cao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ji-Jun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Development of C3 symmetric triaminoguanidine-2-naphthol conjugate: Aggregation induced emission, colorimetric and turn-off fluorimetric detection of Co2+ ion, smartphone and real sample applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Photophysical property change of N-(5-bromo-salicylidene)-3-aminoethylpyridine monohydrated crystals via dehydration phase transition. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The crystals of N-salicylideneaniline (SA) and SA derivatives are classic functional materials that exhibit reversible colour changes (photochromism) and/or excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorescence emission under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. In this study, a novel SA derivative was synthesised with an extended alkyl chain, N-(5-bromo-salicylidene)-3-aminoethylpyridine (5Br-SAEP). The photophysical properties of 5Br-SAEP were characterised in the crystalline state. The monohydrated crystal (1H) of 5Br-SAEP was dehydrated to form the anhydrous crystal (1A) at a relative humidity of less than 76%. The photochromic activity was switched by the dehydration phase transition from the non-photochromic 1H to the photochromic 1A. The quantum yield of fluorescence decreased significantly from 8% in 1H to 3% in 1A. The in situ change of photophysical properties occurred due to the change in the crystal structure. This indicated the potential of the solvated crystals of the SAEP derivatives for applications in novel switching or smart materials.
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18
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Feiler T, Bhattacharya B, Michalchuk AAL, Rhim SY, Schröder V, List-Kratochvil E, Emmerling F. Tuning the mechanical flexibility of organic molecular crystals by polymorphism for flexible optical waveguides. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively tune the optical and the mechanical properties of organic molecular crystals offers a promising approach towards developing flexible optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torvid Feiler
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seon-Young Rhim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Schröder
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emil List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Gayathri P, Pannipara M, Al-Sehemi AG, Anthony SP. Recent advances in excited state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism-based solid state fluorescent materials and stimuli-responsive fluorescence switching. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substitutional change and controlling intra and intermolecular interactions of ESIPT molecules resulted in realizing multifunctional fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Department of Chemistry
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science
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20
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Mathivanan M, Tharmalingam B, Devaraj T, Murugan A, Lin CH, Jothi M, Murugesapandian B. A new 7-diethylamino- 4-hydroxycoumarin based reversible colorimetric/fluorometric probe for sequential detection of Al 3+/PPi and its potential use in biodetection and bioimaging applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05718e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new 7-diethylamino-4-hydroxycoumarin appended acylhydrazone probe was prepared and utilized for the sequential detection of Al3+/PPi in a reversible off–on–off emissive manner. The various practical applications of the probe were established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abinayaselvi Murugan
- Department of Human Genetics
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
- Bengaluru
- India
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Mathivanan Jothi
- Department of Human Genetics
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
- Bengaluru
- India
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21
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Tharmalingam B, Mathivanan M, Murugesapandian B. C 3-symmetric triaminoguanidine based colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensor: Sequential detection of Zn 2+/PPi, its RGB performance for detection of Zn 2+ ion and construction of IMPLICATION logic gate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 242:118749. [PMID: 32731150 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, new ethyl(E)-2-cyano-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylate appended C3-symmetric star-shape triaminoguanidine based Schiff base (LH3) was designed and synthesized from simple synthons. New probe, LH3 was completely analyzed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrum. In the present probe LH3, effective π-conjugated ethyl(E)-2-cyano-acrylate unit was introduced on the periphery of the pyrrole-triaminoquanidine conjugates by using carefully chosen building units. The probe LH3 shows high selectivity and sensitivity towards Zn2+ ion via colorimetric and fluorometric changes. The yellowish orange color of LH3 solution turned to wine red color upon addition of Zn2+ solution, along with red shifted absorption maxima from 450 nm to 550 nm, this indicates the formation of LH3-Zn2+ species. Job's plot and mass spectrum analysis confirms the formation of 1:3 stoichiometric complex between the LH3 and Zn2+ ions. Further this ensemble shows selective detection towards PPi anion over the other anions based on displacement metal ion approach. Hence, reversible colorimetric/emission response of LH3 towards Zn2+ and PPi ions via "on-off-on" manner could allow the construction of IMPLICATION logic gate functions. The practical efficacy of the probe LH3 was established by utilization of the probe for the detection of Zn2+ ions in real water sample analysis. Further, the significant noticeable colorimetric changes of the probe LH3 upon addition of Zn2+ ion have been successfully integrated with a smartphone app RGB color value to construct a real-time analysis of Zn2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moorthy Mathivanan
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Fang ZB, Zhang B, Yang QZ, Zheng W, Hu XL, Huang XH, Huang CC, Zhuang NF, Wu ST. Solvent-assisted planar structure of a stilbene-based salicylhydrazone compound: crystal structure, solvent- and aggregation-induced emission, and switchable luminescence colouration. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 76:734-740. [PMID: 32756035 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel stilbene-based salicylhydrazone compound {systematic name: (E)-4,4'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)bis[(N'E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide] dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate, C30H24N4O4·2C2H6OS or L·2DMSO} was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and luminescence spectroscopy. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with half a symmetry-independent L molecule and one dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent molecule in the asymmetric unit. The L molecule adopts an almost planar structure, with a small dihedral angle between the planes of the stilbene and salicylhydrazone groups. There are multiple π-π stacking interactions between adjacent L molecules. The DMSO solvent molecules act as proton donors and acceptors, forming hydrogen bonds of various strengths with the L molecules. In addition, the geometry optimization of a single molecule of L and its luminescence properties either in solution, as a solvated solid or as a desolvated solid were studied. The compound shows an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect and exhibits switchable luminescence colouration in the solid state by the simple removal or re-addition of the DMSO solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Bin Fang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zheng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lin Hu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi He Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Cang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai Feng Zhuang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Ting Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
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23
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Sathiyaraj M, Thiagarajan V. D-π-A azine based AIEgen with solvent dependent response towards a nerve agent. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25848-25855. [PMID: 35518586 PMCID: PMC9055330 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04941g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a D-π-A based unsymmetrical azine molecule 4-((E)-((E)-(4-(dipropylamino)benzylidene)hydrazono)methyl)benzonitrile [DPBN] and studied its optical and aggregation induced emission properties. The DPBN molecule shows good aggregation induced emission (AIE) behaviour with 1157-fold fluorescence enhancement in the aggregated state. In addition to that, both colorimetric as well as fluorometric sensing studies revealed that DPBN selectively detects diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), a potent nerve agent. Interestingly, DPBN shows solvent dependent optical output in the presence of DCPvia two different mechanisms. In the monomer state, it shows red shifted fluorescence enhancement along with color change from colorless to orange color via the formation of a new intramolecular charge transfer state in pure tetrahydrofuran (THF). In the aggregated state, DPBN shows blue shifted emission with fluorescence enhancement in THF-water mixture by protonation at the amine nitrogen centre. Thus, DPBN can be used as a diagnostic measure to selectively detect nerve agents like DCP. This study also paves the way for further development of molecular probes for nerve agents that would represent immense implications in various fields of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munusamy Sathiyaraj
- Photonics and Biophotonics Lab, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli-620 024 India +91-4366-2407053
| | - Viruthachalam Thiagarajan
- Photonics and Biophotonics Lab, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli-620 024 India +91-4366-2407053
- Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission New Delhi India
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24
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Mathivanan M, Tharmalingam B, Mani KS, Thiagarajan V, Murugesapandian B. Simple C 3-symmetric triaminoguanidine-triphenylamine conjugate as an efficient colorimetric sensor for Cu(II) and fluorescent sensor for Fe(III) ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118235. [PMID: 32179459 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of novel C3-symmetric triaminoguanidine-triphenylamine conjugate (L) has been demonstrated and it displays positive solvatochromic behaviour with an increase in solvent polarity. The probe L acts as a selective colorimetric sensor for Cu2+ ions over other metal ions. Further, it shows high selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ ions through turn-on fluorescence response. Moreover, the detection limits for Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions were found to be within the allowable range of the World Health Organisation (30 μM). The real-time application of the probe was showed by paper strip experiments as well as detection of Fe3+ ions in pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moorthy Mathivanan
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kailasam Saravana Mani
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Sathiyaraj M, Pavithra K, Thiagarajan V. Azine based AIEgens with multi-stimuli response towards picric acid. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Selective detection of picric acid using AIEgens via fluorescence enhancement and quenching in the monomer and aggregated from respectively.
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26
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Uahengo V, Hamukwaya EN, Endjala PT, Naimhwaka JH. A potential naphthyl-thiazole-based organic dye and a ditopic chromogenic probe for CN − and Fe 3+ with molecular logic functions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03806g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dye sensitizers are entities designed primarily to serve the function of harvesting light photons in the functional wavelength, which is centered on charge transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veikko Uahengo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Namibia
- Windhoek
- Namibia
| | - Eunike N. Hamukwaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Namibia
- Windhoek
- Namibia
| | - Paulina T. Endjala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Namibia
- Windhoek
- Namibia
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