1
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Crista D, Algarra M, Martínez de Yuso MV, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Investigation of the role of pH and the stoichiometry of the N-dopant in the luminescence, composition and synthesis yield of carbon dots. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1131-1143. [PMID: 36637160 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with very attractive luminescence features, which simplicity and flexibility of their fabrication can lead to an endless number of CDs with distinct properties and applications. High fluorescence quantum yields (QYFL) are generally a necessary feature for various applications of CDs. One commonly employed strategy to improve the fluorescence properties of CDs is heteroatom-doping using precursors containing desired heteroatoms (with focus on N-doping). In this work, we report the synthesis and systematic investigation of an array of N-doped CDs, obtained from the dry heating of solid mixtures of glucose and urea in different molar ratios with two main objectives: to study the role of stoichiometry in the optical properties and composition of CDs and to investigate the formation of possible alkaline-responsive nanoparticles and the potential of this procedure for obtaining CDs with higher synthesis yields. We have characterized the optical properties of this diverse array of glucose and urea-based CDs using both UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. In addition, we have also examined the CDs by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-Ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, as well as by assessing the thermal stability of the nanoparticles. We have found that this fabrication process generates two types of CDs, one readily soluble in water and other only soluble at basic pH. The latter was characterized by higher synthesis yields, and lower QYFL and thermal stability, when compared with those of the former. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the N-dopant does not appear to be correlated with the QYFL of the obtained CDs. This study provides novel information that should be useful for the future rational development of CDs with higher QYFL and synthesis yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Algarra
- INAMAT2-Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics, Department of Science, Public University of Navarra, Campus of Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Maria Valle Martínez de Yuso
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab. Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. .,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. .,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Applications of Fluorescent Carbon Dots as Photocatalysts: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted considerable interest from the scientific community due to their exceptional properties, such as high photoluminescence, broadband absorption, low toxicity, water solubility and (photo)chemical stability. As a result, they have been applied in several fields, such as sensing, bioimaging, artificial lighting and catalysis. In particular, CDs may act as sole photocatalysts or as part of photocatalytic nanocomposites. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the use of CDs as sole photocatalysts in the areas of hydrogen production via water splitting, photodegradation of organic pollutants and photoreduction and metal removal from wastewaters. Furthermore, key limitations preventing a wider use of CDs as photocatalysts are pointed out. It is our hope that this review will serve as a basis on which researchers may find useful information to develop sustainable methodologies for the synthesis and use of photocatalytic CDs.
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3
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Barrientos K, Arango JP, Moncada MS, Placido J, Patiño J, Macías SL, Maldonado C, Torijano S, Bustamante S, Londoño ME, Jaramillo M. Carbon dot-based biosensors for the detection of communicable and non -communicable diseases. Talanta 2022; 251:123791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Sendão RMS, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical water pollutants by TiO 2 - Carbon dots nanocomposites: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134731. [PMID: 35489458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are becoming increasingly more relevant water contaminants, with photocatalysts (such as TiO2) being a promising approach to remove these compounds from water. However, TiO2 has poor sunlight-harvesting capacity, low photonic efficiency, and poor adsorption towards organic pollutants. One of the emerging strategies to enhance the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 is by conjugating it with fluorescent carbon dots. Herein, we performed a critical review of the development of TiO2 - carbon dots nanocomposites for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals. We found that carbon dots can improve the photocatalytic efficiency of the resulting nanocomposites, mostly due to increasing the adsorption of organic pollutants and enhancing the absorption in the visible range. However, while this approach shows significant promise, we also identified and discussed several aspects that need to be addressed before this strategy could be more widely used. We hope that this review can guide future studies aiming to the development of enhanced photocatalytic TiO2 - carbon dots nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M S Sendão
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Sengar P, Chauhan K, Hirata GA. Progress on carbon dots and hydroxyapatite based biocompatible luminescent nanomaterials for cancer theranostics. Transl Oncol 2022; 24:101482. [PMID: 35841822 PMCID: PMC9293661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible carbon dots (CDs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have attracted much attention for the development of optical imaging probes. This review discusses the development of CD and nHA based nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer theranostics. The effect of synthesis strategies and doping on photoluminescent properties along with tuning of emission in biological window has been briefly reviewed. The cancer targeting strategies, biocompatibility and biodistribution of CDs and nHA based luminescent probes is discussed. A summary of current challenges and future perspectives is provided.
Despite the significant advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy, a huge burden remains. Consequently, much research has been diverted on the development of multifunctional nanomaterials for improvement in conventional diagnosis and therapy. Luminescent nanomaterials offer a versatile platform for the development of such materials as their intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) property offers convergence of diagnosis as well as therapy at the same time. However, the clinical translation of nanomaterials faces various challenges, including biocompatibility and cost-effective scale up production. Thus, luminescent materials with facile synthesis approach along with intrinsic biocompatibility and anticancerous activity hold significant importance. As a result, carbon dots (CDs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have attracted much attention for the development of optical imaging probes. CDs are the newest members of the carbonaceous nanomaterials family that possess intrinsic luminescent and therapeutic properties, making them a promising candidate for cancer theranostic. Additionally, nHA is an excellent bioactive material due to its compositional similarity to the human bone matrix. The nHA crystal can efficiently host rare-earth elements to attain luminescent property, which can further be implemented for cancer theranostic applications. Herein, the development of CDs and nHA based nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer has been briefly discussed. The emphasis has been given to different synthesis strategies leading to different morphologies and tunable PL spectra, followed by their diverse applications as biocompatible theranostic agents. Finally, the review has been summarized with the current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Sengar
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México
| | - Gustavo A Hirata
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México.
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6
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Cardoso IMF, Cardoso RMF, Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JCG. UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye Catalyzed by Carbon Dots. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122116. [PMID: 35745454 PMCID: PMC9229011 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82-) with a titanium(IV)-doped carbon dot, TiP-CD, as a catalyst were developed for the decomposition of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (Reactive Blue 19), an anthraquinone textile dye (at T = 25 °C and pH = 7). The Ti-CD, with marked catalytic UV properties, was successfully synthesized by the one-pot hydrothermal procedure, using L-cysteine as carbon precursor, ethylenediamine as nitrogen source, PEG (polyethylene glycol) as a capping agent, and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (precursor of TiO2 doping). Contrary to azo dyes (methyl orange, orange II sodium salt, and reactive black 5), which achieved complete degradation in a time interval less than 30 min in the developed AOP systems (UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82-, and UV/TiO2), the RBB-R showed relatively low degradation rates and low discoloration rate constants. In the presence of the catalyzer, the reaction rate significantly increased, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants for the RBB-R discoloration were UV/3.0 mM H2O2/TIP-CD-0.0330 min-1 and UV/1.02 mM S2O82-/TIP-CD-0.0345 min-1.
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Life Cycle Assessment-Based Comparative Study between High-Yield and "Standard" Bottom-Up Procedures for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103446. [PMID: 35629474 PMCID: PMC9145381 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanomaterials with remarkable properties that can be produced from a wide variety of synthesis routes. Given that “standard” bottom-up procedures are typically associated with low synthesis yields, different authors have been trying to devise alternative high-yield fabrication strategies. However, there is a doubt if sustainability-wise, the latter should be really preferred to the former. Herein, we employed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to compare and understand the environmental impacts of high-yield and “standard” bottom-up strategies, by applying different life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods. These routes were: (1) production of hydrochar, via the hydrothermal treatment of carbon precursors, and its alkaline peroxide treatment into high-yield CDs; (2) microwave treatment of carbon precursors doped with ethylenediamine; (3) and (6) thermal treatment of carbon precursor and urea; (4) hydrothermal treatment of carbon precursor and urea; (5) microwave treatment of carbon precursor and urea. For this LCA, four LCIA methods were used: ReCiPe, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, AWARE, and USEtox. Results identified CD-5 as the most sustainable synthesis in ReCiPe, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, and USEtox. On the other hand, in AWARE, the most sustainable synthesis was CD-1. It was possible to conclude that, in general, high-yield synthesis (CD-1) was not more sustainable than “standard” bottom-up synthesis, such as CD-5 and CD-6 (also with relatively high-yield). More importantly, high-yield synthesis (CD-1) did not generate much lower environmental impacts than “standard” approaches with low yields, which indicates that higher yields come with relevant environmental costs.
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Guo M, Zhou K, Ding R, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, He G. Water-soluble thienoviologen derivatives for imaging bacteria and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3097-3103. [PMID: 35343554 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble cationic thienoviologen derivative photosensitizers (nTPy-Rs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is reported. Cationic pyridine groups were introduced into the thiophene framework to enhance solubility and bacteria-binding ability, which effectively improved bacteriological imaging and antibacterial activity. The optoelectronic properties of nTPy-Rs were regulated by adjusting the number of thiophene groups, and the differences in antibacterial activity due to the functional scaffolds were compared. The results showed that nTPy-Rs could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS, including macroscopic free radicals), efficiently inhibit bacterial growth, and achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the ng mL-1 level. Remarkably, 2TPyC6, containing two thiophene groups and modified by alkyl side chains, showed the best bacteriostatic performance, with the MIC of 20 ng mL-1 and 4.5 ng mL-1 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, which are the lowest photosensitizer concentrations used in PDT to date. The low cell cytotoxicity and excellent antibacterial performance give nTPy-Rs great potential as PDT agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Guo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Yueyan Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Zixi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Cardoso RMF, Cardoso IMF, da Silva LP, Esteves da Silva JCG. Copper(II)-Doped Carbon Dots as Catalyst for Ozone Degradation of Textile Dyes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071211. [PMID: 35407329 PMCID: PMC9003027 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic ozonation advanced oxidation process (AOP) with a copper(II)-doped carbon dot as catalyst, Cu-CD (using L-cysteine and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as precursors and passivation agents), was developed for textile wastewater treatment (T = 25 °C and pH = 7). Four dyes were analyzed—Methyl Orange (MO), Orange II sodium salt (O-II), Reactive Black 5 (RB-5) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBB-R), as well as a real effluent from the dying and printing industry. The Cu-CD, with marked catalytic ozonation properties, was successfully synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal procedure with a size of 4.0 nm, a charge of −3.7 mV and a fluorescent quantum yield of 31%. The discoloration of the aqueous dye solutions followed an apparent first-order kinetics with the following rate constants (kap in min−1): MO, 0.210; O-II, 0.133; RB-5, 0.177; RBB-R, 0.086. In the presence of Cu-CD, the following apparent first-order rate constants were obtained (kapc in min−1) with the corresponding increase in the rate constant without catalyst (%Inc): MO, 1.184 (464%); O-II, 1.002 (653%); RB-5, 0.709 (301%); RBB-R, 0.230 (167%). The presence of sodium chloride (at a concentration of 50 g/L) resulted in a marked increase of the discoloration rate of the dye solution due to generation of other radicals, such as chlorine and chlorine oxide, resulting from the reaction of ozone and chloride. Taking into consideration that the real textile effluent under research has a high carbonate concentration (>356 mg/L), which inhibits ozone decomposition, the discoloration first-order rate constants without and with Cu-CD (kap = 0.0097 min−1 and kapc = 0.012 min−1 (%Inc = 24%), respectively) were relatively small. Apparently, the Cu-CD, the surface of which is covered by a soft and highly hydrated caramelized PEG coating, accelerates the ozone decomposition and dye adsorption, increasing its degradation.
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Domingo-Tafalla B, Martínez-Ferrero E, Franco F, Palomares-Gil E. Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2. Molecules 2022; 27:1081. [PMID: 35164346 PMCID: PMC8840083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 has the potential to provide valuable products, such as chemicals or fuels of interest, at low cost while maintaining a circular carbon cycle. In this context, carbon dots possess optical and electrochemical properties that make them suitable candidates to participate in the reaction, either as a single component or forming part of more elaborate catalytic systems. In this review, we describe several strategies where the carbon dots participate, both with amorphous and graphitic structures, in the photocatalysis or electrochemical catalysis of CO2 to provide different carbon-containing products of interest. The role of the carbon dots is analyzed as a function of their redox and light absorption characteristics and their complementarity with other known catalytic systems. Moreover, detailed information about synthetic procedures is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriu Domingo-Tafalla
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
- Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
| | - Federico Franco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
| | - Emilio Palomares-Gil
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Cui L, Ren X, Sun M, Liu H, Xia L. Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3419. [PMID: 34947768 PMCID: PMC8705349 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are known as the rising star of carbon-based nanomaterials and, by virtue of their unique structure and fascinating properties, they have attracted considerable interest in different fields such as biological sensing, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, and solar cells in recent years. Particularly, the outstanding electronic and optical properties of the CDs have attracted increasing attention in biomedical and photocatalytic applications owing to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, excellent photostability, tunable fluorescence, outstanding efficient up-converted photoluminescence behavior, and photo-induced electron transfer ability. This article reviews recent progress on the synthesis routes and optical properties of CDs as well as biomedical and photocatalytic applications. Furthermore, we discuss an outlook on future and potential development of the CDs based biosensor, biological dye, biological vehicle, and photocatalysts in this booming research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China;
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Yuanyang Branch Department, Beijing Jingshan School, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Xin Ren
- International Department, Beijing No. 12 High School, Beijing 100071, China;
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China;
| | - Lixin Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China;
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Sarmanova OE, Laptinskiy KA, Khmeleva MY, Burikov SA, Dolenko SA, Tomskaya AE, Dolenko TA. Development of the fluorescent carbon nanosensor for pH and temperature of liquid media with artificial neural networks. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 258:119861. [PMID: 33957451 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the creation of optical nanosensors for pH and temperature of liquid media based on carbon dots (CD) prepared via hydrothermal synthesis. The application of artificial neural networks to the CD fluorescence spectra database provided simultaneous determination of pH and ambient temperature values with an accuracy of 0.005 pH units and 0.67 °C, respectively. The obtained results are unique since they indicate the possibility of creating a multifunctional CD-based nanosensor that operates in a wide temperature range (22-81 °C) and provides an accuracy of pH determination exceeding the accuracy of nanoscale analogs by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Sarmanova
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - K A Laptinskiy
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - M Yu Khmeleva
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S A Burikov
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S A Dolenko
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A E Tomskaya
- North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677007, Russia
| | - T A Dolenko
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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13
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Michaud V, Pracht J, Schilfarth F, Damm C, Platzer B, Haines P, Harreiß C, Guldi DM, Spiecker E, Peukert W. Well-separated water-soluble carbon dots via gradient chromatography. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13116-13128. [PMID: 34477795 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are strongly fluorescent advanced materials that are promising for applications in bio-imaging, sensors or luminescent displays. One of the most-widely used class of CDs is synthesized via an aqueous, bottom-up technique starting from citric acid (CA) and an amino-precursor. Very high fluorescence quantum yields (QY) are reported for the resulting CDs. The as-synthesized raw suspensions, however, are crude mixtures of many components: bare carbon cores, carbon cores functionalized with fluorophores, freely floating molecular fluorophores, and several other by-products. In this study, we synthesized CDs from CA and amino acid cysteine (Cys) hydrothermally and demonstrate a complete separation of all components by means of two step gradient chromatography. In the first step, the separation was carried out on a normal-pressure preparative silica-gel column to get sufficient amounts of material to investigate structure and optical properties of the collected fractions. This preparative gradient elution method enabled us to separate moderately-fluorescent CDs from freely floating molecular fluorophores, polymeric fluorophores and CDs with built-in fluorophores. Here, we evidenced that amorphous CDs co-exist with crystalline CDs in one and the same suspension and showed that the amount of crystalline CDs increases with the synthesis temperature. In the second step, we turned to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to further improve and optimize the efficiency of purification and automate it. Via HPLC, we were able to well-separate of up to six components. Within this work, we laid the foundation for CD purification with the highest possible purity for aqueous, bottom-up synthesized CDs and quantified the true quantum yield of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Michaud
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Fernandes S, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Comparative life cycle assessment of high-yield synthesis routes for carbon dots. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100332. [PMID: 35559833 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanomaterials with advantageous luminescent properties, making them promising alternatives to other molecular and nanosized fluorophores. However, the development of CDs is impaired by the low synthesis yield of standard fabrication strategies, making high-yield strategies essential. To help future studies to focus on cleaner production strategies, we have employed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare and understand the environmental impacts of available routes for the high-yield synthesis of carbon dots. These routes were: (1) production of hydrochar, via hydrothermal treatment of carbon precursors, and its alkaline-peroxide treatment into high-yield carbon dots; (2) thermal treatment of carbon precursors mixed in a eutectic mixture of salts. Results show that the first synthesis route is associated with the lowest environmental impacts. This is attributed to the absence of the mixture of salts in the first synthesis route, which offsets its higher electricity consumption. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most critical parameter in the different synthetic strategies is the identity of the carbon precursor, with electricity being also relevant for the first synthesis route. Nevertheless, the use of some carbon precursors (as citric acid) with higher associated environmental impacts may be justified by their beneficial role in increasing the luminescent performance of carbon dots. Thus, the first synthesis route is indicated to be the most environmental benign and should be used as a basis in future studies aimed to the cleaner and high-yield production of carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Fernandes
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environmental and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environmental and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Uriarte D, Vidal E, Canals A, Domini CE, Garrido M. Simple-to-use and portable device for free chlorine determination based on microwave-assisted synthesized carbon dots and smartphone images. Talanta 2021; 229:122298. [PMID: 33838783 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new portable and simple 3D printed device was designed for free chlorine determination in water samples. The analytical method was based on the quenching caused by free chlorine on the fluorescence emission of the carbon dots (CD) synthesized from citric acid and urea. The fluorescence was captured through the camera of a smartphone, which was coupled to the 3D printed device, and the images were processed using the RGB system by the ImageJ 1.51q software. The proposed method was selective and precise (RSD% 4.6, for n = 6), and the trueness of the results was evaluated by comparing the results obtained with those recovered by the spectrophotometric method 4500-Cl G (standard method), with good agreement between them. Moreover, the remarkable correlation between the CD signal and the free chlorine concentration resulted in a determination with low detection limits (limit of detection of 6 μg L-1 and limit of quantification of 20 μg L-1). Therefore, the new method and the related portable device could be considered a fast, economical and reliable alternative for the on-site determination of free chlorine in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Uriarte
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - E Vidal
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A Canals
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - C E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - M Garrido
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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16
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Zhang M, Cheng J, Hu J, Luo J, Zhang Y, Lu F, Kong H, Qu H, Zhao Y. Green Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex-based carbon dots for ameliorating imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:105. [PMID: 33858431 PMCID: PMC8048166 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon dots (CDs) with multifaceted advantages have provided hope for development brand-new nanodrug for treating thorny diseases. This study developed a green and simple calcination method to prepare novel CDs as promising drug for psoriasis treatment. The as-prepared CDs using Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) as sole precursor were characterized by a series of methods, mainly including electron microscopy, optical technology and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results Results displayed that fluorescence (Quantum yield = 5.63%) and nontoxic PCC-based CDs (PCC-CDs) with abundant chemical groups exhibited solubility and tiny sizes at average of (1.93 ± 0.53) nm, which may be beneficial for its inherent biological activity. Moreover, by using the typical imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like skin mouse model, we firstly demonstrated the pronounced anti-psoriasis activity of as-prepared PCC-CDs on ameliorating the appearance, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores as well as histopathological morphology of both back skin tissues and right ears in IMQ-induced mouse. Further potential mechanisms behind the anti-psoriasis activities may be related to suppress M1 polarization and relatively promote M2 polarization of macrophage both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion These results suggested that PCC-CDs have potential to be an anti-psoriasis candidate for clinical applications to treat psoriasis, which not only provided an evidence for further broadening the biological application of CDs, but also provided a potential hope for application nanodrugs to treat thorny diseases. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00847-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Huihua Qu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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17
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Das S, Ngashangva L, Goswami P. Carbon Dots: An Emerging Smart Material for Analytical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33467583 PMCID: PMC7829846 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are optically active carbon-based nanomaterials. These nanomaterials can change their light emission properties in response to various external stimuli such as pH, temperature, pressure, and light. The CD's remarkable stimuli-responsive smart material properties have recently stimulated massive research interest for their exploitation to develop various sensor platforms. Herein, an effort has been made to review the major advances made on CDs, focusing mainly on its smart material attributes and linked applications. Since the CD's material properties are largely linked to their synthesis approaches, various synthesis methods, including surface passivation and functionalization of CDs and the mechanisms reported so far in their photophysical properties, are also delineated in this review. Finally, the challenges of using CDs and the scope for their further improvement as an optical signal transducer to expand their application horizon for developing analytical platforms have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (L.N.)
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18
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He F, Li HB, Xu H, Bai J, Cheng Y, Meng X, Zhang W, Fang X, Xu Y, Ding T. ESIPT fluorophores derived from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano- p-benzoquinone based carbon dots for dual emission and multiple anti-counterfeiting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:388-398. [PMID: 33315040 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores and hydrogen bonding interactions play key roles in the fluorescence properties of bottom-up carbon dots. In this work, an excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) active fluorophore, 5-chloro-6-ethoxy-4,7-dihydroxyisoindoline-1,3-dione (CEDD) and a non-ESIPT 7-cyano-5,8-dihydroxyquinoxaline-6-carboxamide (CDQC) are extracted from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) based carbon dots. The enol form of CEDD shows a weak blue, small Stokes shift and short lifetime emission under the aprotic or alkali conditions, but the keto form exhibits a strong green, large Stokes shift and long lifetime emission in a protic or an acidic environment. Due to the lack of the ESIPT process, CDQC has no dual emission characteristics, but shows efficient solid-state emission. By virtue of the ESIPT ability of CEDD, multiple anti-counterfeiting methods are achieved by using hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and fluorescence lifetime imaging, as well as dimethyl sulfoxide as the encryption/decryption tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futao He
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame-Retardant and Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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19
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Vale N, Silva S, Duarte D, Crista DMA, Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JCG. Normal breast epithelial MCF-10A cells to evaluate the safety of carbon dots. RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:245-253. [PMID: 34046613 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human normal breast cell line MCF-10A is being widely used as a model in toxicity studies due to its structural similarity to the normal human mammary epithelium. Over the years, application of carbon dots (C-dots) in biomedicine has been increasing due to their photoluminescence properties, biocompatibility, biosafety and possible applications in bioimaging and as drug carriers. In this work we prepared three different C-dots from the same set of carbon and nitrogen precursors (citric acid and urea, respectively) via three distinct bottom-up synthetic routes and their safety was tested against the normal breast cell line MCF-10A. The characterization results demonstrated a similar size range and composition for all the C-dots. The MCF-10A cells were treated with different concentrations of C-dots for 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the cell viability over time. For the 24 h incubation, there were no significant decreases in the viability of the MCF-10A cells. For the 48 h treatment, there was a significant decrease in the viability of the cells treated with calcination-based C-dots, but without significant cellular viability changes for microwave and hydrothermal-based C-dots. For 72 h, cells treated with hydrothermal-based C-dots have the most promising viability profile. Also, compared with paclitaxel, these C-dots have a safety profile very close to that of an antineoplastic in non-tumor cells. Our results suggest that these new C-dots have potential as imaging candidates or biosensing tools as well as drug carriers, and further investigation in animal models is needed for future application in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 4200-450 Porto Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro 4200-319 Porto Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 4200-450 Porto Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 4200-450 Porto Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Diana M A Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal ,
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal ,.,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal ,.,LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
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20
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Tiwari P, Kaur N, Sharma V, Mobin SM. A spectroscopic investigation of Carbon dots and its reduced state towards fluorescence performance. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Jamaludin N, Tan TL, Zaman ASK, Sadrolhosseini AR, Rashid SA. Acid-Free Hydrothermal-Extraction and Molecular Structure of Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3356. [PMID: 32751070 PMCID: PMC7435678 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQD) have great potential to be used in various applications due to their unique electrical and optical properties. Herein, a facile, green and eco-friendly hydrothermal method for the preparation of carbon quantum dots was achieved using empty fruit bunch (EFB) biochar as a renewable and abundant carbon source. In the current study, the role of the hydrothermal process was observed and studied by comparing the morphology and optical characteristics of CQD obtained from EFB biochar. Interestingly, based on the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) result, a considerably similar carbon quantum dots structure can be observed for the EFB biochar sample, showing the similar size and distribution of CQD. To further discuss the extraction of CQD from EFB biochar, a mechanism based on hydrothermal-induced extraction of CQD is proposed. The optimal structure of CQD deduced by density functional theory (DFT) in energy and dipole momentum was about 2057.4905 Hatree and 18.1699 Debye, respectively. This study presents a practical experimental approach in elucidating the molecular structure of photoluminescence CQD based on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhanisah Jamaludin
- Materials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.); (A.S.K.Z.)
| | - Tong Ling Tan
- Materials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.); (A.S.K.Z.)
| | - Alif Syafiq Kamarol Zaman
- Materials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.); (A.S.K.Z.)
| | - Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini
- Functional Device Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Suraya Abdul Rashid
- Materials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.); (A.S.K.Z.)
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Evaluation of Different Bottom-up Routes for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071316. [PMID: 32635483 PMCID: PMC7407658 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with very attractive luminescence features. Furthermore, their synthesis by bottom-up strategies is quite flexible, as tuning the reaction precursors and synthesis procedures can lead to an endless number of CDs with distinct properties and applications. However, this complex variability has made the characterization of the structural and optical properties of the nanomaterials difficult. Herein, we performed a systematic evaluation of the effect of three representative bottom-up strategies (hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and calcination) on the properties of CDs prepared from the same precursors (citric acid and urea). Our results revealed that these synthesis routes led to nanoparticles with similar sizes, identical excitation-dependent blue-to-green emission, and similar surface-functionalization. However, we have also found that microwave and calcination strategies are more efficient towards nitrogen-doping than hydrothermal synthesis, and thus, the former routes are able to generate CDs with significantly higher fluorescence quantum yields than the latter. Furthermore, the different synthesis strategies appear to have a role in the origin of the photoluminescence of the CDs, as hydrothermal-based nanoparticles present an emission more dependent on surface states, while microwave- and calcination-based CDs present an emission with more contributions from core states. Furthermore, calcination and microwave routes are more suitable for high-yield synthesis (~27-29%), while hydrothermal synthesis present almost negligible synthesis yields (~2%). Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to investigate the sustainability of these processes and indicated microwave synthesis as the best choice for future studies.
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23
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Crista DMA, El Mragui A, Algarra M, Esteves da Silva JCG, Luque R, Pinto da Silva L. Turning Spent Coffee Grounds into Sustainable Precursors for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1209. [PMID: 32575837 PMCID: PMC7353129 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are known for containing many organic compounds of interest, including carbohydrates, lipids, phenolic compounds and proteins. Therefore, we investigated them as a potential source to obtain carbon dots (CDs) via a nanotechnology approach. Herein, a comparison was performed between CDs produced by SCGs and classic precursors (e.g., citric acid and urea). The SCG-based CDs were obtained via the one-pot and solvent-free carbonization of solid samples, generating nanosized particles (2.1-3.9 nm). These nanoparticles exhibited a blue fluorescence with moderate quantum yields (2.9-5.8%) and an excitation-dependent emission characteristic of carbon dots. SCG-based CDs showed potential as environmentally relevant fluorescent probes for Fe3+ in water. More importantly, life cycle assessment studies validated the production of CDs from SCG samples as a more environmentally sustainable route, as compared to those using classic reported precursors, when considering either a weight- or a function-based functional unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. A. Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.M.A.C.); (A.E.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Abderrahim El Mragui
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.M.A.C.); (A.E.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatino s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.M.A.C.); (A.E.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. Marie Curie, Ctra N-IVA Km 396, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
- Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative compounds for Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.M.A.C.); (A.E.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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24
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Christé S, Esteves da Silva JC, Pinto da Silva L. Evaluation of the Environmental Impact and Efficiency of N-Doping Strategies in the Synthesis of Carbon Dots. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E504. [PMID: 31973126 PMCID: PMC7040597 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and associated environmental impacts of different N-doping strategies of carbon dots (CDs) were evaluated. More specifically, N-doped CDs were prepared from citric acid via two main synthesis routes: Microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment with addition of N-containing small organic molecules (urea and ethylenediamine (EDA)); and microwave-assisted solvothermal treatment in N-containing organic solvents (n,n-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile and pyridine). These syntheses produced CDs with similar blue emission. However, XPS analysis revealed that CDs synthesized via both hydrothermal routes presented a better N-doping efficiency (~15 at.%) than all three solvothermal-based strategies (0.6-7 at.%). However, from the former two hydrothermal strategies, only the one involving EDA as a nitrogen-source provided a non-negligible synthesis yield, which indicates that this should be the preferred strategy. This conclusion was supported by a subsequent life cycle assessment (LCA) study, which revealed that this strategy is clearly the most sustainable one from all five studied synthesis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Christé
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Joaquim C.G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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