1
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Hancock AC, Goerigk L. Noncovalently bound excited-state dimers: a perspective on current time-dependent density functional theory approaches applied to aromatic excimer models. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35964-35984. [PMID: 38090083 PMCID: PMC10712016 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Excimers are supramolecular systems whose binding strength is influenced by many factors that are ongoing challenges for computational methods, such as charge transfer, exciton coupling, and London dispersion interactions. Treating the various intricacies of excimer binding at an adequate level is expected to be particularly challenging for time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methods. In addition to well-known limitations for some TD-DFT methods in the description of charge transfer or exciton coupling, the inherent London dispersion problem from ground-state DFT translates to TD-DFT. While techniques to appropriately treat dispersion in DFT are well-developed for electronic ground states, these dispersion corrections remain largely untested for excited states. Herein, we aim to shed light on current TD-DFT methods, including some of the newest developments. The binding of four model excimers is studied across nine density functionals with and without the application of additive dispersion corrections against a wave function reference of SCS-CC2/CBS(3,4) quality, which approximates select CCSDR(3)/CBS data adequately. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents single-reference wave function dissociation curves at the complete basis set level for the assessed model systems. It is also the first time range-separated double-hybrid density functionals are applied to excimers. In fact, those functionals turn out to be the most promising for the description of excimer binding followed by global double hybrids. Range-separated and global hybrids-particularly with large fractions of Fock exchange-are outperformed by double hybrids and yield worse dissociation energies and inter-molecular equilibrium distances. The deviation between each assessed functional and reference increases with system size, most likely due to missing dispersion interactions. Additive dispersion corrections of the DFT-D3(BJ) and DFT-D4 types reduce the average errors for TD-DFT methods but do so inconsistently and therefore do not offer a black-box solution in their ground-state parametrised form. The lack of appropriate description of dispersion effects for TD-DFT methods is likely hindering the practical application of the herein identified more efficient methods. Dispersion corrections parametrised for excited states appear to be an important next step to improve the applicability of TD-DFT methods and we hope that our work assists with the future development of such corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Hancock
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-(0)3-8344 6784
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-(0)3-8344 6784
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3
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Naimovičius L, Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Kazlauskas K. The statistical probability factor in triplet mediated photon upconversion: a case study with perylene. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:14826-14832. [PMID: 38013844 PMCID: PMC10621484 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc03158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process where two low-energy photons are converted into one higher-energy photon. A crucial component for an efficient upconversion process is the statistical probability factor (f), defined as the probability of the formation of a high-energy singlet state upon coupling of two low-energy triplet states. Theoretically, f depends on the energy level distribution, molecular orientation, inter-triplet exchange coupling of triplet dyads, and spin-mixing of resulting spin states (singlet, triplet, and quintet). However, experimental values of f for acene-based annihilators have been subject to large variations due to many factors that have resulted in the reporting of different f values for the same molecule. In this work, we discuss these factors by studying perylene as a case study annihilator, for which by far the largest variation in f = 16 to 100% has been reported. We systematically investigated the TTA-UC of PdTPBP:perylene, as a sensitizer-annihilator pair and obtained the experimental f = 17.9 ± 2.1% for perylene in THF solution. This limits the maximum TTA-UC quantum yield to 9.0% (out of 50%) for this annihilator. We found that such a low f value for perylene is largely governed by the energy-gap law where higher non-radiative losses due to the small energy gap between 2 × T1 and T2 affect the probability of singlet formation. Interestingly, we found this observation true for other acene-based annihilators whose emission ranges from the UV to the yellow region, thus providing a blueprint for future design of efficient TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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4
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Olesund A, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Bulky Substituents Promote Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Over Triplet Excimer Formation in Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22168-22175. [PMID: 37766514 PMCID: PMC10571077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) triplet-triplet annihilation photochemical upconversion (TTA-UC) has gained a lot of attention recently due to its potential for driving demanding high-energy photoreactions using low-intensity visible light. The efficiency of this process has rapidly improved in the past few years, in part thanks to the recently discovered annihilator compound 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene (N-2TIPS). Despite its beneficial TTA-UC characteristics, the success of N-2TIPS in this context is not yet fully understood. In this work, we seek to elucidate what role the specific type and number of substituents in naphthalene annihilator compounds play to achieve the characteristics sought after for TTA-UC. We show that the type of substituent attached to the naphthalene core is crucial for its performance as an annihilator. More specifically, we argue that the choice of substituent dictates to what degree the sensitized triplets form excimer complexes with ground state annihilators of the same type, which is a process competing with that of TTA. The addition of more bulky substituents positively impacts the upconverting ability by impeding excimer formation on the triplet surface, an effect that is enhanced with the number of substituents. The presence of triplet excimers is confirmed from transient absorption measurements, and the excimer formation rate is quantified, showing several orders of magnitude differences between different derivatives. These insights will aid in the further development of annihilator compounds for solar energy applications for which the behavior at low incident powers is of particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10−14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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5
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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6
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Mony J, Yu Y, Schäfer C, Mallick S, Kushwaha K, Börjesson K. Interplay between Polaritonic and Molecular Trap States. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:7965-7972. [PMID: 35592736 PMCID: PMC9109220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong exciton-photon coupling exhibits the possibility to modify the photophysical properties of organic molecules. This is due to the introduction of hybrid light-matter states, called polaritons, which have unique physical and optical properties. Those strongly coupled systems provide altered excited-state dynamics in comparison to the bare molecule case. In this study, we investigate the interplay between polaritonic and molecular trap states, such as excimers. The molecules used in this study show either prompt or delayed emission from trap states. For both cases, a clear dependency on the exciton-photon energy tuning was observed. Polaritonic emission gradually increased with a concurrent removal of aggregation-induced emission when the systems were tuned toward lower energies. For prompt emission, it is not clear whether the experimental results are best explained by a predominant relaxation toward the lower polariton after excitation or by a direct excimer to polariton transition. However, for the delayed emission case, trap states are formed on the initially formed triplet manifold, making it evident that an excimer-to-polariton transition has occurred. These results unveil the possibility to control the trap state population by creating a strongly coupled system, which may form a mitigation strategy to counteract detrimental trap states in photonic applications.
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7
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Hancock AC, Goerigk L. Noncovalently bound excited-state dimers: a perspective on current time-dependent density functional theory approaches applied to aromatic excimer models. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13014-13034. [PMID: 35520129 PMCID: PMC9062889 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Excimers are supramolecular systems whose binding strength is influenced by many factors that are ongoing challenges for computational methods, such as charge transfer, exciton coupling, and London dispersion interactions. Treating the various intricacies of excimer binding at an adequate level is expected to be particularly challenging for Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methods. In addition to well-known limitations for some TD-DFT methods in the description of charge transfer or exciton coupling, the inherent London dispersion problem from ground-state DFT translates to TD-DFT. While techniques to appropriately treat dispersion in DFT are well-developed for electronic ground states, these dispersion corrections remain largely untested for excited states. Herein, we aim to shed light on current TD-DFT methods, including some of the newest developments. The binding of four model excimers is studied across nine density functionals with and without the application of additive dispersion corrections against a wave function reference of SCS-CC2/CBS(3,4) quality, which approximates select CCSDR(3)/CBS data adequately. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents single-reference wave function dissociation curves at the complete basis set level for the assessed model systems. It is also the first time range-separated double-hybrid density functionals are applied to excimers. In fact, those functionals turn out to be the most promising for the description of excimer binding followed by global double hybrids. Range-separated and global hybrids-particularly with large fractions of Fock exchange-are outperformed by double hybrids and yield worse dissociation energies and inter-molecular equilibrium distances. The deviation between each assessed functional and reference increases with system size, most likely due to missing dispersion interactions. Additive dispersion corrections of the DFT-D3(BJ) and DFT-D4 types reduce the average errors for TD-DFT methods but do so inconsistently and therefore do not offer a black-box solution in their ground-state parametrised form. The lack of appropriate description of dispersion effects for TD-DFT methods is likely hindering the practical application of the herein identified more efficient methods. Dispersion corrections parametrised for excited states appear to be an important next step to improve the applicability of TD-DFT methods and we hope that our work assists with the future development of such corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Hancock
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-3-8344-6784
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-3-8344-6784
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8
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Carrod AJ, Cravcenco A, Ye C, Börjesson K. Modulating TTA efficiency through control of high energy triplet states. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4923-4928. [PMID: 35433005 PMCID: PMC8944256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ideal annihilator in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can achieve a maximum of 50% quantum efficiency. This spin statistical limit depends on the energies of the triplet states of the annihilator molecule, with only 20% quantum efficiencies possible in less-optimal energy configurations (E T2 ≤ 2E T1 ). Our work utilises three perylene analogues substituted with phenyl in sequential positions. When substituted in the bay position the isomer displays drastically lowered upconversion yields, which can be explained by the system going from an ideal to less-ideal energy configuration. We further concluded position 2 is the best site when functionalising perylene without a wish to affect its photophysics, thus demonstrating how molecular design can influence upconversion quantum efficiencies by controlling the energetics of triplet states through substitution. This will in turn help in the design of molecules that maximise upconversion efficiencies for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carrod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
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9
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Kiseleva N, Filatov MA, Fischer JC, Kaiser M, Jakoby M, Busko D, Howard IA, Richards BS, Turshatov A. BODIPY-pyrene donor-acceptor sensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion: the impact of the BODIPY-core on upconversion efficiency. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3568-3578. [PMID: 35084007 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an important type of optical process with applications in biophotonics, solar energy harvesting and photochemistry. In most of the TTA-UC systems, the formation of triplet excited states takes place via spin-orbital interactions promoted by heavy atoms. Given the crucial role of heavy atoms (especially noble metals, such as Pd and Pt) in promoting intersystem crossing (ISC) and, therefore, in production of UC luminescence, the feasibility of using more readily available and inexpensive sensitizers without heavy atoms remains a challenge. Here, we investigated sensitization of TTA-UC using BODIPY-pyrene heavy-atom-free donor-acceptor dyads with different numbers of alkyl groups in the BODIPY scaffold. The molecules with four and six alkyl groups are unable to sensitize TTA-UC in the investigated solvents (tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (DCM)) due to negligible ISC. In contrast, the dyad with two methyl groups in the BODIPY scaffold and the dyad with unsubstituted BODIPY demonstrate efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) of 49-58%, resulting in TTA-UC with quantum yields of 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The analysis of the elementary steps of the TTA-UC process indicates that heavy-atom-free donor-acceptor dyads are less effective than their noble metal counterparts, but may equal them in the future if the right combination of solvent, donor-acceptor sensitizer structure, and new luminescent molecules as TTA-UC emitters can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kiseleva
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Jan C Fischer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Milian Kaiser
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Marius Jakoby
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany. .,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany. .,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
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10
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Schmid L, Glaser F, Schaer R, Wenger OS. High Triplet Energy Iridium(III) Isocyanoborato Complex for Photochemical Upconversion, Photoredox and Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:963-976. [PMID: 34985882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes are often chosen as catalysts for challenging photoredox and triplet-triplet-energy-transfer (TTET) catalyzed reactions, and they are of interest for upconversion into the ultraviolet spectral range. However, the triplet energies of commonly employed Ir(III) photosensitizers are typically limited to values around 2.5-2.75 eV. Here, we report on a new Ir(III) luminophore, with an unusually high triplet energy near 3.0 eV owing to the modification of a previously reported Ir(III) complex with isocyanoborato ligands. Compared to a nonborylated cyanido precursor complex, the introduction of B(C6F5)3 units in the second coordination sphere results in substantially improved photophysical properties, in particular a high luminescence quantum yield (0.87) and a long excited-state lifetime (13.0 μs), in addition to the high triplet energy. These favorable properties (including good long-term photostability) facilitate exceptionally challenging organic triplet photoreactions and (sensitized) triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion to a fluorescent singlet excited state beyond 4 eV, unusually deep in the ultraviolet region. The new Ir(III) complex photocatalyzes a sigmatropic shift and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions that are unattainable with common transition metal-based photosensitizers. In the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, it furthermore is applicable to demanding photoreductions, including dehalogenations, detosylations, and the degradation of a lignin model substrate. Our study demonstrates how rational ligand design of transition-metal complexes (including underexplored second coordination sphere effects) can be used to enhance their photophysical properties and thereby broaden their application potential in solar energy conversion and synthetic photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Schaer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Wei Y, Li Y, Li Z, Xu X, Cao X, Zhou X, Yang C. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Solution and Hydrogel Enabled by an S-T Absorption Os(II) Complex Dyad with an Elongated Triplet Lifetime. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19001-19008. [PMID: 34886665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new Os(II) complex dyad featuring direct singlet-to-triplet (S-T) absorption and intramolecular triplet energy transfer (ITET) with lifetime up to 7.0 μs was designed to enhance triplet energy transfer efficiency during triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). By pairing with 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) as a triplet acceptor, intense upconverted green emission in deaerated solution was observed with unprecedented TTA-UC emission efficiency up to 26.3% (with a theoretical maximum efficiency of 100%) under photoexcitation in the first biological transparency window (650-900 nm). Meanwhile, a 7.1% TTA-UC emission efficiency was acquired in an air-saturated hydrogel containing the photosensitizer and a newly designed hydrophilic BPEA derivative. This ITET mechanism would inspire further development of a highly efficient TTA-UC system for biological fields and renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinsheng Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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12
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Cravcenco A, Yu Y, Edhborg F, Goebel JF, Takacs Z, Yang Y, Albinsson B, Börjesson K. Exciton Delocalization Counteracts the Energy Gap: A New Pathway toward NIR-Emissive Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19232-19239. [PMID: 34748317 PMCID: PMC8603381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exciton coupling between the transition dipole moments of ordered dyes in supramolecular assemblies, so-called J/H-aggregates, leads to shifted electronic transitions. This can lower the excited state energy, allowing for emission well into the near-infrared regime. However, as we show here, it is not only the excited state energy modifications that J-aggregates can provide. A bay-alkylated quaterrylene was synthesized, which was found to form J-aggregates in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. A combination of superradiance and a decreased nonradiative relaxation rate made the J-aggregate four times more emissive than the monomeric counterpart. A reduced nonradiative relaxation rate is a nonintuitive consequence following the 180 nm (3300 cm-1) red-shift of the J-aggregate in comparison to the monomeric absorption. However, the energy gap law, which is commonly invoked to rationalize increased nonradiative relaxation rates with increasing emission wavelength, also contains a reorganization energy term. The reorganization energy is highly suppressed in J-aggregates due to exciton delocalization, and the framework of the energy gap law could therefore reproduce our experimental observations. J-Aggregates can thus circumvent the common belief that lowering the excited state energies results in large nonradiative relaxation rates and are thus a pathway toward highly emissive organic dyes in the NIR regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Goebel
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zoltan Takacs
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 5C, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Richards BS, Hudry D, Busko D, Turshatov A, Howard IA. Photon Upconversion for Photovoltaics and Photocatalysis: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9165-9195. [PMID: 34327987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Opportunities for enhancing solar energy harvesting using photon upconversion are reviewed. The increasing prominence of bifacial solar cells is an enabling factor for the implementation of upconversion, however, when the realistic constraints of current best-performing silicon devices are considered, many challenges remain before silicon photovoltaics operating under nonconcentrated sunlight can be enhanced via lanthanide-based upconversion. A photophysical model reveals that >1-2 orders of magnitude increase in the intermediate state lifetime, energy transfer rate, or generation rate would be needed before such solar upconversion could start to become efficient. Methods to increase the generation rate such as the use of cosensitizers to expand the absorption range and the use of plasmonics or photonic structures are reviewed. The opportunities and challenges for these approaches (or combinations thereof) to achieve efficient solar upconversion are discussed. The opportunity for enhancing the performance of technologies such as luminescent solar concentrators by combining upconversion together with micro-optics is also reviewed. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion is progressing steadily toward being relevant to lower-bandgap solar cells. Looking toward photocatalysis, photophysical modeling indicates that current blue-to-ultraviolet lanthanide upconversion systems are very inefficient. However, hope remains in this direction for organic upconversion enhancing the performance of visible-light-active photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Damien Hudry
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Sensitization-initiated electron transfer via upconversion: mechanism and photocatalytic applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9922-9933. [PMID: 34349964 PMCID: PMC8317647 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization-initiated electron transfer (SenI-ET) describes a recently discovered photoredox strategy that relies on two consecutive light absorption events, triggering a sequence of energy and electron transfer steps. The cumulative energy input from two visible photons gives access to thermodynamically demanding reactions, which would be unattainable by single excitation with visible light. For this reason, SenI-ET has become a very useful strategy in synthetic photochemistry, but the mechanism has been difficult to clarify due to its complexity. We demonstrate that SenI-ET can operate via sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and we provide the first direct spectroscopic evidence for the catalytically active species. In our system comprised of fac-[Ir(ppy)3] as a light absorber, 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene as an annihilator, and N,N-dimethylaniline as a sacrificial reductant, all photochemical reaction steps proceed with remarkable rates and efficiencies, and this system is furthermore suitable for photocatalytic aryl dehalogenations, pinacol couplings and detosylation reactions. The insights presented here are relevant for the further rational development of photoredox processes based on multi-photon excitation, and they could have important implications in the greater contexts of synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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15
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Hultmark S, Cravcenco A, Kushwaha K, Mallick S, Erhart P, Börjesson K, Müller C. Vitrification of octonary perylene mixtures with ultralow fragility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabi4659. [PMID: 34272241 PMCID: PMC8284888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong glass formers with a low fragility are highly sought-after because of the technological importance of vitrification. In the case of organic molecules and polymers, the lowest fragility values have been reported for single-component materials. Here, we establish that mixing of organic molecules can result in a marked reduction in fragility. Individual bay-substituted perylene derivatives display a high fragility of more than 70. Instead, slowly cooled perylene mixtures with more than three components undergo a liquid-liquid transition and turn into a strong glass former. Octonary perylene mixtures display a fragility of 13 ± 2, which not only is a record low value for organic molecules but also lies below values reported for the strongest known inorganic glass formers. Our work opens an avenue for the design of ultrastrong organic glass formers, which can be anticipated to find use in pharmaceutical science and organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alex Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mallick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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16
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Ye C, Mallick S, Hertzog M, Kowalewski M, Börjesson K. Direct Transition from Triplet Excitons to Hybrid Light-Matter States via Triplet-Triplet Annihilation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7501-7508. [PMID: 33973463 PMCID: PMC8154526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Strong light–matter
coupling generates hybrid states that
inherit properties of both light and matter, effectively allowing
the modification of the molecular potential energy landscape. This
phenomenon opens up a plethora of options for manipulating the properties
of molecules, with a broad range of applications in photochemistry
and photophysics. In this article, we use strong light–matter
coupling to transform an endothermic triplet–triplet annihilation
process into an exothermic one. The resulting gradual on–off
photon upconversion experiment demonstrates a direct conversion between
molecular states and hybrid light–matter states. Our study
provides a direct evidence that energy can relax from nonresonant
low energy molecular states directly into hybrid light–matter
states and lays the groundwork for tunable photon upconversion systems
that modify molecular properties in situ by optical cavities rather
than with chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mallick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manuel Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Niihori Y, Wada Y, Mitsui M. Single Platinum Atom Doping to Silver Clusters Enables Near‐Infrared‐to‐Blue Photon Upconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2822-2827. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Wada
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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18
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Niihori Y, Wada Y, Mitsui M. Single Platinum Atom Doping to Silver Clusters Enables Near‐Infrared‐to‐Blue Photon Upconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Wada
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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19
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Schäfer C, Mony J, Olsson T, Börjesson K. Entropic Mixing Allows Monomeric-Like Absorption in Neat BODIPY Films. Chemistry 2020; 26:14295-14299. [PMID: 32809249 PMCID: PMC7702096 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions play a crucial role in materials chemistry because they govern thin film morphology. The photophysical properties of films of organic dyes are highly sensitive to the local environment, and a considerable effort has therefore been dedicated to engineering the morphology of organic thin films. Solubilizing side chains can successfully spatially separate chromophores, reducing detrimental intermolecular interactions. However, this strategy is also significantly decreasing achievable dye concentration. Here, five BODIPY derivatives containing small alkyl chains in the α-position were synthesized and photophysically characterized. By blending two or more derivatives, the increase in entropy reduces aggregation and therefore produces films with extreme dye concentration and, at the same time almost solution like absorption properties. Such a film was placed inside an optical cavity and the achieved system was demonstrated to reach the strong exciton-photon coupling regime by virtue of the achieved dye concentration and sharp absorption features of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Thomas Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
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