1
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Benchimol E, Ebbert KE, Walther A, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Ligand Conformation Controls Assembly of a Helicate/Mesocate, Heteroleptic [Pd 2L 2L' 2] Cages and a Six-Jagged [Pd 6L 12] Ring. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401850. [PMID: 38853595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molecular building blocks, capable of adopting several strongly deviating conformations, are of particular interest in the development of stimuli-responsive self-assemblies. The pronounced structural flexibility of a short acridone-based bridging ligand, equipped with two monodentate isoquinoline donors, is herein exploited to assemble a surprisingly diverse series of coordination-driven Pd(II) architectures. First, it can form a highly twisted Pd2L4 helicate, transformable into the corresponding mesocate, controlled by temperature, counter anion and choice of solvent. Second, it also allows the formation of heteroleptic cages, either from a mix of ligands with Pd(II) cations or by cage-to-cage transformation from homoleptic assemblies. Here, the acridone-based ligand tolerates counter ligands that carry their donors either in a diverging or converging arrangement, as it can rotate its own coordination sites by 90° and structurally adapt to both situations via shape complementarity. Third, by a near 180° rotation of only one of its arms, the ligand can adopt an S-shape conformation and form an unprecedented C6h-symmetric Pd6L12 saw-toothed six-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristina E Ebbert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandre Walther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Zhang B, Lee H, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Shape-Complementary Multicomponent Assembly of Low-Symmetry Co(III)Salphen-Based Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404682. [PMID: 38573026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
While metal-mediated self-assembly is a popular technique to construct discrete nanosized objects, highly symmetric structures, built from one type of ligand at a time, are dominating reported systems. The tailored integration of a set of different ligands requires sophisticated approaches to avoid narcissistic separation or formation of statistical mixtures. Here, we demonstrate how the combination of three structure-guiding effects (metal-templated macrocyclization, additional bridging ligands and shape-complementarity) based on Co(III)salphen metal nodes allows for a rational and high-yielding synthesis of structurally complex, lantern-shaped cages with up to four differentiable bridges. Three new heteroleptic coordination cages based on dinuclear Co(III)salphen macrocycles were synthesized in a one-pot reaction approach and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray analyses. One cage groups two of the same ligands, another two different ligands around a symmetric Co2-bis-salphen ring. In the most complex structure, this ring is unsymmetric, rendering all four connections between the two metal centers distinguishable. While heteroleptic assembly around Pd(II) nodes has been shown to be dynamic, beneficial for cage-to-cage transformations, assembly cascades and adaptive systems, the herein introduced cages based on kinetically more inert Co(III)salphen will be advantageous for applications in enzyme-like catalysis and molecular machinery that require enhanced structural and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Walker SE, Chant W, Thoonen S, Tuck KL, Turner DR. Stabilization of Lantern-Type Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs) by Protective Control of Ligand Exchange Rates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400072. [PMID: 38366309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembling systems in nature display remarkable complexity with assemblies of different sub-units to generate functional species. Synthetic analogues of such systems are a challenge, often requiring the ability to bias distributions that are under thermodynamic assembly control. Using lantern-type MOCs (metal-organic cages) as a prototypical self-assembling system, herein we explore the role that steric bulk plays in controlling the exchange rate of ligands in paddlewheel-based assemblies, and thus the stability of cages, in competitive self-assembling scenarios. The effective lifetime of the lantern-type MOCs varies over an order of magnitude depending on the steric bulk proximal to the metal nodes with lifetimes of the cages ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. The bulk of the coordinating solvents likewise reduces the rate of ligand exchange, and thus yields longer-lived species. Understanding this subtle effect has implications for controlling the stability of complex assemblies in competitive environments with implications for guest release and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Walker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - William Chant
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shannon Thoonen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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4
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Wu K, Benchimol E, Baksi A, Clever GH. Non-statistical assembly of multicomponent [Pd 2ABCD] cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:584-591. [PMID: 38243023 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled hosts, inspired by biological receptors and catalysts, show application potential in sustainable synthesis, energy conversion and medicine. Implementing multiple functionalities in the form of distinguishable building blocks, however, is difficult without risking narcissistic self-sorting or a statistical mess. Here we report a systematic series of integratively self-assembled heteroleptic cages in which two square-planar PdII cations are bridged by four different bis-pyridyl ligands, A, B, C and D, via synergistic effects to exclusively form a single isomer-the lantern-shaped cage [Pd2ABCD]. This self-sorting goal-forming just one out of 55 possible structures-is reached under full thermodynamic control and can be realized progressively (by combining progenitors, such as [Pd2A2C2] with [Pd2B2D2]), directly from ligands and PdII cations or by mixing all four corresponding homoleptic cages. The rational design of complex multicomponent assemblies that enables the modular incorporation of diverse chemical moieties will advance their applicability in functional nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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5
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Benchimol E, Regeni I, Zhang B, Kabiri M, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Heteromeric Completive Self-Sorting in Coordination Cage Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6905-6911. [PMID: 38423558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic coordination cages, nonstatistically assembled from a set of matching ligands, can be obtained by mixing individual components or via cage-to-cage transformations from homoleptic precursors. Based on the latter approach, we here describe a new level of self-sorting in coordination cage systems, namely, 'heteromeric completive self-sorting'. Here, two heteroleptic assemblies of type Pd2A2B2 and Pd2A2C2, sharing one common ligand component A but differing in the other, are shown to coexist in solution. This level of self-sorting can be reached either from a statistical mixture of assemblies based on some ligands B and C or, alternatively, following a first step of integrative self-sorting giving a distinct Pd2B2C2 intermediate. While subtle enthalpic factors dictate the outcome of the self-sorting, we found that it is controllable. From a unique set of three ligands, we demonstrate the transition from strict integrative self-sorting forming a Pd2AB2C cage to heteromeric completive self-sorting to give Pd2A2B2 and Pd2A2C2 by variation of the ligand ratio. Cage-to-cage transformations were followed by NMR and MS experiments. Single crystal X-ray structures for three new heteroleptic cages were obtained, impressively highlighting the versatility of ligand A to either form a π-stacked trans-figure-of-eight arrangement in Pd2A2B2 or occupy two cis-edges in Pd2A2C2 or only a single edge in Pd2AB2C. This study paves the way toward the control of heteroleptic cage populations in a systems chemistry context with emerging features such as chemical information processing, adaptive guest selectivity, or stimuli-responsive catalytic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Irene Regeni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Michele Kabiri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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6
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Davies JA, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Triamine and Tetramine Edge-Length Matching Drives Heteroleptic Triangular and Tetragonal Prism Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5215-5223. [PMID: 38349121 PMCID: PMC10910536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic capsules, which incorporate more than one type of ligand, can provide enclosed, anisotropic interior cavities for binding low-symmetry molecules of biological and industrial importance. However, the selective self-assembly of a single mixed-ligand architecture, as opposed to the numerous other possible self-assembly outcomes, remains a challenge. Here, we develop a design strategy for the subcomponent self-assembly of heteroleptic metal-organic architectures with anisotropic internal void spaces. Zn6Tet3Tri2 triangular prismatic and Zn8Tet2Tet'4 tetragonal prismatic architectures were prepared through careful matching of the side lengths of the tritopic (Tri) or tetratopic (Tet, Tet') and panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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7
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Doñagueda Suso B, Wang Z, Kennedy AR, Fletcher AJ, Furukawa S, Craig GA. Improving the gas sorption capacity in lantern-type metal-organic polyhedra by a scrambled cage method. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2857-2866. [PMID: 38404369 PMCID: PMC10882442 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a well-known method for increasing the complexity of porous frameworks. In these materials, the structural differences of the ligands used in the synthesis are sufficiently subtle that they can each occupy the same site in the framework. However, multivariate or ligand scrambling approaches are rarely used in the synthesis of porous metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) - the molecular equivalent of MOFs - despite the potential to retain a unique intrinsic pore from the individual cage while varying the extrinsic porosity of the material. Herein we directly synthesise scrambled cages across two families of lantern-type MOPs and find contrasting effects on their gas sorption properties. In one family, the scrambling approach sees a gradual increase in the BET surface area with the maximum and minimum uptakes associated with the two pure homoleptic cages. In the other, the scrambled materials display improved surface areas with respect to both of the original, homoleptic cages. Through analysis of the gas sorption isotherms, we attribute this effect to the balance of micro- and mesoporosity within the materials, which varies as a result of the scrambling approach. The gas uptake of the materials presented here underscores the tunability of cages that springs from their combination of intrinsic, extrinsic, micro- and meso-porosities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Ashleigh J Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XJ UK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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8
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Williams OHL, Rusli O, Ezzedinloo L, Dodgen TM, Clegg JK, Rijs NJ. Automated Structural Activity Screening of β-Diketonate Assemblies with High-Throughput Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313892. [PMID: 38012094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Embracing complexity in design, metallo-supramolecular self-assembly presents an opportunity for fabricating materials of economic significance. The array of accessible supramolecules is alluring, along with favourable energy requirements. Implementation is hampered by an inability to efficiently characterise complex mixtures. The stoichiometry, size, shape, guest binding properties and reactivity of individual components and combinations thereof are inherently challenging to resolve. A large combinatorial library of four transition metals (Fe, Cu, Ni and Zn), and six β-diketonate ligands at different molar ratios and pH was robotically prepared and directly analysed over multiple timepoints with electrospray ionisation travelling wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry. The dataset was parsed for self-assembling activity without first attempting to structurally assign individual species. Self-assembling systems were readily categorised without manual data-handling, allowing efficient screening of self-assembly activity. This workflow clarifies solution phase supramolecular assembly processes without manual, bottom-up processing. The complex behaviour of the self-assembling systems was reduced to simpler qualities, which could be automatically processed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Rusli
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lida Ezzedinloo
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tyren M Dodgen
- Waters Corporation Australia, Rydalmere, NSW, 2116, Australia
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole J Rijs
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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9
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Stares DL, Mozaceanu C, Ward MD, Schalley CA. Binding modes of high stoichiometry guest complexes with a Co 8L 12 cage uncovered by mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11811-11814. [PMID: 37721711 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how different modes of guest binding with a Co8L12 cubic cage can be determined using ESI-MS. High stoichiometry guest binding was observed, with the guests preferentially binding externally, but internal guest inclusion was also seen at higher guest loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Stares
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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10
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Li M, Shi YQ, Gan X, Su L, Liang J, Wu H, You Y, Che M, Su P, Wu T, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Yao LY, Wang P, Xie TZ. Coordination-Driven Tetragonal Prismatic Cage and the Investigation on Host-Guest Complexation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4393-4398. [PMID: 36892430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A coordination-driven host has been reported to encapsulate guests by noncovalent interactions. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a new type of prism combining porphyrin and terpyridine moieties with a long cavity. The prism host can contain bisite or monosite guests through axial coordination binding of porphyrin and aromatic π interactions of terpyridine. The ligands and prismatic complexes were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), TWIM-MS, NMR spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The guest encapsulation was investigated through ESI-MS, NMR spectrometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy analysis. The binding constant and stability were determined by UV-Vis spectrometry and gradient tandem MS (gMS2) techniques. Based on the prism, a selectively confined condensation reaction was also performed and detected by NMR spectrometry. This study provides a new type of porphyrin- and terpyridine-based host that could be used for the detection of pyridyl- and amine-contained molecules and confined catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Qi Shi
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinye Gan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Longbin Su
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialin Liang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huiqi Wu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiting You
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meizi Che
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiyang Su
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tun Wu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liao-Yuan Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting-Zheng Xie
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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11
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Tessarolo J, Benchimol E, Jouaiti A, Hosseini MW, Clever GH. Modular enhancement of circularly polarized luminescence in Pd 2A 2B 2 heteroleptic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3467-3470. [PMID: 36876714 PMCID: PMC10019126 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-mediated assembly allows us to combine an achiral emissive ligand A with different chiral ligands (such as B) in a non-statistical fashion, obtaining Pd2A2B2 heteroleptic cages showing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). By using the 'shape complementary assembly' (SCA) strategy, the cages are exclusively obtained as cis-Pd2A2B2 stereoisomers, as confirmed by NMR, MS and DFT analyses. Their unique chiroptical properties derive from the synergy of all the building blocks. Ligand B imparts the chiral information of its aliphatic backbone, comprising two stereogenic sp3 carbon centres, to the overall structure, causing CD and CPL signal induction for the chromophore on ligand A. The heteroleptic cage shows CPL with a |glum| value of 2.5 × 10-3, which is 3-times higher than that for a progenitor based on aromatic helical building block H, thus opening a rational route towards optimizing the CPL properties of self-assembled nanostructures in a modular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
| | - Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
| | - Abdelaziz Jouaiti
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR Unistra-CNRS 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mir Wais Hosseini
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR Unistra-CNRS 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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12
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Bloch WM, Horiuchi S, Holstein JJ, Drechsler C, Wuttke A, Hiller W, Mata RA, Clever GH. Maximized axial helicity in a Pd 2L 4 cage: inverse guest size-dependent compression and mesocate isomerism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1524-1531. [PMID: 36794203 PMCID: PMC9906678 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicity is an archetypal structural motif of many biological systems and provides a basis for molecular recognition in DNA. Whilst artificial supramolecular hosts are often helical, the relationship between helicity and guest encapsulation is not well understood. We report a detailed study on a significantly coiled-up Pd2L4 metallohelicate with an unusually wide azimuthal angle (∼176°). Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry and isothermal titration calorimetry we show that the coiled-up cage exhibits extremely tight anion binding (K of up to 106 M-1) by virtue of a pronounced oblate/prolate cavity expansion, whereby the Pd-Pd separation decreases for mono-anionic guests of increasing size. Electronic structure calculations point toward strong dispersion forces contributing to these host-guest interactions. In the absence of a suitable guest, the helical cage exists in equilibrium with a well-defined mesocate isomer that possesses a distinct cavity environment afforded by a doubled Pd-Pd separation distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany,Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia 5042Australia
| | - Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany .,Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Axel Wuttke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University GöttingenTammannstraße 637077 GöttingenGermany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University GöttingenTammannstraße 637077 GöttingenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany
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13
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Platzek A, Juber S, Yurtseven C, Hasegawa S, Schneider L, Drechsler C, Ebbert KE, Rudolf R, Yan Q, Holstein JJ, Schäfer LV, Clever GH. Endohedrally Functionalized Heteroleptic Coordination Cages for Phosphate Ester Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209305. [PMID: 36074340 PMCID: PMC9828229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallosupramolecular hosts of nanoscopic dimensions, which are able to serve as selective receptors and catalysts, are usually composed of only one type of organic ligand, restricting diversity in terms of cavity shape and functional group decoration. We report a series of heteroleptic [Pd2 A2 B2 ] coordination cages that self-assemble from a library of shape complementary bis-monodentate ligands in a non-statistical fashion. Ligands A feature an inward pointing NH function, able to engage in hydrogen bonding and amenable to being functionalized with amide and alkyl substituents. Ligands B comprise tricyclic aromatic backbones of different shape and electronic situation. The obtained heteroleptic coordination cages were investigated for their ability to bind phosphate diesters as guests. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit solvent were conducted to understand the mechanistic relationships behind the experimentally determined guest affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Platzek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Selina Juber
- Theoretical ChemistryRuhr University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Cem Yurtseven
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Shota Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kristina E. Ebbert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Robin Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Qian‐Qian Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Theoretical ChemistryRuhr University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
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14
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15
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Wu K, Tessarolo J, Baksi A, Clever GH. Guest‐Modulated Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Ligand‐to‐Ligand Chirality Transfer in Heteroleptic Pd
II
Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205725. [PMID: 35616285 PMCID: PMC9544203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent metallo‐supramolecular assembly allows the rational combination of different building blocks. Discrete multifunctional hosts with an accessible cavity can be prepared in a non‐statistical fashion. We employ our shape‐complementary assembly (SCA) method to achieve for the first time integrative self‐sorting of heteroleptic PdII cages showing guest‐tunable circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). An enantiopure helicene‐based ligand (M or P configuration) is coupled with a non‐chiral emissive fluorenone‐based ligand (A or B) to form a series of Pd2L2L′2 assemblies. The modular strategy allows to impart the chiral information of the helicenes to the overall supramolecular system, resulting in CPL from the non‐chiral component. Guest binding results in a 4‐fold increase of CPL intensity. The principle offers potential to generate libraries of multifunctional materials with applications in molecular recognition, enantioselective photo‐redox catalysis and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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16
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Wu K, Tessarolo J, Baksi A, Clever GH. Guest‐modulated Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Ligand‐to‐Ligand Chirality Transfer in Heteroleptic Pd(II) Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemistry and Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemistry and Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Ananya Baksi
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemistry and Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Guido H. Clever
- TU Dortmund University Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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17
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McConnell AJ. Metallosupramolecular cages: from design principles and characterisation techniques to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2957-2971. [PMID: 35356956 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although metallosupramolecular cages are self-assembled from seemingly simple building blocks, metal ions and organic ligands, architectures of increasingly large size and complexity are accessible and exploited in applications from catalysis to the stabilisation of reactive species. This Tutorial Review gives an introduction to the principles for designing metallosupramolecular cages and highlights advances in the design of large and lower symmetry cages. The characterisation and identification of cages relies on a number of complementary techniques with NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography and computational methods being the focus of this review. Finally, examples of cages are discussed where these design principles and characterisation techniques are put into practice for an application or function of the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J McConnell
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany.
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18
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Vicent C, Martinez‐Agramunt V, Gandhi V, Larriba‐Andaluz C, Gusev DG, Peris E. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Uncovers Guest‐Induced Distortions in a Supramolecular Organometallic Metallosquare. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vicent
- Servei Central d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC) Universitat Jaume I Avda. Sos Baynat s/n 12006 Castellón Spain
| | - Victor Martinez‐Agramunt
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Viraj Gandhi
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering IUPUI Indianapolis IN 46206 USA
| | | | - Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Wilfrid Laurier University 75 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Universitat Jaume I Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering IUPUI Indianapolis IN 46206 USA
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19
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Vicent C, Martinez‐Agramunt V, Gandhi V, Larriba‐Andaluz C, Gusev DG, Peris E. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Uncovers Guest-Induced Distortions in a Supramolecular Organometallic Metallosquare. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15412-15417. [PMID: 33783064 PMCID: PMC8361979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of the tetracationic palladium metallosquare with four pyrene-bis-imidazolylidene ligands [1]4+ with a series of organic molecules was studied by Electrospray ionization Travelling Wave Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry (ESI TWIM-MS). The method allowed to determine the Collision Cross Sections (CCSs), which were used to assess the size changes experienced by the host upon encapsulation of the guest molecules. When fullerenes were used as guests, the host is expanded ΔCCS 13 Å2 and 23 Å2 , for C60 or C70 , respectively. The metallorectangle [1]4+ was also used for the encapsulation of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NTCDI), to form complexes of formula [(NTCDI)2 (PAH)@1]4+ . For these host:guest adducts, the ESI IM-MS studies revealed that [1]4+ is expanded by 47-49 Å2 .. The energy-minimized structures of [1]4+ , [C60 @1]4+ , [C70 @1]4+ , [(NTCDI)2 (corannulene)@1]4+ in the gas phase were obtained by DFT calculations.Introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vicent
- Servei Central d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC)Universitat Jaume IAvda. Sos Baynat s/n12006CastellónSpain
| | - Victor Martinez‐Agramunt
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)Universitat Jaume IAv. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n12071CastellónSpain
| | - Viraj Gandhi
- Department of Mechanical and Energy EngineeringIUPUIIndianapolisIN46206USA
| | | | - Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryWilfrid Laurier University75 University Avenue WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3C5Canada
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)Universitat Jaume IAv. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n12071CastellónSpain
- Department of Mechanical and Energy EngineeringIUPUIIndianapolisIN46206USA
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20
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Lloyd Williams OH, Rijs NJ. Reaction Monitoring and Structural Characterisation of Coordination Driven Self-Assembled Systems by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2021; 9:682743. [PMID: 34169059 PMCID: PMC8217442 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature creates exquisite molecular assemblies, required for the molecular-level functions of life, via self-assembly. Understanding and harnessing these complex processes presents an immense opportunity for the design and fabrication of advanced functional materials. However, the significant industrial potential of self-assembly to fabricate highly functional materials is hampered by a lack of knowledge of critical reaction intermediates, mechanisms, and kinetics. As we move beyond the covalent synthetic regime, into the domain of non-covalent interactions occupied by self-assembly, harnessing and embracing complexity is a must, and non-targeted analyses of dynamic systems are becoming increasingly important. Coordination driven self-assembly is an important subtype of self-assembly that presents several wicked analytical challenges. These challenges are "wicked" due the very complexity desired confounding the analysis of products, intermediates, and pathways, therefore limiting reaction optimisation, tuning, and ultimately, utility. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry solves many of the most challenging analytical problems in separating and analysing the structure of both simple and complex species formed via coordination driven self-assembly. Thus, due to the emerging importance of ion mobility mass spectrometry as an analytical technique tackling complex systems, this review highlights exciting recent applications. These include equilibrium monitoring, structural and dynamic analysis of previously analytically inaccessible complex interlinked structures and the process of self-sorting. The vast and largely untapped potential of ion mobility mass spectrometry to coordination driven self-assembly is yet to be fully realised. Therefore, we also propose where current analytical approaches can be built upon to allow for greater insight into the complexity and structural dynamics involved in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole J. Rijs
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Pullen S, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Increasing structural and functional complexity in self-assembled coordination cages. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7269-7293. [PMID: 34163819 PMCID: PMC8171321 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01226f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in metallo-supramolecular chemistry creates potential to synthesize functional nano systems and intelligent materials of increasing complexity. In the past four decades, metal-mediated self-assembly has produced a wide range of structural motifs such as helicates, grids, links, knots, spheres and cages, with particularly the latter ones catching growing attention, owing to their nano-scale cavities. Assemblies serving as hosts allow application as selective receptors, confined reaction environments and more. Recently, the field has made big steps forward by implementing dedicated functionality, e.g. catalytic centres or photoswitches to allow stimuli control. Besides incorporation in homoleptic systems, composed of one type of ligand, desire arose to include more than one function within the same assembly. Inspiration comes from natural enzymes that congregate, for example, a substrate recognition site, an allosteric regulator element and a reaction centre. Combining several functionalities without creating statistical mixtures, however, requires a toolbox of sophisticated assembly strategies. This review showcases the implementation of function into self-assembled cages and devises strategies to selectively form heteroleptic structures. We discuss first examples resulting from a combination of both principles, namely multicomponent multifunctional host-guest complexes, and their potential in application in areas such as sensing, catalysis, and photo-redox systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Pullen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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22
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Li RJ, Tessarolo J, Lee H, Clever GH. Multi-stimuli Control over Assembly and Guest Binding in Metallo-supramolecular Hosts Based on Dithienylethene Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3865-3873. [PMID: 33673736 PMCID: PMC7975281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
It is difficult to
assemble multi-component metallo-supramolecular
architectures in a non-statistical fashion, which limits their development
toward functional materials. Herein, we report a system of interconverting
bowls and cages that are able to respond to various selective stimuli
(light, ligands, anions), based on the self-assembly of a photochromic
dithienylethene (DTE) ligand, La, with PdII cations. By combining the concept of “coordination
sphere engineering”, relying on bulky quinoline donors, with
reversible photoswitching between the ligand’s open (o-La) and closed (c-La) forms, a [Pd2(o-La)4] cage (o-C) and a [Pd2(c-La)3] bowl (c-B) were obtained,
respectively. This structural rearrangement modulates the system’s
guest uptake capabilities. Among three bis-sulfonate guests (G1, G2, and G3), the cage can encapsulate
only the smallest (G1), while the bowl binds all of them.
Bowl c-B was further used to synthesize
a series of heteroleptic cages, [Pd2LA3LB], representing a motif never reported before. Additional
ligands (Lc-f), with short
or long arms, tune the cavity size, thus enabling or preventing guest
uptake. Addition of Br–/Ag+ makes it
possible to change the overall charge, again triggering guest uptake
and release, as well as fourth ligand de-/recomplexation. In combination,
site-selective introduction of functionality and application of external
stimuli lead to an intricate system of hosts with different guest
preferences. A high degree of complexity is achieved through cooperativity
between only a few components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Legrand A, Wang Z, Troyano J, Furukawa S. Directional asymmetry over multiple length scales in reticular porous materials. Chem Sci 2020; 12:18-33. [PMID: 34163581 PMCID: PMC8178947 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature and synthetic materials, asymmetry is a useful tool to create complex and functional systems constructed from a limited number of building blocks. Reticular chemistry has allowed the synthesis of a wide range of discrete and extended structures, from which modularity permits the controlled assembly of their constituents to generate asymmetric configurations of pores or architectures. In this perspective, we present the different strategies to impart directional asymmetry over nano/meso/macroscopic length scales in porous materials and the resulting novel properties and applications. Design strategies for the controlled assembly of discrete and extended reticular materials with asymmetric configurations of pores or architectures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan .,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan .,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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24
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Chen B, Horiuchi S, Holstein JJ, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Tunable Fullerene Affinity of Cages, Bowls and Rings Assembled by Pd II Coordination Sphere Engineering. Chemistry 2019; 25:14921-14927. [PMID: 31529653 PMCID: PMC6899814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
For metal-mediated host compounds, the development of strategies to reduce symmetry and introduce multiple functionalities in a non-statistical way is a challenging task. We show that the introduction of steric stress around the coordination environment of square-planar PdII cations and bis-monodentate nitrogen donor ligands allows to control the size and shape of the assembled product, from [Pd2 L4 ] cages over [Pd2 L3 ] bowl-shaped structures to [Pd2 L2 ] rings. Therefore, banana-shaped ligand backbones were equipped with pyridines, two different quinoline isomers and acridine, the latter three introducing steric congestion through hydrogen substituents on annelated benzene rings. Differing behavior of the four resulting hosts towards the binding of C60 and C70 fullerenes was studied and related to structural differences by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The three cages based on pyridine, 6-quinoline or 3-quinoline donors were found to either bind C60 , C70 or no fullerene at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
- Division of Chemistry and Materials ScienceGraduate School of EngineeringNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machiNagasaki852-8521Japan
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
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