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Su Q, Li Y, Han J, Zhou X, Liu S. Density Functional Theory Calculations on Fluorescence-Enhanced Mechanisms of the Optical Sensor for Zinc Ions, ADPA. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400140. [PMID: 38497816 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine (ADPA) as a specific ion sensor for Zn2+ has been widely applied. Although the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism was proposed previously, its fluorescence-enhanced effect still remains somewhat ambiguous, according to unknown influences of non-radiative energy decay pathways, such as intersystem crossing and internal conversion. Herein, a thorough study using density functional theory has been performed for low-lying electronic states of the ADPA monomer and hydrated ADPA-Zn2+ complex. Based on interfragment charge transfer analyses, we quantitatively calculated the amount of transferred electrons in the monomer and complex, providing solid evidences for the PET mechanism and in line with the conclusion of frontier molecular orbital analyses. Moreover, the ISC process of S1→T2 was confirmed to play a considerable role in the excitation energy relaxation process of the ADPA monomer, but this influence was significantly suppressed in the hydrated ADPA-Zn2+ complex. These results provide additional clues for the design of new metal ion-specific fluorescence probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyan Su
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jia Han
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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2
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Arima D, Hidaka S, Yokomori S, Niihori Y, Negishi Y, Oyaizu R, Yoshinami T, Kobayashi K, Mitsui M. Triplet-Mediator Ligand-Protected Metal Nanocluster Sensitizers for Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38738855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is attracting a great deal of attention as a viable approach to exploit unutilized wavelengths of light in solar-driven devices. Recently, ligand-protected metal nanoclusters have emerged as a compelling platform for serving as triplet sensitizers for TTA-UC. In this study, we developed an atomically precise, triplet-mediator ligand (TL)-protected metal nanocluster, Au2Cu6(S-Adm)6[P(DPA)3]2 (Au2Cu6DPA; S-Adm = 1-adamanthanethiolate, DPA = 9,10-diphenylanthracene). In Au2Cu6DPA, the excitation of the Au2Cu6 core rapidly generates a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state, followed by the formation of the long-lived triplet state (approximately 150 μs) at a DPA site in the TL. By combining Au2Cu6DPA with a DPA annihilator, we achieved a red-to-blue upconversion quantum yield (ΦUCg) of 20.7 ± 0.4% (50% max.) with a low threshold excitation intensity of 36 mW cm-2 at 640 nm. This quantum yield almost reaches the maximum limit achievable using a DPA annihilator and establishes a record-setting value, outperforming previously reported nanocrystal and nanocluster sensitizers. Furthermore, strong upconversion emission based on a pseudo-first-order TTA process was observed under 1 sun illumination, indicating that the Au2Cu6DPA sensitizer holds promise for applications in solar-energy-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebuku road, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shion Hidaka
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebuku road, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - So Yokomori
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebuku road, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Oyaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takumi Yoshinami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebuku road, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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Jin T, Wagner D, Wenger OS. Luminescent and Photoredox-Active Molybdenum(0) Complexes Competitive with Isoelectronic Ruthenium(II) Polypyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314475. [PMID: 37885363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes with chelating polypyridine ligands are among the most frequently investigated compounds in photophysics and photochemistry, owing to their favorable luminescence and photoredox properties. Equally good photoluminescence performance and attractive photocatalytic behavior is now achievable with isoelectronic molybdenum(0) complexes. The zero-valent oxidation state of molybdenum is stabilized by carbonyl or isocyanide ligands, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states analogous to those in ruthenium(II) complexes can be established. Microsecond MLCT excited-state lifetimes and photoluminescence quantum yields up to 0.2 have been achieved in solution at room temperature, and the emission wavelength has become tunable over a large range. The molybdenum(0) complexes are stronger photoreductants than ruthenium(II) polypyridines and can therefore perform more challenging chemical reductions. The triplet nature of their luminescent MLCT states allows sensitization of photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation, to convert low-energy input radiation into higher-energy output fluorescence. This review summarizes the current state of the art concerning luminescent molybdenum(0) complexes and highlights their application potential. Molybdenum is roughly 140 times more abundant and far cheaper than ruthenium, hence this research is relevant in the greater context of finding more sustainable alternatives to using precious and rare transition metals in photophysics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Fan C, Wei X, Wu W, Yang C. Expanding the Anti-Stokes Shift of TTA-UC to 1.04 eV by Chemical Tuning of BODIPY-Based Organic Photosensitizers. Org Lett 2024; 26:950-954. [PMID: 38236085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY-derivatives B-1 ∼ B-5 were synthesized as metal-free photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) with the purpose of finely tuning the excited state properties to reduce the energy loss during intersystem crossing (ISC), and hence to expand the anti-Stokes shift of TTA-UC. It was revealed that B-5 showed a ΔEST of as small as 0.28 eV, thus, providing a large anti-Stokes shift of 1.04 eV in TTA-UC with organic sensitizers. A deep red-blue upconversion emission with UC quantum yields of up to 10.7% (out of a 50% maximum) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Song X, Liu H, Liu S, Li T, Lv L, Cui B, Wang T, Chen W, Chen Y, Li X. Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion of Pyrene Derivatives for Photoredox Catalysis via Molecular Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302520. [PMID: 37877456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has the potential to enhance photoredox catalysis yield. It includes a sensitizer and an annihilator. Efficient and stable annihilators are essential for photoredox catalysis, yet only a few examples are reported. Herein, we designed four novel pyrene annihilators (1, 2, 3 and 4) via introducing aryl-alkynyl groups onto pyrene to systematically modulate their singlet and triplet energies. Coupled with platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), the TTA-UC efficiency is enhanced gradually as the number of aryl-alkynyl group increases. When combining 4 with palladium tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP), we achieved the highest red-to-green upconversion efficiency (22.4±0.3 %) (out of a 50 % maximum) so far. Then, this pair was used to activate photooxidation of aryl boronic acid under red light (630 nm), which achieved a great improved reaction yield compared to that activated by green light directly. The results not only provide a design strategy for efficient annihilators, but also show the advantage of applying TTA-UC into improving the photoredox catalysis yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Boce Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Department of Science, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, 77842, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Kim D, Dang VQ, Teets TS. Improved transition metal photosensitizers to drive advances in photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:77-94. [PMID: 38131090 PMCID: PMC10732135 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To function effectively in a photocatalytic application, a photosensitizer's light absorption, excited-state lifetime, and redox potentials, both in the ground state and excited state, are critically important. The absorption profile is particularly relevant to applications involving solar harvesting, whereas the redox potentials and excited-state lifetimes determine the thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum yields of photoinduced redox processes. This perspective article focuses on synthetic inorganic and organometallic approaches to optimize these three characteristics of transition-metal based photosensitizers. We include our own work in these areas, which has focused extensively on exceptionally strong cyclometalated iridium photoreductants that enable challenging reductive photoredox transformations on organic substrates, and more recent work which has led to improved solar harvesting in charge-transfer copper(i) chromophores, an emerging class of earth-abundant compounds particularly relevant to solar-energy applications. We also extensively highlight many other complementary strategies for optimizing these parameters and highlight representative examples from the recent literature. It remains a significant challenge to simultaneously optimize all three of these parameters at once, since improvements in one often come at the detriment of the others. These inherent trade-offs and approaches to obviate or circumvent them are discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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8
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Wang C, Wegeberg C, Wenger OS. First-Row d 6 Metal Complex Enables Photon Upconversion and Initiates Blue Light-Dependent Polymerization with Red Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311470. [PMID: 37681516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) often rely on precious heavy metals, whereas coordination complexes based on abundant first-row transition metals are less common. This is mainly because long-lived triplet excited states are more difficult to obtain for 3d metals, particularly when the d-subshell is only partially filled. Here, we report the first example of sTTA-UC based on a 3d6 metal photosensitizer yielding an upconversion performance competitive with precious metal-based analogues. Using a newly developed Cr0 photosensitizer featuring equally good photophysical properties as an OsII benchmark complex in combination with an acetylene-decorated anthracene annihilator, red-to-blue upconversion is achievable. The upconversion efficiency under optimized conditions is 1.8 %, and the excitation power density threshold to reach the strong annihilation limit is 5.9 W/cm2 . These performance factors, along with high photostability, permit the initiation of acrylamide polymerization by red light, based on radiative energy transfer between delayed annihilator fluorescence and a blue light absorbing photo-initiator. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for photon upconversion with elusive first-row analogues of widely employed precious d6 metal photosensitizers, and for their application in photochemical reactions triggered by excitation wavelengths close to near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Li Y, Zhang J, Zhu SE, Wei Y, Zhang F, Chen L, Zhou X, Liu S. Efficient Red-to-Blue Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Using the C 70-Bodipy-Triphenylamine Triad as a Heavy-Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizer. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8476-8486. [PMID: 37606596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) with heavy-atom-free organic triplet photosensitizers has attracted extensive attention recently, however, the successful examples with absorption in red and first near-infrared (NIR-I, 650-900 nm) region are still insufficient. Herein, we conducted a new TTA-UC system of perylene using C70-bodipy-triphenylamine triad (C70-BDP-T) as the heavy-atom-free photosensitizer. Efficient red-to-blue (663 to 450 nm) TTA-UC was achieved in this system with an anti-Stokes shift of 0.88 eV and a quantum yield up to 5.2% (out of a 50% maximum) in deaerated toluene. Notably, this is the highest quantum yield to date in similar TTA-UC systems with heavy-atom-free organic photosensitizers. Using steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy, together with cyclic voltammogram and quantum chemical calculations, photophysical and photochemical mechanisms were elucidated. Specifically, two triplet triads, C70-3BDP*-T and 3C70*-BDP-T, were produced efficiently upon photoexcitation, with lifetimes of 2.0 ± 0.1 and 32.2 ± 0.3 μs, respectively. Electron transfer and recombination mechanisms were confirmed to play crucial roles in the formation of these triplets, instead of intersystem crossing. Our results shed light on the superiority of fullerenes in the development of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - San-E Zhu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaxiong Wei
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Honda J, Sugawa K, Tahara H, Otsuki J. Plasmonic Metal Nanostructures Meet Triplet-Triplet Annihilation-Based Photon Upconversion Systems: Performance Improvements and Application Trends. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091559. [PMID: 37177104 PMCID: PMC10181111 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving the performance of upconversion systems based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) can have far-reaching implications for various fields, including solar devices, nano-bioimaging, and nanotherapy. This review focuses on the use of localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance of metal nanostructures to enhance the performance of TTA-UC systems and explores their potential applications. After introducing the basic driving mechanism of TTA-UC and typical sensitizers used in these systems, we discuss recent studies that have utilized new sensitizers with distinct characteristics. Furthermore, we confirm that the enhancement in upconverted emission can be explained, at least in part, by the mechanism of "metal-enhanced fluorescence", which is attributed to LSP resonance-induced fluorescence enhancement. Next, we describe selected experiments that demonstrate the enhancement in upconverted emission in plasmonic TTA-UC systems, as well as the emerging trends in their application. We present specific examples of studies in which the enhancement in upconverted emission has significantly improved the performance of photocatalysts under both sunlight and indoor lighting. Additionally, we discuss the potential for future developments in plasmonic TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotaro Honda
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sugawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Joe Otsuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
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11
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Rosko MC, Espinoza EM, Arteta S, Kromer S, Wheeler JP, Castellano FN. Employing Long-Range Inductive Effects to Modulate Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Photoluminescence in Homoleptic Cu(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3248-3259. [PMID: 36749829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Four Cu(I) bis(phenanthroline) photosensitizers formulated from a new ligand structural motif (Cu1-Cu4) coded according to their 2,9-substituents were synthesized, structurally characterized, and fully evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements as well as electrochemistry. The 2,9-disubstituted-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands feature the following six-membered ring systems prepared through photochemical synthesis: 4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl (1), tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl (2), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl (3), and 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl (4). Universally, these Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophores display excited-state lifetimes on the microsecond time scale at room temperature, including the three longest-lived homoleptic cuprous phenanthroline excited states measured to date in de-aerated CH2Cl2, τ = 2.5-4.3 μs. This series of molecules also feature high PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 5.3-12% in CH2Cl2). Temperature-dependent PL lifetime experiments confirmed that all these molecules exhibit reverse intersystem crossing and display thermally activated delayed PL from a 1MLCT excited state lying slightly above the 3MLCT state, 1050-1490 cm-1. Ultrafast and conventional transient absorption measurements confirmed that the PL originates from the MLCT excited state, which remains sterically arrested, preventing an excessive flattening distortion even when dissolved in Lewis basic CH3CN. Combined PL and electrochemical data provided evidence that Cu1-Cu4 are highly potent photoreductants (Eox* = -1.73 to -1.62 V vs Fc+/0 in CH3CN), whose potentials are altered solely based on which heteroatoms or substituents are resident on the 2,9-appended ring derivatives. It is proposed that long-range electronic inductive effects are responsible for the systematic modulation observed in the PL spectra, excited-state lifetimes, and the ground state absorption spectra and redox potentials. Cu1-Cu4 quantitatively follow the energy gap law, correlating well with structurally related cuprous phenanthrolines and are also shown to triplet photosensitize the excited states of 9,10-diphenylanthracene with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 1.61 to 2.82 × 108 M-1 s-1. The ability to tailor both photophysical and electrochemical properties using long-range inductive effects imposed by the 2,9-ring platforms advocates new directions for future MLCT chromophore discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Arteta
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Kromer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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12
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Zähringer TJB, Moghtader JA, Bertrams MS, Roy B, Uji M, Yanai N, Kerzig C. Blue-to-UVB Upconversion, Solvent Sensitization and Challenging Bond Activation Enabled by a Benzene-Based Annihilator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215340. [PMID: 36398891 PMCID: PMC10108172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several energy-demanding photoreactions require harsh UV light from inefficient light sources. The conversion of low-energy visible light to high-energy singlet states via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) could offer a solution for driving such reactions under mild conditions. We present the first annihilator with an emission maximum in the UVB region that, combined with an organic sensitizer, is suitable for blue-to-UVB upconversion. The annihilator singlet was successfully employed as an energy donor in subsequent FRET activations of aliphatic carbonyls. This hitherto unreported UC-FRET reaction sequence was directly monitored using laser spectroscopy and applied to mechanistic irradiation experiments demonstrating the feasibility of Norrish chemistry. Our results provide clear evidence for a novel blue light-driven substrate or solvent activation strategy, which is important in the context of developing more sustainable light-to-chemical energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian A Moghtader
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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14
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Cao X, Pan K, Miao J, Lv X, Huang Z, Ni F, Yin X, Wei Y, Yang C. Manipulating Exciton Dynamics toward Simultaneous High-Efficiency Narrowband Electroluminescence and Photon Upconversion by a Selenium-Incorporated Multiresonance Delayed Fluorescence Emitter. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22976-22984. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Xialei Lv
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Zhongyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Fan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yaxiong Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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15
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202238. [PMID: 35344256 PMCID: PMC9322448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) mainly relies on precious metal complexes thanks to their high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies, excited state energies, and lifetimes, while complexes of abundant first-row transition metals are only rarely utilized and with often moderate UC quantum yields. [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ (bpmp=2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) containing earth-abundant chromium possesses an absorption band suitable for green light excitation, a doublet excited state energy matching the triplet energy of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA), a close to millisecond excited state lifetime, and high photostability. Combined ISC and doublet-triplet energy transfer from excited [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ to DPA gives 3 DPA with close-to-unity quantum yield. TTA of 3 DPA furnishes green-to-blue UC with a quantum yield of 12.0 % (close to the theoretical maximum). Sterically less-hindered anthracenes undergo a [4+4] cycloaddition with [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ and green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFree University of BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 1112489BerlinGermany
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16
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Jin T, He S, Zhu Y, Egap E, Lian T. Bright State Sensitized Triplet Energy Transfer from Quantum Dot to Molecular Acceptor Revealed by Temperature Dependent Energy Transfer Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3897-3903. [PMID: 35561343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) sensitized molecular triplet excited state generation has been a promising alternative for traditional triplet state harvesting schemes. However, the correlation between QD bright/dark states and QD sensitized triplet energy transfer (TET) has been unclear. Herein, we studied the bright/dark states contribution to TET with CdSe/CdS core/shell QD-oligothiophene as the model system. Equilibrium between QD bright and dark states was tuned by changing temperature, and TET dynamics were monitored with transient absorption spectroscopy. Analysis of acceptor triplet excited state growth kinetics yields rates of TET from bright and dark states as 0.492 ± 0.011 ns-1 and 0.0271 ± 0.0014 ns-1 at 5 K, suggesting significant contribution of bright states to TET. The result was rationalized by bright state wave function components with the same electron/hole spin projections leading to nonzero TET probability. The study provides new insights into QD sensitized TET mechanisms and inspiration for future TET efficiency optimization through QD exciton engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sheng He
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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17
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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18
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Carrod AJ, Cravcenco A, Ye C, Börjesson K. Modulating TTA efficiency through control of high energy triplet states. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4923-4928. [PMID: 35433005 PMCID: PMC8944256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ideal annihilator in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can achieve a maximum of 50% quantum efficiency. This spin statistical limit depends on the energies of the triplet states of the annihilator molecule, with only 20% quantum efficiencies possible in less-optimal energy configurations (E T2 ≤ 2E T1 ). Our work utilises three perylene analogues substituted with phenyl in sequential positions. When substituted in the bay position the isomer displays drastically lowered upconversion yields, which can be explained by the system going from an ideal to less-ideal energy configuration. We further concluded position 2 is the best site when functionalising perylene without a wish to affect its photophysics, thus demonstrating how molecular design can influence upconversion quantum efficiencies by controlling the energetics of triplet states through substitution. This will in turn help in the design of molecules that maximise upconversion efficiencies for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carrod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
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19
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Sasaki Y, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Osmium Complex-Chromophore Conjugates with Both Singlet-to-Triplet Absorption and Long Triplet Lifetime through Tuning of the Heavy-Atom Effect. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5982-5990. [PMID: 35080875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Os(II) complexes showing singlet-to-triplet absorption are of growing interest as a new class of triplet sensitizers that circumvent energy loss during intersystem crossing, and they enable effective utilization of input photon energy in various applications, such as photoredox catalysis, photodynamic therapy, and photon upconversion. However, triplet excited-state lifetimes of Os(II) complexes are often too short (τ < 1 μs) to transfer their energy to neighboring molecules. While the covalent conjugation of chromophores has been known to extend the net excited-state lifetimes through an intramolecular triplet energy transfer (IMET), heavy-atom effects of the central metals on the attached chromophore units have rarely been discussed. Here, we investigate the relationship between the spin-density contribution of the heavy metals and the net triplet excited-state lifetimes for a series of Os(II) and Ru(II) bis(terpyridine) complexes modified with perylene units. Phosphorescence lifetimes of these compounds strongly depend on the lifetimes of the perylenyl group-localized excited states that are shortened by the heavy-atom effect. The degree of heavy-atom effect can be largely circumvented by introducing meta-phenylene bridges, where the perylene unit retains its intrinsic long excited-state lifetime. The thermal activation to the short-lived excited states is suppressed, thanks to sufficient but still small energy losses during the IMET process. Involvement of the metal center was also confirmed by the prolonged lifetime by replacing Os(II) with Ru(II) that possesses a smaller spin-orbit coupling constant. These results indicate the importance of ligand structures that give a minimum heavy-atom effect as well as the sufficient energy gap among the excited states and fast IMET for elongating the triplet excited-state lifetime without sacrificing the excitation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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20
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Bednářová E, Beck LR, Rovis T, Goldschmid SL, Xie K, Tay NES, Ravetz BD, Li J, Joe CL. Tuning the Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties of Osmium-Based Photoredox Catalysts. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of low-energy deep-red (DR) and near-infrared (NIR) light to excite chromophores enables catalysis to ensue across barriers such as materials and tissues. Herein, we report the detailed photophysical characterization of a library of OsII polypyridyl photosensitizers that absorb low-energy light. By tuning ligand scaffold and electron density, we access a range of synthetically useful excited state energies and redox potentials.1 Introduction1.1 Scope1.2 Measuring Ground-State Redox Potentials1.3 Measuring Photophysical Properties1.4 Synthesis of Osmium Complexes2 Properties of Osmium Complexes2.1 Redox Potentials of Os(L)2-Type Complexes2.2 Redox Potentials of Os(L)3-Type Complexes2.3 UV/Vis Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy3 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Li
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb
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21
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Wei Y, Li Y, Li Z, Xu X, Cao X, Zhou X, Yang C. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Solution and Hydrogel Enabled by an S-T Absorption Os(II) Complex Dyad with an Elongated Triplet Lifetime. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19001-19008. [PMID: 34886665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new Os(II) complex dyad featuring direct singlet-to-triplet (S-T) absorption and intramolecular triplet energy transfer (ITET) with lifetime up to 7.0 μs was designed to enhance triplet energy transfer efficiency during triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). By pairing with 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) as a triplet acceptor, intense upconverted green emission in deaerated solution was observed with unprecedented TTA-UC emission efficiency up to 26.3% (with a theoretical maximum efficiency of 100%) under photoexcitation in the first biological transparency window (650-900 nm). Meanwhile, a 7.1% TTA-UC emission efficiency was acquired in an air-saturated hydrogel containing the photosensitizer and a newly designed hydrophilic BPEA derivative. This ITET mechanism would inspire further development of a highly efficient TTA-UC system for biological fields and renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinsheng Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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22
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Ouyang Q, Wu W, Chen Q. Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Sasaki Y, Amemori S, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Singlet-to-Triplet Absorption for Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Amemori
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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24
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Su W, Yin J, Wang R, Shi M, Liu P, Qin Z, Xing R, Jiao T. Self-assembled natural biomacromolecular fluorescent hydrogels with tunable red edge effects. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Wei Y, Xian H, Lv X, Ni F, Cao X, Yang C. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with reversible emission-tunability induced by chemical-stimuli: a remote modulator for photocontrol isomerization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:606-611. [PMID: 34821277 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has been widely studied, but a color-tunable TTA-UC system triggered by chemical stimuli has not yet been proposed. Herein, reversible acid/base switching of the TTA-UC emission wavelength is achieved for the first time by a simple platform, composed of a direct singlet-triplet (S0-T1) absorption photosensitizer, and proton-responsive 9,10-di(pyridin-4-yl)anthracene (DPyA) as an acceptor. The photosensitizer-acceptor pair exhibits efficient UC emission (quantum yield up to 3.3%, and anti-Stokes shift up to 0.92 eV) with remarkable contrast upon base/acid treatment (Δλem,max = 82 nm, 0.46 eV). In a proof-of-concept study, the color-adjustable TTA-UC emission was applied as a remote modulator to photo-control reversible chemical reactions for the first time. This platform enriches the portfolio of color-switchable TTA-UC, and the mechanism would inspire further development of smart UC systems and extend the application field of upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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26
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Niihori Y, Wada Y, Mitsui M. Single Platinum Atom Doping to Silver Clusters Enables Near‐Infrared‐to‐Blue Photon Upconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2822-2827. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Wada
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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27
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Niihori Y, Wada Y, Mitsui M. Single Platinum Atom Doping to Silver Clusters Enables Near‐Infrared‐to‐Blue Photon Upconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Wada
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Rikkyo University 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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28
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Bilger JB, Kerzig C, Larsen CB, Wenger OS. A Photorobust Mo(0) Complex Mimicking [Os(2,2'-bipyridine) 3] 2+ and Its Application in Red-to-Blue Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1651-1663. [PMID: 33434435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osmium(II) polypyridines are a well-known class of complexes with luminescent metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states that are currently experiencing a revival due to their application potential in organic photoredox catalysis, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and phototherapy. At the same time, there is increased interest in the development of photoactive complexes made from Earth-abundant rather than precious metals. Against this background, we present a homoleptic Mo(0) complex with a new diisocyanide ligand exhibiting different bite angles and a greater extent of π-conjugation than previously reported related chelates. This new design leads to deep red emission, which is unprecedented for homoleptic arylisocyanide complexes of group 6 metals. With a 3MLCT lifetime of 56 ns, an emission band maximum at 720 nm, and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 1.5% in deaerated toluene at room temperature, the photophysical properties are reminiscent of the prototypical [Os(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ complex. Under 635 nm irradiation with a cw-laser, the new Mo(0) complex sensitizes triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), resulting in delayed blue fluorescence with an anti-Stokes shift of 0.93 eV. The photorobustness of the Mo(0) complex and the upconversion quantum yield are high enough to generate a flux of upconverted light that can serve as a sufficiently potent irradiation source for a blue-light-driven photoisomerization reaction. These findings are relevant in the greater contexts of designing new luminophores and photosensitizers for use in red-light-driven photocatalysis, photochemical upconversion, light-harvesting, and phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Bilger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang X, Chen X, Zhao J. Electron spin-controlled charge transfer and the resulting long-lived charge transfer state: from transition metal complexes to organic compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:59-67. [PMID: 33338095 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of long-lived charge transfer (CT) states in electron donor/acceptor dyads upon photoexcitation is crucial for artificial photosynthesis, photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Electron spin control is a novel strategy to prolong the CT state lifetime via generation of the 3CT triplet state, instead of the traditional short-lived 1CT state. This method involves a local triplet excited state (3LE) as the precursor of charge separation (CS), and the electron forbidden feature of the charge recombination (CR) of 3CT → S0vs. the electron spin allowed 1CT → S0 prolongs the CT state lifetime. In this article, we summarized the recent developments and challenges in this emerging fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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Westhuizen D, Conradie J, Eschwege KG. Electrochemistry of Os Bipyridyl and Phenanthroline Complexes, Comparison with Ru and Fe. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deidré Westhuizen
- Department of Chemistry University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry UiT – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø N-9037 Norway
| | - Karel G. Eschwege
- Department of Chemistry University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
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Two new Bodipy-carbazole derivatives as metal-free photosensitizers in photocatalytic oxidation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Chen K, Hussain M, Razi SS, Hou Y, Yildiz EA, Zhao J, Yaglioglu HG, Donato MD. Anthryl-Appended Platinum(II) Schiff Base Complexes: Exceptionally Small Stokes Shift, Triplet Excited States Equilibrium, and Application in Triplet-Triplet-Annihilation Upconversion. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14731-14745. [PMID: 32864961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Two anthryl platinum(II) N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-benzenediamine Schiff base complexes were synthesized, with the anthryl attached via its 9 position (Pt-9An) or 2 position (Pt-2An) to the platinum (Pt) Schiff base backbone. The complexes show unusually small Stokes shifts (0.23 eV), representing a very small energy loss for the photoexcitation/intersystem crossing process, which is beneficial for applications as triplet photosensitizers. Phosphorescence of the Pt(II) coordination framework (ΦP = 11.0%) is quenched in the anthryl-containing complexes (ΦP = 4.0%) and shows a biexponential decay (τP = 3.4 μs/87% and 18.2 μs/13%) compared to the single-exponential decay of the native Pt(II) Schiff base complex (τP = 3.7 μs). Femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy suggests an equilibrium between triplet anthracene (3An) and triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) states, with the dark 3An state slightly lower in energy (1.96 eV for Pt-9An and 1.90 eV for Pt-2An) than the emissive 3MLCT state (1.97 eV for Pt-9An and 1.91 eV for Pt-2An). Intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) and reverse TTET take 4.8 ps/444 ps for Pt-9An and 55 ps/1.7 ns for Pt-2An, respectively. The triplet-state equilibrium extends the triplet-state lifetime of the complexes to 103 μs (Pt-2An) or 163 μs (Pt-9An), in comparison to the native Pt(II) complex, which shows a lifetime of 4.0 μs. The complexes were used for triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion with perylene as the triplet acceptor. The upconversion quantum yield is up to 15%, and a large anti-Stokes shift (0.75 eV) is achieved by excitation into the singlet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer absorption band (589 nm) of the complexes (anti-Stokes shift is 0.92 eV with 9,10-diphenylanthracene as the acceptor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Mushraf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Syed S Razi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Gaya College, Gaya, Constituent Unit of Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar 823001, India
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Bes̨evler, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Bes̨evler, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, via North Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Zhang X, Hou Y, Xiao X, Chen X, Hu M, Geng X, Wang Z, Zhao J. Recent development of the transition metal complexes showing strong absorption of visible light and long-lived triplet excited state: From molecular structure design to photophysical properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Dong Y, Dick B, Zhao J. Twisted Bodipy Derivative as a Heavy-Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizer Showing Strong Absorption of Yellow Light, Intersystem Crossing, and a High-Energy Long-Lived Triplet State. Org Lett 2020; 22:5535-5539. [PMID: 32643941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Pfund B, Steffen DM, Schreier MR, Bertrams MS, Ye C, Börjesson K, Wenger OS, Kerzig C. UV Light Generation and Challenging Photoreactions Enabled by Upconversion in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10468-10476. [PMID: 32412242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (sTTA) is the most promising mechanism for pooling the energy of two visible photons, but its applications in solution were so far limited to organic solvents, with a current maximum of the excited-singlet state energy of 3.6 eV. By combining tailor-made iridium complexes with naphthalenes, we demonstrate blue-light driven upconversion in water with unprecedented singlet-state energies approaching 4 eV. The annihilators have outstanding excited-state reactivities enabling challenging photoreductions driven by sTTA. Specifically, we found that an aryl-bromide bond activation can be achieved with blue photons, and we obtained full conversion for the very energy-demanding decomposition of a persistent ammonium compound as typical water pollutant, not only with a cw laser but also with an LED light source. These results provide the first proof-of-concept for the usage of low-power light sources for challenging reactions employing blue-to-UV upconversion in water and pave the way for the further development of sustainable light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debora M Steffen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam R Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Haruki R, Sasaki Y, Masutani K, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Leaping across the visible range: near-infrared-to-violet photon upconversion employing a silyl-substituted anthracene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7017-7020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The first example of near-infrared (NIR, λ > 700 nm)-to-violet (λ < 450 nm) photon upconversion based on triplet–triplet annihilation is achieved by developing a silyl-substituted anthracene violet emitter with a low triplet energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Haruki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Kouta Masutani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
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37
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Wei Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang S, Zhang B, Zhou X, Liu S. Solvent effects on triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion kinetics of perylene with a Bodipy-phenyl-C 60 photosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26372-26382. [PMID: 33179633 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04230g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effect usually plays an important role in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion processes. In this work, we have studied the TTA upconversion kinetics of perylene with Bodipy-phenyl-C60 as the triplet photosensitizer in five solvents, 1,4-dioxane, dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Although no significant solvent effect was observed in steady-state absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, the overall TTA upconversion quantum yields showed a profound dependence on solvent properties, i.e. 4.9% in 1,4-dioxane, 7.1% in dichlorobenzene, 6.7% in chlorobenzene, 4.6% in toluene, and 2.2% in THF (the maximum of 50%). Each elementary reaction step involved in the overall process was analyzed by applying femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that the fluorescence emission of perylene was more significantly affected by the solvents in contrast to the other steps. Moreover, an extra intramolecular energy-transfer pathway of Bodipy-phenyl-C60 was found via the formation of charge-separated states in dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and THF solvents, once being excited. These conclusions provide valuable clues to choose the most favorable solvent for the higher TTA upconversion efficiency in related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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