1
|
Muhammad I, Cremonini E, Mathieu P, Adamo AM, Oteiza PI. Dietary Anthocyanins Mitigate High-Fat Diet-Induced Hippocampal Inflammation in Mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:2752-2762. [PMID: 39053605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) are associated with intestinal permeabilization and increased paracellular transport of endotoxins, which can promote neuroinflammation. Inflammation can affect the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls responses to stress and downregulates the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can promote anxiety and depression, conditions frequently found in obesity. We previously showed that consumption of anthocyanins (AC) mitigate HFD-induced insulin resistance, intestinal permeability, and inflammation. OBJECTIVES This study investigated if a dietary supplementation with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) could counteract HFD/obesity-induced hippocampal inflammation in mice. METHODS C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 14 wk on one of the following diets: 1) a control diet containing 10% total calories from fat (C), 2) a control diet supplemented with 40 mg AC/kg body weight (BW) (CAC), 3) a HFD containing 60% total calories from fat (lard) (HF), or 4) the HFD supplemented with 2, 20, or 40 mg AC/kg BW (HFA2, HFA20, and HFA40, respectively). In plasma and in the hippocampus, parameters of neuroinflammation and the underlying cause (endotoxemia) and consequences (alterations to the HPA and BDNF downregulation) were measured. RESULTS Consumption of the HFD caused endotoxemia. Accordingly, hippocampal Tlr4 mRNA levels were 110% higher in the HF group, which were both prevented by CDRE supplementation. Consumption of the HFD also caused: 1) microgliosis and increased expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation, that is, Iba-1, Nox4, Tnfα, and Il-1β, 2) alterations of HPA axis regulation, that is, with low expression of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors; and 3) decreased Bdnf expression. Supplementation of HFD-fed mice with CDRE mitigated neuroinflammation, microgliosis, and MR and BDNF decreases. CONCLUSIONS CDRE supplementation mitigates the negative effects associated with HFD consumption and obesity in mouse hippocampus, in part by decreasing inflammation, improving glucocorticoid metabolism, and upregulating BDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imani Muhammad
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patricia Mathieu
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Físicoquimica Biológica (IQUiFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Adamo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Físicoquimica Biológica (IQUiFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen L, Wang L, Cai J, Yang T, Li J, Shu G. Characterization of fermented pomegranate juice: ACE inhibitory activity under in vitro digestion, antioxidant capacity, phenolics composition, chemical properties and sensory evaluation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:981-990. [PMID: 38371677 PMCID: PMC10866828 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Consuming pomegranate juice (PJ) is beneficial for hypertensive regulation because of the phenolic compounds in PJ and their inhibitory activity on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE). To better utilize bioactive function of food, microorganism fermentation has been adopted to alter phenolic metabolism. This study confirms that even under in vitro digestion, fermented PJ (FPJ) maintains higher ACE inhibitory activity than that of PJ. The main phenolic compounds in PJ were compared either under fermentation or in vitro digestion. This study finds that fermentation promotes antioxidant capacity of PJ. The chemical properties of FPJ are evaluated and the corresponding relationship with bioactivities is analyzed. A sensory evaluation comparison is conducted between FPJ and PJ, furnishing interesting information for consumers. This study highlights the relationship between ACE inhibitory activity of PJ and phenolic composition under fermentation and in vitro digestion, providing novel insights for diet regulation of phenolic-rich FPJ in ACE inhibition therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01388-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Linlin Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Cai
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Foreign Language, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guowei Shu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Q, Zhang F, Wang Z, Feng Y, Han Y. Advances in the Preparation, Stability, Metabolism, and Physiological Roles of Anthocyanins: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:3969. [PMID: 37959087 PMCID: PMC10647620 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural flavonoid polyphenolic compounds widely found in fruits and vegetables. They exhibit antioxidant properties and prophylactic effects in the immune and cardiovascular systems, confer protection against cancer, and contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, their incorporation into functional foods, pharmaceuticals, supplements, and cosmetic formulations aims at promoting human well-being. This review comprehensively outlined the structural attributes of anthocyanins, expanding upon diverse methodologies employed for their extraction and production. Additionally, the stability, metabolic pathways, and manifold physiological functions of anthocyanins were discussed. However, their constrained fat solubility, susceptibility to instability, and restricted bioavailability collectively curtail their applicability and therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, a multidimensional approach was imperative, necessitating the exploration of innovative pathways to surmount these limitations, thereby amplifying the utilitarian significance of anthocyanins and furnishing pivotal support for their continual advancement and broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fengzhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yaoze Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yahong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li W, Zhang Y, Deng H, Yuan H, Fan X, Yang H, Tan S. In vitro and in vivo bioaccessibility, antioxidant activity, and color of red radish anthocyanins as influenced by different drying methods. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100633. [PMID: 36968311 PMCID: PMC10034266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects of various drying methods, namely vacuum freeze drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), hot air drying (HAD), sun drying (SD), and air-impingement jet drying (AIJD), on in vitro and in vivo bioaccessibility of red radish anthocyanins. By color parameters, VFD- and AIJD-dried red radish showed redder color to HAD-, SD-, and VD-dried red radish. SEM images of dried red radish showed multiple holes and loose interior structure. Forty-six anthocyanins were identified in red radish. Original, in vitro and in vivo digestive samples from VFD-dried red radish contained more anthocyanins and were more bioaccessibility than fresh and other dried red radishes. In vitro and in vivo research revealed that dried red radish showed weaker and stronger FRAP and ABTS·+ scavenging activities than fresh red radish. Colon content of mice had significantly higher FRAP and ABTS·+ scavenging activities than the stomach, small intestine, and cecum contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Yaxi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Hanlu Deng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Medical School, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710125, China
| | - Xin Fan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Si Tan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zannou O, Oussou KF, Chabi IB, Awad NMH, Aïssi MV, Goksen G, Mortas M, Oz F, Proestos C, Kayodé APP. Nanoencapsulation of Cyanidin 3- O-Glucoside: Purpose, Technique, Bioavailability, and Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:617. [PMID: 36770579 PMCID: PMC9921781 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current growing attractiveness of natural dyes around the world is a consequence of the increasing rejection of synthetic dyes whose use is increasingly criticized. The great interest in natural pigments from herbal origin such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is due to their biological properties and their health benefits. However, the chemical instability of C3G during processing and storage and its low bioavailability limits its food application. Nanoencapsulation technology using appropriate nanocarriers is revolutionizing the use of anthocyanin, including C3G. Owing to the chemical stability and functional benefits that this new nanotechnology provides to the latter, its industrial application is now extending to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. This review focuses on the various nanoencapsulation techniques used and the chemical and biological benefits induced to C3G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Zannou
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition and Valorization of Food Bio-Ingredients, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Kouame F. Oussou
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Ifagbémi B. Chabi
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition and Valorization of Food Bio-Ingredients, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Nour M. H. Awad
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Midimahu V. Aïssi
- School of Sciences and Techniques for the Conservation and Processing of Agricultural Products, National University of Agriculture, Sakété 00 BP 144, Benin
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Mortas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Adéchola P. P. Kayodé
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition and Valorization of Food Bio-Ingredients, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang G, Yang L, Liu Q, Zhu Z, Yang Q, Liu J, Beta T. Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on BPA-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish embryo model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109525. [PMID: 36410639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in the environment and poses a threat to wildlife and human health. It has been reported that BPA may cause the neurotoxicity during gestational and neonatal periods. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is one of the most abundant anthocyanins that has shown multiple bio-functions. In this study, the protective effects and possible mechanism of C3G against BPA-induced neurodevelopment toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae were studied. The results showed that co-exposure of C3G (25 μg/mL) significantly attenuated BPA-induced deficit in locomotor behavior and restored the BPA-induced aberrant changes in brain morphology of zebrafish larvae. Further studies showed that the defects of central nervous development and the downregulated neurogenesis relative genes induced by BPA were significantly counteracted by co-exposure with 5 μg/mL of C3G. In addition, C3G (25 μg/mL) mitigated the decline of glutathione (GSH) content and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), attenuated oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by BPA in zebrafish. The enhancements of the expression of genes involved in the Nrf2-ARE pathway (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, and GCLM) were also observed by co-exposure of C3G. The results indicate that C3G exerts protective effects on BPA-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity through improving transcription of neurogenesis related genes, enhancing antioxidative defense system and reducing cell apoptosis by regulation of apoptotic genes in zebrafish larvae. The results suggest that anthocyanins may play important role against the exogenous toxicity for vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lipin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenzhu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jining Liu
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong Y, Li L, Meng X. Anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa Bound to Amylopectin Nanoparticles: Tissue Distribution and In Vivo Oxidative Damage Protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:430-442. [PMID: 36562990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo applications of anthocyanins are limited by their instability. Nano-encapsulation using amylopectin nanoparticles (APNPs) stabilizes anthocyanins to deliver them to tissues to ameliorate their physiological functions. Herein, rats are fed four Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins encapsulated with APNPs, and their subsequent distributions and bioactivity in nine tissues are revealed using UHPLC-MS. Among digestive tissues, the concentration of the APNP-protected cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside in the stomach is 134.54% of that of the free anthocyanin, while among non-digestive tissues, the APNP-protected cyanidin 3-O-glucoside concentration in the lungs improved by 125.49%. Concentration maxima "double peaks" in the liver and kidney arise from different modes of transport. Sustained release of anthocyanins from anthocyanin-APNPs and stable concentration curves suggest controlled delivery, with most APNPs consumed in the digestive system. APNPs did not affect the overall anthocyanin absorption time or tissues. The superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde concentrations indicate that APNPs enhance the oxidative damage protection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning110866, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning110866, China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular Mechanism of Cyanidin-3- O-Glucoside Disassembling Aβ Fibril In Silico. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010109. [PMID: 36615767 PMCID: PMC9824066 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain leads to neurotoxic effects and subsequent Alzheimer's disease (AD). While AD is becoming more and more prevalent in modern society, therapeutic efforts targeting Aβ could be a promising solution. Currently, two natural products are reported to disintegrate preformed Aβ fibril in vitro. Meanwhile, the chemical driving force behind this phenomenon remains unknown. Taking cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3G) as an example, here we studied its interaction with different Aβ polymorphs in silico. Negative charges on different Aβ polymorphs draw the interaction with the flavylium cation on Cy-3G. Our results show that Aβ in a single peptide form in solution exposed more hydrophobic solvent accessible surface area than its fibril structure (per protomer), and Cy-3G interacts more intensively with the single peptide form than fibril as indicated by more hydrogen bonding formed and more amino acid residues involved in their hydrophobic interactions. Thus, the single Aβ peptide aggregation into fibril and fibril dissociation into single peptide equilibrium could be disturbed by the preferential binding of Cy-3G to the monomeric Aβ peptide, which leads to the disassembly of the pathogenic Aβ fibril. This study offers a novel perspective of Cy-3G alleviated AD syndrome beyond its dogmatic antioxidant activity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Piazza S, Colombo F, Bani C, Fumagalli M, Vincentini O, Sangiovanni E, Martinelli G, Biella S, Silano M, Restani P, Dell’Agli M, Di Lorenzo C. Evaluation of the Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Black Rice in the Framework of Celiac Disease. Foods 2022; 12:63. [PMID: 36613279 PMCID: PMC9818972 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are two mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). Since the direct effect of gliadin on the intestinal epithelia is less studied, the aims of this study were the development of a specific cellular model based on the use of gliadin as a pro-inflammatory stimulus and the evaluation of the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from different black rice in the framework of CD. The rice extracts were in vitro digested, characterized in terms of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, and tested on Caco-2 cells to investigate their inhibitory effect on Reactive Oxygen Species, the NF-κB transcription and the CXC chemokines (sICAM-1, IL-8, and CXCL-10). In addition, the role of the extracts in modulating the activation of epithelial cells in CD was confirmed by applying the K562(S) agglutination test. The black rice extracts showed inhibitory effects on the production of the oxidative and the inflammatory mediators considered, with particular reference to lymphocyte-attracting CXCL-10 both before and after digestion. The presence of anthocyanins and their digestion metabolites may account for the observed anti-inflammatory activity after in vitro digestion. This work provided preliminary data supporting the use of black rice as a healthy food or ingredient of food supplements for celiacs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Corinne Bani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Olimpia Vincentini
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Biella
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Restani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Coordinating Research Center (CRC) “Innovation for Well-Being and Environment”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue H, Sang Y, Gao Y, Zeng Y, Liao J, Tan J. Research Progress on Absorption, Metabolism, and Biological Activities of Anthocyanins in Berries: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010003. [PMID: 36670865 PMCID: PMC9855064 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries, as the best dietary sources for human health, are rich in anthocyanins, vitamins, fiber, polyphenols, essential amino acids, and other ingredients. Anthocyanins are one of the most important bioactive components in berries. The attractive color of berries is attributed to the fact that berries contain different kinds of anthocyanins. Increasing research activity has indicated that anthocyanins in berries show various biological activities, including protecting vision; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor qualities; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; anti-cardiovascular disease properties; control of hypoglycemic conditions; and other activities. Hence, berries have high nutritional and medicinal values. The recognized absorption, metabolism, and biological activities of anthocyanins have promoted their research in different directions. Hence, it is necessary to systematically review the research progress and future prospects of anthocyanins to promote a better understanding of anthocyanins. The absorption, metabolism, and biological activities of anthocyanins from berries were reviewed in this paper. The findings of this study provide an important reference for basic research, product development and utilization of berries' anthocyanins in food, cosmetics, and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Xue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yumei Sang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuchao Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianqing Liao
- College of Physical Science and Engineering, Yichun University, No. 576 Xuefu Road, Yichun 336000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0312-5075644 (J.L. & J.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
- Medical Comprehensive Experimental Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0312-5075644 (J.L. & J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Digestive enzymes inhibition, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of phenolic compounds from jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) peel. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Banji OJ, Banji D, Makeen HA, Alqahtani SS, Alshahrani S. Neuroinflammation: The Role of Anthocyanins as Neuroprotectants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2156-2174. [PMID: 35043761 PMCID: PMC9886846 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119140835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a trigger for several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Exposure to noxious external stimuli induces homeostatic disturbances resulting in morphological changes in microglia, their activation, and elaboration of pro-inflammatory mediators. This leads to neuroinflammation with the progressive loss of neurons. Nutraceuticals such as anthocyanins are a class of brightly colored bioactive compounds present in fruits and vegetables with purported health benefits. They interfere with the activation of several signaling cascades that have a prominent role in preventing neuroinflammation. More importantly, anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and are safe. Hence, the current review focuses on the bioavailability of anthocyanins, clinical and in vitro evidence on their role in impeding the activation of transcription factors, modulating the immune milieu within the central nervous system, preventing the activation of microglia, and averting neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otilia J.F. Banji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA; Tel: 966-557942761; E-mail:
| | - David Banji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA;
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Victoria-Campos CI, Ornelas-Paz JDJ, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Gallegos-Infante JA, Failla ML, Pérez-Martínez JD, Rios-Velasco C, Ibarra-Junquera V. Gastrointestinal metabolism and bioaccessibility of selected anthocyanins isolated from commonly consumed fruits. Food Chem 2022; 383:132451. [PMID: 35182877 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is uncertainty about the identity of digestive metabolites of anthocyanins because many are naturally present in foods and/or are formed from other phenolic compounds during the digestive process. Studies using pure anthocyanins are needed to clarify this uncertainty. In this study, selected anthocyanins were purified from common fruits and individually subjected to gastric and small intestinal digestion in vitro to determine their stability, metabolites generated and bioaccessibility. Anthocyanins were highly stable during the gastric phase of simulated digestion (p > 0.05). The recovery of anthocyanins decreased during the small intestinal phase of digestion (p < 0.05). Stability was dependent on anthocyanidin structure and type of glycation (p < 0.05). Gastric and gastrointestinal phases mainly contained anthocyanins as bioaccessible flavylium cations and chalcones. Expected anthocyanin metabolites (i.e., phenolic acids and phoroglucinaldehyde) were not detected in chyme. Deglycation of anthocyanins during simulated digestion was quite limited and the bioaccessibility of intact anthocyanins was very low (0.07-2.21%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Inés Victoria-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial. C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial. C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán
- TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1830 Oriente, Col. Nueva Vizcaya. C.P. 34080, Durango, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Gallegos-Infante
- TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1830 Oriente, Col. Nueva Vizcaya. C.P. 34080, Durango, Mexico
| | - Mark L Failla
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jaime David Pérez-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Manuel Nava 6 Zona Universitaria. C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Claudio Rios-Velasco
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial. C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Vrani Ibarra-Junquera
- Universidad de Colima, Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Km. 9 carretera Coquimatlán-Colima. C.P. 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antioxidant Activities of Co-Encapsulated Natal Plum ( Carissa macrocarpa) Juice Inoculated with Ltp. plantarum 75 in Different Biopolymeric Matrices after In Vitro Digestion. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142116. [PMID: 35885359 PMCID: PMC9319165 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymeric systems that co-encapsulate probiotics and bioactive compounds ensure timely delivery in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside is the dominant anthocyanin in Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa). This study aims at the co-encapsulation of Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) juice inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 75 (Ltp. plantarum 75) by freeze-drying using pea protein isolate, maltodextrin, and psyllium mucilage and evaluating their release in vitro. An encapsulation efficiency of >85% was noted in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) survival and anthocyanin content. Freeze-drying produced pinkish-red powder, rich in polyphenols and LAB (>6 Log CFU mL−1) after 14 days of storage. Natal plum juice + maltodextrin + pea protein isolate + psyllium mucilage + Ltp. plantarum 75 (NMPeaPsyB) showed the highest LAB population (6.74 Log CFU mL−1) with a survival rate of 81.9%. After digestion, NMPeaPsyB and NMPeaPsy had the highest LAB survival (>50%) at 67.5% and 67.5 ± 0.75%, respectively, and the highest bioaccessibility of cyanidin 3-sambubioside in Natal plum juice than the other co-encapsulation with other biopolymers. NMPeaPsy and NMPeaPsyB showed phenolic stability in the gastric phase and controlled release in the intestinal simulated phase. The antioxidant activities had strong correlations with cyanidin 3-sambubioside. The results confirmed that microencapsulation is important for improving stability and allowing for the development of functional foods.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Mao G, Zhang Z, Zhao T, Feng W, Yang L, Wu X. The protective effect of C3G against Pb-induced learning and memory impairments through cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway in rat hippocampus. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Ed Nignpense B, Latif S, Francis N, Blanchard C, Santhakumar AB. The impact of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of purple rice phenolic compounds. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
17
|
Drețcanu G, Știrbu I, Leoplold N, Cruceriu D, Danciu C, Stănilă A, Fărcaș A, Borda IM, Iuhas C, Diaconeasa Z. Chemical Structure, Sources and Role of Bioactive Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091117. [PMID: 35567117 PMCID: PMC9101215 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a major shift in the collective mindset around the world in recent decades, both in terms of food and in terms of the treatment of chronic diseases. Increasing numbers of people are choosing to prevent rather than treat, which is why many consumers are choosing plant-based diets, mainly due to their bioactive compounds. A significant case of bioactive compound is flavonoids-a wide subclass of an even wider class of phytochemicals: polyphenols. Flavonoids are a broad topic of study for researchers due to their potential in the prevention and treatment of a broad range of cancers. The aim of this review is to inform/update the reader on the diversity, accessibility and importance of flavonoids as biomolecules that are essential for optimal health, focusing on the potential of these compounds in the prevention of various types of cancer. Along with conventional sources, this review presents some of the possible methods for obtaining significant amounts of flavonoids based on a slightly different approach, genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Drețcanu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.D.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Ioana Știrbu
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.Ș.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolae Leoplold
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.Ș.); (N.L.)
| | - Daniel Cruceriu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Andreea Stănilă
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.D.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anca Fărcaș
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.D.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Ileana Monica Borda
- Sixth Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Rehabilitation, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristian Iuhas
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-596893
| | - Zorița Diaconeasa
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.D.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (Z.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang G, Lu M, Zhang S, Ji J, Li B, Li J, Zhang L, Yang D, Wang W, Guan C. Anthocyanin release and absorption properties of boiling pigmented rice using an in vitro digestion model. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Influence of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and in vitro digestion on the biotransformations of blueberry juice phenolics. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
20
|
Gui H, Sun L, Liu R, Si X, Li D, Wang Y, Shu C, Sun X, Jiang Q, Qiao Y, Li B, Tian J. Current knowledge of anthocyanin metabolism in the digestive tract: absorption, distribution, degradation, and interconversion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5953-5966. [PMID: 35057688 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2026291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potential roles for anthocyanins in preventing various chronic diseases have been reported. These compounds are highly sensitive to external conditions and are susceptible to degradation, which increases the complexity of their metabolism in vivo. This review discusses anthocyanin metabolism in the digestive tract, phase I and II metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation (EHC), as well as their distribution of anthocyanins in blood, urine, and several organs. In the oral cavity, anthocyanins are partly hydrolyzed by microbiota into aglycones which are then conjugated by glucuronidase. In stomach, anthocyanins are absorbed without deglycosylation via specific transporters, such as sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 and facilitative glucose transporters 1, while in small intestine, they are mainly absorbed as aglycones. High polymeric anthocyanins are easily degraded into low-polymeric forms or smaller phenolic acids by colonic microbiota, which improves their absorption. Anthocyanins and their derivatives are modified by phase I and II metabolic enzymes in cells and are released into the blood via the gastrovascular cavity into EHC. Notably, interconversion can be occurred under the action of enzymes such as catechol-O-methyltransferase. Taking together, differences in anthocyanin absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion largely depend on their glycoside and aglycone structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Gui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruihai Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xu Si
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongnan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chi Shu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiyun Sun
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiao Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanyan Qiao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Seke F, Manhivi VE, Shoko T, Slabbert RM, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D. Extraction optimisation, hydrolysis, antioxidant properties and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in Natal plum fruit (Carissa Macrocarpa). FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Song X, Lu Y, Lu Y, Lv L. Adduct Formation of Acrolein with Cyanidin-3- O-glucoside and Its Degradants/Metabolites during Thermal Processing or In Vivo after Consumption of Red Bayberry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13143-13154. [PMID: 34714663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR) derives from the external environment and the endogenous metabolism of organisms. It has super-reactivity and can induce various diseases. We investigated the capacity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and its degradants/metabolites to capture ACR during thermal processing or in vivo. Our results indicated that both C3G and its degradants, including phloroglucinaldehyde (PGA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), could efficiently trap ACR to form adducts, such as C3G-ACR, C3G-2ACR, PGA-ACR, PGA-2ACR, PCA-ACR, and PCA-2ACR. Additionally, these adducts were detected in commercial canned red bayberry products. The adducts of C3G and its metabolites conjugated with ACR, such as C3G-ACR, C3G-2ACR, PGA-ACR, and 4-hydroxybenzoic-acid-ACR (4-HBA-ACR), were also detected in mice feces treated with C3G by oral gavage, where the adduct level was dose-dependent. A similar pattern was observed in tests on human consumption of red bayberry. In human urine, only PGA-2ACR and 4-HBA-ACR, were found, whereas C3G-ACR, C3G-2ACR, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside-ACR (M3R-ACR), PGA-2ACR, 4-HBA-ACR and ferulic acid-ACR (FA-ACR) were detected in human feces following administration of red bayberry. Our results are the first demonstration that C3G and its metabolites can capture ACR in vitro and in vivo (mice and humans) and present a novel strategy, the development of C3G as a promising ACR inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Impact of Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions on Antiglycoxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Capacities of Cyanidin-3- O-Glucoside. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111670. [PMID: 34829542 PMCID: PMC8614994 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a widespread anthocyanin derivative, which has been reported in vitro to exert potent antioxidant, antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibition effects. Nevertheless, the physiological relevance of such properties remains uncertain considering its significant instability in gastrointestinal conditions. A simulated digestion procedure was thus instigated to assess the influence of gastric and intestinal media on its chemical integrity and biological activities. HPLC analyses of digested C3G samples confirmed the striking impact of intestinal conditions, as attested by a decomposition ratio of 70%. In contrast, with recovery rates of around 90%, antiglycation, as well as DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, uniformly revealed a noteworthy persistence of its antiglycoxidant capacities. Remarkably, a prominent increase of its α-glucosidase inhibition activity was even observed after the intestinal phase, suggesting that classical in vitro evaluations might underestimate C3G antidiabetic potential. Consequently, the present data provide novel and specific insights on C3G’s digestive fate, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract does not profoundly affect its positive action on oxidative and carbonyl stresses. More specifically, it also tends to support its regulating effects on postprandial hyperglycemia and its potential usefulness for diabetes management.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xia H. Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:563-591. [PMID: 34491868 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1977316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, the incidence of which is climbing with ever-growing aged population, but no cure is hitherto available. The epidemiological studies unveiled that chronic intake of flavonoids was negatively associated with AD risk. Flavonoids, a family of natural polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diets, were readily conjugated by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes after absorption in vivo, and glucuronidation could occur in 1 min following intravenous administration. Recently, as many as 191 metabolites were obtained after intragastric administration of a single flavonoid, indicating that other bioactive metabolites, besides conjugates, might be formed and account for the contradiction between efficacy of flavonoids in human or animal models and low systematic exposure of flavonoid glycosides or aglycones. In this review, metabolism of complete 68 flavonoid monomers potential for AD treatment, grouped in flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, respectively, has been systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including their unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primarily involved metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies correlations or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to reverse AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse potent flavonoids in vivo and in vitro up to date and aiming at elucidation of mechanism of actions of flavonoids on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xia
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Seke F, Manhivi VE, Shoko T, Slabbert RM, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D. Effect of Freeze Drying and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on Phenolic Metabolites and Antioxidant Property of the Natal Plum ( Carissa macrocarpa). Foods 2021; 10:foods10061420. [PMID: 34207411 PMCID: PMC8235007 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Natal plums (Carissa macrocarpa) are a natural source of bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins, and can be consumed as a snack. This study characterized the impact of freeze drying and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase activity of the Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa). The phenolic compounds were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector HPLC-DAD and an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) with a Waters Acquity photodiode array detector (PDA) coupled to a Synapt G2 quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-G) were the dominant anthocyanins in the fresh and freeze-dried Natal plum powder. Freeze drying did not affect the concentrations of both cyanidin compounds compared to the fresh fruit. Both cyanidin compounds, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin syringic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and quercetin O-glycoside from the ingested freeze-dried Natal plum powder was quite stable in the gastric phase compared to the small intestinal phase. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside from the ingested Natal plum powder showed bioaccessibility of 32.2% compared to cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (16.3%). The degradation of anthocyanins increased the bioaccessibility of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid significantly, in the small intestinal digesta. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) activities, and inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase activity decreased in the small intestinal phase. Indigenous fruits or freeze-dried powders with Cy-3-Sa can be a better source of anthocyanin than Cy-3-G due to higher bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Seke
- Department of Horticulture, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa; (F.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Vimbainashe E. Manhivi
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa; (V.E.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa; (V.E.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Retha M. Slabbert
- Department of Horticulture, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa; (F.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4069, Australia;
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West 0001, South Africa; (V.E.M.); (T.S.)
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4069, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dietary Fiber Modulates the Fermentation Patterns of Cyanidin-3- O-Glucoside in a Fiber-Type Dependent Manner. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061386. [PMID: 34208433 PMCID: PMC8235204 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between cell-wall polysaccharides and polyphenols in the gastrointestinal tract have attracted extensive attention. We hypothesized that dietary fiber modulates the fermentation patterns of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in a fiber-type-dependent manner. In the present study, the effects of four dietary fibers (fructose-oligosaccharides, pectin, β-glucan and arabinoxylan) on the modulation of C3G fermentation patterns were investigated through in vitro fermentation inoculated with human feces. The changes in gas volume, pH, total carbohydrate content, metabolites of C3G, antioxidant activity, and microbial community distribution during in vitro fermentation were analyzed. After 24 h of fermentation, the gas volume and total carbohydrate contents of the four dietary-fiber-supplemented groups respectively increased and decreased to varying degrees. The results showed that the C3G metabolites after in vitro fermentation mainly included cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde. Supplementation of dietary fibers changed the proportions of C3G metabolites depending on the structures. Dietary fibers increased the production of short-chain fatty acids and the relative abundance of gut microbiota Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, thus potentially maintaining colonic health to a certain extent. In conclusion, the used dietary fibers modulate the fermentation patterns of C3G in a fiber-type-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mithul Aravind S, Wichienchot S, Tsao R, Ramakrishnan S, Chakkaravarthi S. Role of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota, their metabolites and health benefits. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110189. [PMID: 33773665 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health roles of dietary polyphenols in preventing oxidative stress related chronic diseases have been subjected to intense investigation over the last two decades. As our understanding of the role of gut microbiota advances our knowledge of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of polyphenols accumulates, there emerges a need to examine the prebiotic role of dietary polyphenols. This review focused onthe role of different types and sources of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the gut microbiota, their metabolites and how they impact on host health benefits. Inter-dependence between the gut microbiota and polyphenol metabolites and the vital balance between the two in maintaining the host gut homeostasis were discussed with reference to different types and sources of dietary polyphenols. Similarly, the mechanisms behind the health benefits by various polyphenolic metabolites bio-transformed by gut microbiota were also explained. However, further research should focus on the importance of human trials and profound links of polyphenols-gut microbiota-nerve-brain as they provide the key to unlock the mechanisms behind the observed benefits of dietary polyphenols found in vitro and in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mithul Aravind
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Haryana, India
| | - Santad Wichienchot
- Center of Excellence in Functional Food and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Korhong, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - S Chakkaravarthi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Feng S, Yi J, Li X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Bi J. Systematic Review of Phenolic Compounds in Apple Fruits: Compositions, Distribution, Absorption, Metabolism, and Processing Stability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7-27. [PMID: 33397106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely consumed fruit in the world, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits provide a high level of phenolics and have many beneficial effects on human health. The composition and content of phenolic compounds in natural apples differs according to the tissue types and cultivar varieties. The bioavailability of apple-derived phenolics, depending on the absorption and metabolism of phenolics during digestion, is the key determinant of their positive biological effects. Meanwhile, various processing technologies affect the composition and content of phenolic compounds in apple products, further affecting the bioavailability of apple phenolics. This review summarizes current understanding on the compositions, distribution, absorption, and metabolism of phenolic compounds in apple and their stability when subjected to common technologies during processing. We intend to provide an updated overview on apple phenolics and also suggest some perspectives for future research of apple phenolics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Feng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyong Yi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinye Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youchuan Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effect of preheated milk proteins and bioactive compounds on the stability of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Food Chem 2020; 345:128829. [PMID: 33316711 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Native and preheated whey protein isolates (WPI) and casein (at 55 °C-90 °C) were used as protective carriers. Three bioactive compounds, including (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallte (EGCG), gallic acid, and vitamin C, were added to enhance the stability of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). Under acidic (pH 3.6) and neutral (pH 6.3) conditions, both native and preheated milk proteins showed significant protective effect on C3G. WPI preheated at 85 °C presented the best protective effect on C3G under neutral condition by reducing its thermal, oxidation, and photo degradation rates 25.0%, 38.0%, and 41.1%, respectively. The addition of vitamin C into the protein-anthocyanin solutions accelerated the color loss of C3G, whereas EGCG and gallic acid improved its thermal stability. Among the bioactive compounds, gallic acid provided the most significant protective effect on C3G by further decreasing the thermal degradation rate of C3G 44.6% as a result of the formation of 85 °C preheated WPI-gallic acid-C3G complexes.
Collapse
|
30
|
A dietary anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside binds to PPARs to regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:514. [PMID: 32948821 PMCID: PMC7501857 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the mechanism by which C3G, a major dietary anthocyanin, regulates energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Oral administration of C3G reduced hepatic and plasma triglyceride levels, adiposity, and improved glucose tolerance in mice fed high-fat diet. Hepatic metabolomic analysis revealed that C3G shifted metabolite profiles towards fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. C3G increased glucose uptake in HepG2 cells and C2C12 myotubes and induced the rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. C3G directly interacted with and activated PPARs, with the highest affinity for PPARα. The ability of C3G to reduce plasma and hepatic triglycerides, glucose tolerance, and adiposity and to induce oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was abrogated in PPARα-deficient mice, suggesting that PPARα is the major target for C3G. These findings demonstrate that the dietary anthocyanin C3G activates PPARs, a master regulators of energy metabolism. C3G is an agonistic ligand of PPARs and stimulates fuel preference to fat.
Collapse
|
31
|
Olivas-Aguirre FJ, Mendoza S, Alvarez-Parrilla E, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Villegas-Ochoa MA, Quintero-Vargas JT, Wall-Medrano A. First-Pass Metabolism of Polyphenols from Selected Berries: A High-Throughput Bioanalytical Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E311. [PMID: 32295070 PMCID: PMC7222205 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small berries are rich in polyphenols whose first-pass metabolism may alter their ultimate physiological effects. The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol profile of three freeze-dried berries (blackberry, raspberry, Red Globe grape) were measured and their apparent permeability (Papp) and first-pass biotransformation were tracked with an ex vivo bioanalytical system [everted gut sac (rat) + three detection methods: spectrophotometry, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)]. Total polyphenol (ratio 0.07-0.14-1.0) and molecular diversity (anthocyanins>flavan-3-ols), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP), anodic current maxima and Papp (efflux> uptake) were in the following order: blackberry > raspberry > Red Globe grape. Epicatechin, pelargonidin & cyanin (all), callistephin (raspberry/blackberry), catechin (grape), cyanidin glycosides (blackberry) and their derived metabolites [quinic acid, epicatechin, cyanidin/malvidin glucosides, and chlorogenic/caffeic acids] were fruit-specific and concentration-dependent. Time-trend DPV kinetic data revealed concurrent epithelial permeability & biotransformation processes. Regular permeability and high-biotransformation of berry polyphenols suggest fruit-specific health effects apparently at the intestinal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Olivas-Aguirre
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora (Campus Cajeme), Blvd Bordo Nuevo s/n, Ejido Providencia, Cd, Obregón 85199, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Mendoza
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos (PROPAC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
| | - Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo A. Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (G.A.G.-A.); (M.A.V.-O.)
| | - Monica A. Villegas-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (G.A.G.-A.); (M.A.V.-O.)
| | - Jael T.J. Quintero-Vargas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora (Campus Cajeme), Blvd Bordo Nuevo s/n, Ejido Providencia, Cd, Obregón 85199, Mexico;
| | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|