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Tanifuji R, Oguri H. Chemo-enzymatic total synthesis: current approaches toward the integration of chemical and enzymatic transformations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1693-1712. [PMID: 39076288 PMCID: PMC11285072 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A steadily increasing number of reports have been published on chemo-enzymatic synthesis methods that integrate biosynthetic enzymatic transformations with chemical conversions. This review focuses on the total synthesis of natural products and classifies the enzymatic reactions into three categories. The total synthesis of five natural products: cotylenol, trichodimerol, chalcomoracin, tylactone, and saframycin A, as well as their analogs, is outlined with an emphasis on comparing these chemo-enzymatic syntheses with the corresponding natural biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanifuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Shan Q, Yu W, Xu Q, Liu R, Ying S, Dong J, Bao Y, Lyu Q, Shi C, Xia J, Tang J, Kuang H, Wang K, Tian G, Cao G. Detoxification and underlying mechanisms towards toxic alkaloids by Traditional Chinese Medicine processing: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155623. [PMID: 38703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs. PURPOSE To explore the toxicity phenotypes, chemical basis, mode of action, detoxification processing methods, and underlying mechanisms, we can gain crucial insights into the safe and rational use of these toxic alkaloid-rich herbs. Such insights have the great potential to offer new strategies for drug discovery and development, ultimately improving the quality of life for millions of people. METHODS Literatures published or early accessed until December 31, 2023, were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The following keywords, such as "toxicity", "alkaloid", "detoxification", "processing", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal plant", and "plant", were used in combination or separately for screening. RESULTS Toxicity of alkaloids in TCM includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and other forms of toxicity, primarily induced by pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyridines, terpenoids, and amines. Factors such as whether the toxic-alkaloid enriched part is limited or heat-sensitive, and whether toxic alkaloids are also therapeutic components, are critical for choosing appropriate detoxification processing methods. Mechanisms of alkaloid detoxification includes physical removal, chemical decomposition or transformation, as well as biological modifications. CONCLUSION Through this exploration, we review toxic alkaloids and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, discuss methods to reduce toxicity, and unravel the intricate mechanisms behind detoxification. These offers insights into the quality control of herbs containing toxic alkaloids, safe and rational use of alkaloid-rich TCMs in clinics, new strategies for drug discovery and development, and ultimately helping improve the quality of life for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongfang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jie Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Ma F, Li Y, Akkarasereenon K, Qiu H, Cheung YT, Guo Z, Tong R. Aza-Achmatowicz rearrangement coupled with intermolecular aza-Friedel-Crafts enables total syntheses of uleine and aspidosperma alkaloids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5730-5737. [PMID: 38638226 PMCID: PMC11023026 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspidosperma and uleine alkaloids belong to the large family of monoterpene indole alkaloids with diverse biological activities and thus have attracted extensive synthetic interest. Reported is the development of a new synthetic strategy that allows direct C3-C2' linkage of indoles with functionalized 2-hydroxypiperidines to construct the core common to all aspidoserma and uleine alkaloids. Such indole-piperidine linkage is enabled by coupling aza-Achmatowicz rearrangement (AAR) with indoles via an intermolecular aza-Friedel-Crafts (iAFC) reaction. This AAR-iAFC reaction proceeds under mild acidic conditions with wide tolerance of functional groups (33 examples). The synthetic application of the AAR-iAFC method was demonstrated with collective total syntheses of 3 uleine-type and 6 aspidosperma alkaloids: (+)-3-epi-N-nor-dasycarpidone, (+)-3-epi-dasycarpidone, (+)-3-epi-uleine, 1,2-didehydropseudoaspidospermidine, 1,2-dehydroaspidospermidine, vincadifformine, winchinine B, aspidospermidine, and N-acetylaspidospermidine. We expect that this AAR-iAFC strategy is applicable to other monoterpene indole alkaloids with the C3-C2' linkage of indoles and piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foqing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Kornkamon Akkarasereenon
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Yuen Tsz Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China +86 23581594 +86 23587357
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4
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Yan ZH, Yan Y, Wei ZL, Liao WW. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylation/Bicyclization of N-Cyanamide Alkenes: Synthesis of Bicyclic Amidine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2718-2725. [PMID: 38306613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
An anodically oxidizing trifluoromethylation cascade of N-cyanamide alkene bearing two electronically differentiated olefin moieties was reported, in which various N-unsaturated acyl cyanamide alkenes and CF3SO2Na acting as readily available starting materials furnished nonaromatic fused azaheterobicyclic compounds in a highly efficient and sustainable manner. The broad substrate scope, facile scalability, and sustainability enabled this electrochemical process to be an appealing complement for trifluoromethylated cyclic amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Yan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
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5
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Gao Y, Li F, Luo Z, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Liu C, Rao Y. Modular assembly of an artificially concise biocatalytic cascade for the manufacture of phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:30. [PMID: 38167860 PMCID: PMC10761944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived alkaloids are an important class of pharmaceuticals. However, they still rely on phytoextraction to meet their diverse market demands. Since multistep biocatalytic cascades have begun to revolutionize the manufacture of natural or unnatural products, to address the synthetic challenges of alkaloids, herein we establish an artificially concise four-enzyme biocatalytic cascade with avoiding plant-derived P450 modification for synthesizing phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids (PEIAs) after enzyme discovery and enzyme engineering. Efficient biosynthesis of diverse natural and unnatural PEIAs is realized from readily available substrates. Most importantly, the scale-up preparation of the colchicine precursor (S)-autumnaline with a high titer is achieved after replacing the rate-limiting O-methylation by the plug-and-play strategy. This study not only streamlines future engineering endeavors for colchicine biosynthesis, but also provides a paradigm for constructing more artificial biocatalytic cascades for the manufacture of diverse alkaloids through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Changmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
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6
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Ozaki T, Minami A, Oikawa H. Biosynthesis of indole diterpenes: a reconstitution approach in a heterologous host. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:202-213. [PMID: 36321441 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2022In this review, we provide an overview elucidating the biosynthetic pathway and heterologous production of fungal indole diterpenes (IDTs). Based on the studies of six IDT biosynthesis, we extracted nature's strategy: (1) two-stage synthesis for the core scaffold and platform intermediates, and (2) late-stage modifications for installing an additional cyclic system on the indole ring. Herein, we describe reconstitution studies applying this strategy to the synthesis of highly elaborated IDTs. We also discuss its potential for future biosynthetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. .,Innovation Center of Marine Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Liu Y, Ozaki T, Minami A, Oikawa H. Oxidative bicyclic ring system formation involving indole diterpene biosynthesis: Remarkable substrate tolerance of a prenyltransferase and flavoprotein oxidase. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Gaviña D, Escolano M, Rabasa Alcañiz F, Díaz Oltra S, Sanchez-Rosello M, del Pozo C. Tandem Asymmetric Cycloaromatization/intramolecular Pictet‐Spengler‐type Reaction. An Entry to Polycyclic Pyrroles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Quevedo-Acosta Y, Jurberg ID, Gamba-Sánchez D. Cyclization Strategies Using Imide Derivatives for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor D. Jurberg
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas Institute of Chemistry 13083 BRAZIL
| | - Diego Gamba-Sánchez
- Universidad de Los Andes Chemistry Department Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305 111711 Bogota COLOMBIA
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10
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Schatz DJ, Kuenstner EJ, George DT, Pronin SV. Synthesis of rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:946-968. [PMID: 34931646 PMCID: PMC10122275 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type comprise a large group of fungal metabolites that possess diverse structural features and potentially useful biological effects. The unique indoloterpenoid motif, which is common to all congeners, was first confirmed by crystallographic studies of paxilline. This family of natural products has fascinated organic chemists for the past four decades and has inspired numerous syntheses and synthetic approaches. The present review highlights efforts that have laid the foundation and introduced new directions to this field of natural product synthesis. The introduction includes a summary of biosynthetic considerations and biological activities, the main body of the manuscript provides a detailed discussion of selected syntheses, and the review concludes with a brief outlook on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Eric J Kuenstner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - David T George
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
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11
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Wayama T, Arai Y, Oguri H. Regiocontrolled Dimerization of Densely Functionalized 1,6-Dihydropyridines for the Biomimetic Synthesis of a Halicyclamine-type Scaffold by Preventing Disproportionation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5938-5951. [PMID: 35420034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The biomimetic dimerization of 1,6-dihydropyridines (DHPs) remains a daunting challenge due to competitive disproportionation pathways. Herein we report the regioselective dimerization of densely functionalized 1,6-DHPs that allow direct access to the bis-nitrogen bicyclic scaffold of halicyclamines. Disproportionation triggered by the hydride shift of 1,6-DHP was suppressed by the use of geminal disubstituted substrates. Installation of an electron-withdrawing substituent at the C3 position was demonstrated to be crucial for facilitating biomimetic dimerization under metal-free conditions, with exquisite control of regioselectivity at ambient temperature. Our approach, featuring an appropriately functionalized and substantially stabilized substrate rather than merely adopting the highly reactive and labile hypothetical biosynthetic intermediate, allowed gram-scale and atom-economical synthesis of the bis-nitrogen bicyclic scaffold. Furthermore, conversion of a series of 1,6-DHPs provided mechanistic insights by circumventing the competitive disproportionation reaction. This revealed not only the innate reactivity of the conjugate diene system for [4 + 2] cycloaddition but also the reversibility of the dimerization reaction with multiple cationic intermediates in equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Wayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuta Arai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Lin XL, Yu Y, Zhang L, Leng LJ, Xiao DR, Cai T, Luo QL. Switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones through radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with phenyliodine( iii) diacetate. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones is developed via radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with PhI(OAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Jing Leng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong-Rong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qun-Li Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Yucheng Y, Lijing L, Xiaolong L, Yan Y, Tian C, Qunli L. One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Bridged Dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones from Isoquinolinium Salts and Cyclic 1,3-Diketones. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Zhai L, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Huang SH, Zhu L, Hong R. A Bridge to Alkaloid Synthesis. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100197. [PMID: 34473401 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a structurally rigid architecture with chiral complexity, necessary to enhance the interaction with binding sites of drug targets, has been adapted as an intriguing approach in drug development. In the past few years, we have been interested in the synthesis of biologically significant and bridged alkaloids via novel synthetic methods and strategies based on recognition of the privileged pattern. Therefore, nitroso-ene and aza-Wacker cyclizations were elevated for the first time to construct bridged alkaloids, such as hosieine A, kopsone, melinonine-E and strychnoxanthine. Mechanistic investigations, including computational calculations for nitroso-ene reaction and deuterated experiments for aza-Wacker reaction, enable us to gain more insights into the chemical reactivity and selectivity of specific functional groups in developing viable synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhai
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 101419, PR China, CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (CAS), 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Ye Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 101419, PR China, CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (CAS), 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 101419, PR China, CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (CAS), 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Sha-Hua Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Lili Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 101419, PR China, CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (CAS), 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Ran Hong
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 101419, PR China, CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (CAS), 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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15
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Cigan E, Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids - an update. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28223-28270. [PMID: 35480754 PMCID: PMC9038100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a group of natural products with interesting pharmacological properties and a long history of medicinal application. Their complex molecular structures have fascinated chemists for decades, and their total synthesis still poses a considerable challenge. In a previous review, we have illustrated how biocatalysis can make valuable contributions to the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. The chemo-enzymatic strategies discussed therein have been further explored and improved in recent years, and advances in amine biocatalysis have vastly expanded the opportunities for incorporating enzymes into synthetic routes towards these important natural products. The present review summarises modern developments in chemo-enzymatic alkaloid synthesis since 2013, in which the biocatalytic transformations continue to take an increasingly 'central' role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cigan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
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16
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Arai Y, Oguri H. Divergent synthesis of functionalized dihydropyridines and pyrroles via metal-free one-pot domino reactions of a gem-disubstituted propargyl amine and an alkynyl sulfone. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Anthony SM, Tona V, Zou Y, Morrill LA, Billingsley JM, Lim M, Tang Y, Houk KN, Garg NK. Total Synthesis of (-)-Strictosidine and Interception of Aryne Natural Product Derivatives "Strictosidyne" and "Strictosamidyne". J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7471-7479. [PMID: 33955226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids are a large class of natural products derived from a single biosynthetic precursor, strictosidine. We describe a synthetic approach to strictosidine that relies on a key facially selective Diels-Alder reaction between a glucosyl-modified alkene and an enal to set the C15-C20-C21 stereotriad. DFT calculations were used to examine the origin of stereoselectivity in this key step, wherein two of 16 possible isomers are predominantly formed. These calculations suggest the presence of a glucosyl unit, also inherent in the strictosidine structure, guides diastereoselectivity, with the reactive conformation of the vinyl glycoside dienophile being controlled by an exo-anomeric effect. (-)-Strictosidine was subsequently accessed using late-stage synthetic manipulations and an enzymatic Pictet-Spengler reaction. Several new natural product analogs were also accessed, including precursors to two unusual aryne natural product derivatives termed "strictosidyne" and "strictosamidyne". These studies provide a strategy for accessing glycosylic natural products and a new platform to access monoterpene indole alkaloids and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Veronica Tona
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas A Morrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Megan Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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18
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Ohno H, Inuki S. Nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids using alkyne-based strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3551-3568. [PMID: 33908430 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic natural product synthesis is generally straightforward and efficient because of its established feasibility in nature and utility in comprehensive synthesis, and the cost-effectiveness of naturally derived starting materials. On the other hand, nonbiomimetic strategies can be an important option in natural product synthesis since (1) nonbiomimetic synthesis offers more flexibility and can demonstrate the originality of chemists, and (2) the structures of derivatives accessible by nonbiomimetic synthesis can be considerably different from those that are synthesised in nature. This review summarises nonbiomimetic total syntheses of indole alkaloids using alkyne chemistry for constructing core structures, including ergot alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids (mainly corynanthe, aspidosperma, strychnos, and akuammiline), and pyrroloindole and related alkaloids. To clarify the differences between alkyne-based strategies and biosynthesis, the alkynes in nature and the biosyntheses of indole alkaloids are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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19
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Tang YL, Li ML, Gao JC, Sun Y, Qu L, Huang F, Mao ZW. Copper-catalyzed regioselective 2-amination of o-haloanilides with aqueous ammonia. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Kalaitzakis D, Bosveli A, Sfakianaki K, Montagnon T, Vassilikogiannakis G. Multi-Photocatalyst Cascades: Merging Singlet Oxygen Photooxygenations with Photoredox Catalysis for the Synthesis of Alkaloid Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4335-4341. [PMID: 33119205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of photocascades that rapidly transform simple and readily accessible furan substrates into polycyclic alkaloid frameworks or erythrina natural products is described. Each of the sequences developed makes use of photocatalyzed energy transfer processes, which generate singlet oxygen, to set up the substrates for the second photocatalyzed reaction, wherein electron transfer generates carbon-centered radicals for the cyclizations that give the final complex frameworks. A chemical switch has been developed that can "switch off" one photocatalyst; thus, allowing a second photocatalyst to take over control of the sequence. As a corollary, this strategy represents the first time it has been possible to use multiple photocatalysts in photocascades, and, as such, it expands significantly the reactions that can be included in such cascades and the order in which they can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kalaitzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Artemis Bosveli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Sfakianaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
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21
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Kalaitzakis D, Bosveli A, Sfakianaki K, Montagnon T, Vassilikogiannakis G. Multi‐Photocatalyst Cascades: Merging Singlet Oxygen Photooxygenations with Photoredox Catalysis for the Synthesis of Alkaloid Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kalaitzakis
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Vasilika Vouton 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Artemis Bosveli
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Vasilika Vouton 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Kalliopi Sfakianaki
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Vasilika Vouton 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of Chemistry University of Crete Vasilika Vouton 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
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22
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OIKAWA H. Heterologous production of fungal natural products: Reconstitution of biosynthetic gene clusters in model host Aspergillus oryzae. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:420-430. [PMID: 33177296 PMCID: PMC7725655 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While exploring phytotoxic metabolites from phytopathogenic fungi in the 1970s, we became interested in biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze Diels-Alder reactions involving biosynthesis of several phytotoxins that we isolated. Target enzymes were successfully characterized, and this triggered the identification of various Diels-Alderases in a recent decade. Through our Diels-Alderase project in 1990s, we recognized a highly efficient expression system of various biosynthetic genes with Aspergillus oryzae as a host. With the development of tools such as genomic data and bioinformatics analysis to identify biosynthetic gene clusters for natural products, we developed a highly reliable methodology such as hot spot knock-in to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of representative fungal metabolites including phytotoxic substances. This methodology allows total biosynthesis of natural products and genome mining using silent biosynthetic gene clusters to obtain novel bioactive metabolites. Further applications of this technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki OIKAWA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Oikawa, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8-Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan (e-mail: )
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